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wien.arbeiterkammer.at
Liberalisation of the railway sector: will it shift more traffic to rail?
Franz Greil
Arbeiterkammer Wien
International Trade Union House (ITUH)
Room B, 1st floor
Boulevard Roi Albert II, 5, Brussels
wien.arbeiterkammer.at
About Arbeiterkammer (AK)
represents 3.3 million employees
and consumers in Austria
self-governing body regulated by public
law
main tasks:
• think-thank for Trade Unions
• participation in and control of
legislation
• services to members
wien.arbeiterkammer.at
Policy Issues
Shift2Rail
Fourth Railway Package
Liberalisation and Competition in the rail
sector
The Potential for Modal Shift
wien.arbeiterkammer.at
Shift2Rail
Objectives of Shift2Rail:
removal of technical obstacles in terms of
interoperability in the European Railway
Area
enhance the attractiveness and
competitiveness of the European railway
system to ensure a modal shift towards rail
support for the European rail industry to
retain leadership on the global market
wien.arbeiterkammer.at
Shift2Rail
AK criticized the role of the S2R-joint
undertaking on:
defining technical standards without
legitimation and public involvement
circumventing the European Railway
Agency
no representation of Trade Unions at JTI-
Board
F&E expenditure ignores the needs of the
railway staff
wien.arbeiterkammer.at
Fourth Railway Package
EU-Commission proposals tabled in 2013 on
Technical pillar
Role of European Railway Agency
Interoperability of the Rail System in EU
Railway Safety Certificate
Market pillar
opening the market for domestic
passenger rail transport
Rail Governace
railway undertakings” account
wien.arbeiterkammer.at
Technical Pillar
Deal between EP and Council (June 2015)
• ERA responsible for authorisations in cross-border
transport
• Choice between ERA and national safety authorities
(NSA) for national transport
• NSA continue to authorise the placing in service of
track-side control-command and signalling, including
ERTMS
• European Vehicle Register
• Safety culture and occurrence reporting
• No provisions on regular maintenance checks
• Compliance of train drivers with rules on working,
driving and rest periods will be monitored
wien.arbeiterkammer.at
Market Pillar
Deal between EP and Council in April 2016
opening up of domestic rail passenger markets from
2020
Competitive bidding for public rail contracts will
become the norm for awarding public service
contracts from 2023, except in certain cases
impartiality of railway infrastructure managers to
guarantee non-discriminatory access to tracks for
new railway companies
wien.arbeiterkammer.at
Rail Governance
„Vertically integrated undertaking“
(= railway provider and infrastructure
manager“) confirmed
Provisions on management board
Economic equilibrium for public transport
and open access for railway passenger
services
wien.arbeiterkammer.at
Awarding of Public Service Contracts
Competitive Tendering will be the rule
Possibility, but no obligation for transfer of
staff in the event of a change in the
operator
Directly awarded public service contracts
have been saved
wien.arbeiterkammer.at
Liberalization and Competition
in the Rail sector
Motivation of the EU-Commission
No choice for customers
No efficient use of public money
No sufficient quality in railway services
To stop the decline of the rail sector
Be aware of the legal competences of the
Commission and the European Union!
wien.arbeiterkammer.at
Liberalisation IndexSource: IBM-Deutschland/Humboldt-University Berlin, 2011
The Rail Liberalisation Index provides information on the relative
market opening of the railways in the European Union and other
countries in 2011.
The index includes information on freight transport and
passenger transport (public service, commercial service)
wien.arbeiterkammer.at
Liberalisation Index
Among the group of “advanced market opening” (800-1.000 points) are:
Sweden (872) , United Kingdom (865) , Germany (842) , (Denmark 825) , The
Netherlands (817) , Austria (806)
In the group “market opening on schedule” (600-799 points) are:
Belgium (753) , Switzerland (714) , Czech Republic (738) , Slovakia (738) , Portugal
(737) , Poland (737) , Italy (737) , Estonia (729) , Norway (729) , Romania (726) ,
Bulgaria (718) , Finland (672) , Slovenia (672) , Hungary (658) , France (612)
In the group of “delayed market opening” (300-599 points) are:
Latvia (592) , Greece (592) , Lithuania (587) , Luxembourg (585) , Spain (583) ,
Ireland (467)
wien.arbeiterkammer.at
Customer satisfaction
There is no correlation between the degree of liberalization (LIB-Index)
and customer satisfaction (Eurobarometer-Survey, Commission)!
wien.arbeiterkammer.at
Customer satisfaction
Countries with a very low degree of liberalisation have
partly higher satisfaction scores than strongly liberalized
countries
(FR vs GER, LU vs ITA, ES vs BG)
There are also highly liberalized countries with a high
costumer satisfaction (AT, SE)
There are also countries with a low degree of liberalisation
and a high costumer satisfaction (CH, IRL)
A compelling connection between
liberalization and customer satisfaction does
not exist!
wien.arbeiterkammer.at
Competitive tendering
The cost for personal makes the difference!
Requirements for the rolling stock are identical for every
enterprise
Infrastructure costs are identical for every enterprise
Costs for energy are identical for every enterprise
Collective agreements do not provide
sufficient protection!
wien.arbeiterkammer.at
Impact on Employees
Reduction of salary jumps
No collective agreements (eg in outsourcing) –
Wage reduction (up to 25% for new workers)
Lower wages in case of outsourcing
New entrants have lower wages
Reduction of bonuses
Trends of wage dumping
Immediate reduction of the basic salary are rare
New working time regime: flexibility, compression and extension
Growing intensification of work and stress
Individualization of employment: income insecurity
Introduction of precarious and atypical forms
Reduction of apprenticeships and further education
wien.arbeiterkammer.at
Competitive Tendering and Award Criteria
wien.arbeiterkammer.at
Compulsory Tendering leads to
OligopoliesNummer of Bidders (Germany)
wien.arbeiterkammer.at
Market Share
There is no correlation between the
degree of liberalization and the performance of the railways
Modal Split (Passenger) and index of liberalization
wien.arbeiterkammer.at
Passenger Transport and Market
Share of Rail (Source: Eurostat, 2013)
wien.arbeiterkammer.at
Market Shares
There is no correlation between the degree of liberalization and the performance
of the railways:
France: 23th place at Liberalisation Index + 3% in the modal split
Germany: 3rd place at Liberalisation Index + 1% in the modal split
Czech Rep. 8th place at Liberalisation Index decline in passengers
Hungary 19th place at Liberalisation Index highest share
The Modal Split is the distribution of
transport volumes on different means of
transport (Road, Rail, Waterways,
Pipeline)
wien.arbeiterkammer.at
Freight and Modal Shift
wien.arbeiterkammer.at
Freight Transport in EU – Modal Split
wien.arbeiterkammer.at
Railways and Market Share in Europa(Source: Eurostat, 2013)
wien.arbeiterkammer.at
The Case for Modal Shift
The unequal level-playing field between Road
and Rail:
Enforcement of working times and periods
for rest
Fees for the use of infrastructure
Internalisation of external costs (accidents,
climate change, air pollution, etc)
Investment patterns for new infrastructure
wien.arbeiterkammer.at
Comparison Rail-Road:
External Costs in Freight TransportSource: EU-Handbook on external costs in transport
wien.arbeiterkammer.at
Length of the NetworkSource: EU-Transport in Figures
Road Rail
4.808.187 km 215.734 km
Road network and rail network EU-28 = 100%
wien.arbeiterkammer.at
The Real Potential for
Modal Shift in Freight
Success-Stories in Switzerland and Austria:
government assistance programmes for
connecting railways and terminals with
production sites (“Anschlussbahnen“)
wien.arbeiterkammer.at
Franz Greil
Arbeiterkammer Wien
Prinz Eugen Straße 20-22, 1040 Vienna, Austria
Tel: (+43/1) 50165/2262
E-Mail: franz.greil@akwien.at
Thank you for your attention and
comments!
wien.arbeiterkammer.at
Comparison Rail-Road:
External Cost in Passenger Transport(Source: EU-Handbook on External Costs in Transport)
(Source: Handbook on External Costs in Transport)
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