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LE 7-2
Hydrophilichead
Hydrophobictail
WATER
WATER
LE 7-3
Hydrophilic regionof protein
Hydrophobic region of protein
Phospholipidbilayer
LE 7-5b
ViscousFluid
Unsaturated hydrocarbontails with kinks
Membrane fluidity
Saturated hydro-carbon tails
LE 7-5c
Cholesterol
Cholesterol within the animal cell membrane
LE 7-8
EXTRACELLULARSIDEN-terminus
C-terminusCYTOPLASMICSIDE
Helix
LE 7-15a
EXTRACELLULARFLUID
Channel protein Solute
CYTOPLASM
LE 7-17a
Diffusion Facilitated diffusion
Passive transport
LE 7-17b
ATP
Active transport
LE 7-17
Diffusion Facilitated diffusion
Passive transport
ATP
Active transport
LE 6-9a
Flagellum
Centrosome
CYTOSKELETON
Microfilaments
Intermediate filaments
Microtubules
Peroxisome
Microvilli
ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM (ER
Rough ER Smooth ER
MitochondrionLysosome
Golgi apparatus
Ribosomes:
Plasma membrane
Nuclear envelope
NUCLEUS
In animal cells but not plant cells: LysosomesCentriolesFlagella (in some plant sperm)
Nucleolus
Chromatin
LE 6-9b
Roughendoplasmicreticulum
In plant cells but not animal cells: ChloroplastsCentral vacuole and tonoplastCell wallPlasmodesmata
Smoothendoplasmicreticulum
Ribosomes(small brown dots)
Central vacuole
Microfilaments
IntermediatefilamentsMicrotubules
CYTOSKELETON
Chloroplast
Plasmodesmata
Wall of adjacent cell
Cell wall
Nuclearenvelope
Nucleolus
Chromatin
NUCLEUS
Centrosome
Golgiapparatus
Mitochondrion
Peroxisome
Plasmamembrane
LE 6-10
Close-up of nuclearenvelope
Nucleus
Nucleolus
Chromatin
Nuclear envelope:Inner membraneOuter membrane
Nuclear pore
Porecomplex
Ribosome
Pore complexes (TEM) Nuclear lamina (TEM)
1 µm
Rough ER
Nucleus
1 µm
0.25 µm
Surface of nuclear envelope
LE 6-12
Ribosomes
Smooth ER
Rough ER
ER lumen
Cisternae
Transport vesicle
Smooth ER Rough ER
Transitional ER
200 nm
Nuclearenvelope
LE 6-2
Measurements1 centimeter (cm) = 10–2 meter (m) = 0.4 inch1 millimeter (mm) = 10–3 m1 micrometer (µm) = 10–3 mm = 10–6 m1 nanometer (nm) = 10–3 µm = 10–9 m
10 m
1 mHuman height
Length of somenerve andmuscle cells
Chicken egg
0.1 m
1 cm
Frog egg1 mm
100 µm
Most plant andanimal cells
10 µmNucleus
1 µm
Most bacteria
Mitochondrion
Smallest bacteria
Viruses100 nm
10 nmRibosomes
Proteins
Lipids
1 nmSmall molecules
Atoms0.1 nmU
na
ide
d e
ye
Lig
ht
mic
rosc
op
e
Ele
ctr
on
mic
ros
co
pe
LE 6-3a
Brightfield (unstained specimen)
50 µmBrightfield (stained specimen)
Phase-contrast
LE 6-6
A typicalrod-shapedbacterium
A thin section through thebacterium Bacilluscoagulans (TEM)
0.5 µm
Pili
Nucleoid
Ribosomes
Plasmamembrane
Cell wall
Capsule
Flagella
Bacterialchromosome
LE 6-7
Total surface area(height x width xnumber of sides xnumber of boxes)
6
125 125
150 750
1
11
5
1.2 66
Total volume(height x width x lengthX number of boxes)
Surface-to-volumeratio(surface area volume)
Surface area increases whileTotal volume remains constant
LE 6-11
Ribosomes
0.5 µm
ER Cytosol
Endoplasmicreticulum (ER)
Free ribosomes
Bound ribosomes
Largesubunit
Smallsubunit
Diagram ofa ribosome
TEM showing ERand ribosomes
LE 6-14a
Phagocytosis: lysosome digesting food
1 µm
Plasmamembrane
Food vacuole
Lysosome
Nucleus
Digestiveenzymes
Digestion
Lysosome
Lysosome containsactive hydrolyticenzymes
Food vacuolefuses withlysosome
Hydrolyticenzymes digestfood particles
LE 6-14b
Autophagy: lysosome breaking down damaged organelle
1 µm
Vesicle containingdamaged mitochondrion
Mitochondrionfragment
Lysosome containingtwo damaged organelles
Digestion
Lysosome
Lysosome fuses withvesicle containingdamaged organelle
Peroxisomefragment
Hydrolytic enzymesdigest organellecomponents
LE 6-15
5 µm
Central vacuole
Cytosol
Tonoplast
Central vacuole
Nucleus
Cell wall
Chloroplast
LE 6-16-1
Nuclear envelope
Nucleus
Rough ER
Smooth ER
LE 6-16-3
Nuclear envelope
Nucleus
Rough ER
Smooth ER
Transport vesicle
cis Golgi
trans Golgi
Plasma membrane
LE 6-17
Mitochondrion
Intermembrane space
Outer membrane
Inner membrane
Cristae
Matrix
100 nmMitochondrialDNA
Freeribosomes in themitochondrialmatrix
LE 6-18
Chloroplast
ChloroplastDNA
RibosomesStroma
Inner and outermembranes
Granum
Thylakoid1 µm
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