Learning Goals Examine a map and articulate strengths and weaknesses of the map Correctly identify 6...

learning GoalsExamine a map and articulate strengths and

weaknesses of the mapCorrectly identify 6 different types of

projectionsDifferentiate between latitude and longitude

and utilize coordinates to locate specific places on a map

Explain the correlation between lines of longitude and time zones

Relate remote sensing technology to every-day situations

Translate a contour map into a topographic map

Questions for DiscussionWhat makes a good map?

Latitude Originates at the equator, an imaginary horizontal line located

at 0

separates it into two equal halves called hemispheres .

Everything above is NORTH and everything below is SOUTH

measures distance in degrees north or south of the equator.

run parallel to the equator – AKA parallels.

The value in degrees of each line of latitude is determined by measuring the imaginary angle created between the equator, the center of Earth, and the line of latitude.

Longitude Originates at the Prime Meridian, an imaginary line located at

0

separates it into two equal halves called hemispheres .

Everything west is WEST and everything east is EAST

measures distance in degrees east or west of the Prime Meridian.

they all meet at the poles.

These are also known as meridians

The degree value of each line of longitude is determined by measuring the imaginary angle between the prime meridian, the center of Earth, and the line of longitude.

Special LinesPrime Meridian - 0○Equator - 0○Tropic of Cancer- 23.5○ NTropic of Capricorn – 23.5○ SArctic Circle - 66.5○ NAntarctic Circle – 66.5○ SInternational Date Line - 180○North pole - 90○ NSouth pole - 90○ S

The GridThe lines of latitude and longitude cross to

create a gridThe intersection of a line of latitude and a

line of longitude is called a coordinateThese coordinates allow for accurate

location on the globe.

Time ZonesEarth’s 24 time zones corresponds roughly to a

line of longitude and represents a different hour. There are some exceptions…The International Date Line, 180 meridian,

serves as the transition line for calendar days.Traveling west across the International Date

Line advances your calendar one day. Traveling east moves your calendar back one

day.

ProjectionsCartographers use projections to make maps. A map projection is made by transferring

points and lines on a globe’s surface onto a sheet of paper.

The biggest problem facing cartographers is that the earth is round and trying to put it on a flat surface.

A Mercator projection is a map that has

parallel lines of latitude and longitude.

It clearly indicates direction in straight lines.

It is used for the navigation of ships and planes.

Mercator Projection

A conic projection is made by projecting points

and lines from a globe onto a cone.

It has a high degree of accuracy for limited areas.

It is used to make road maps and weather maps.

Conic Projection

A gnomonic projection is made by projecting

points and lines from a globe onto a piece of

paper that touches the globe at a single point.

It is most useful for planning long travel routes.

It is used for navigation.

Gnomonic Projection

Topographic Maps

• Index contours are contour lines labeled with a number that indicates the elevation.

• Depression contour lines have hachures, • They indicate the

direction of elevation change.

Geologic Maps

• A geologic map is used to show the distribution, arrangement, and type of rocks

• May show geologic features • fault lines.

Map Legends

Common legend symbols

Map Scales• These are used to represent distances

on a map• Verbal scales

• When referring to maps, verbal scales are

statements used to express distance.• Graphic Scale

• Represented by a line that represents a certain distance

• Fractional Scale• Represented by a ratio between units

What type of scale is missing?

Questions for Discussion…What type of map scale is MOST useful?

Remote Sensing…Landsat SatelliteTOPEX/PoseidonSeabeamGlobal Positioning SystemGeographic Information System

LandsatVarious instruments mounted on satellites,

airplanes and ships gather informationVisible and infrared information is converted

to a digital image.Also used to study phenomena like tectonic

activity and pollution.

TOPEX/Poseidon SatelliteUses radar to map the ocean floorThis is done using high frequency signals

bouncing off of the surface of the oceanYES THE SURFACE

Also used for tidal/current movement and sea level

Sea BeamTraditional sonar to “see” the ocean’s

featuresused by fishing fleets, deep-sea drilling

operations, oceanographers, volcanologists, and archaeologists

The Global Positioning SystemLike the name says, this system gives

approximate position on the surface of Earth.Can also tell: elevation, direction of movement,

and speedUsed in planes, ships and even in everyday

travelThere are 27 GPS satellites hovering over

EarthUsing at least 3 to triangulate, position can me

approximates to 10 meters

The Geographic Information SystemA database of information used to “layer”

maps for a more comprehensive experienceThe layers are linked so that it is interactive

and allows for changes to be quickly made