Lateral Epicondylitis

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LATERAL EPICONDYLITIS & TENNIS ELBOW

...INTRODUCTION

• Overuse injury that results in micro tearing & scar tissue formation of the common wrist extensor tissue.

• Peak incidence between the ages of 40 & 50.

• 50% of all tennis players experience tennis elbow .

By Saravanan Krishnan

…ANATOMY

By Saravanan Krishnan

…ANATOMY

By Saravanan Krishnan

…ANATOMY

By Saravanan Krishnan

…DEFINITION

Inflammation of the tissue at the lower end of thehumerous  at  the  elbow    joint,  caused  by  the repetitive flexion &  extension of the wrist againstresistance is called   lateral epicondylitis (LE).

The primary structure involved:‐Is the tendon of the ECRB muscle & lessfrequently,   the ECRL muscle.

By Saravanan Krishnan

…PREVELANCE

Although tennis elbow commonly affects tennisplayers,  it  also  affects  other  athletes  &  people who participate in leisure / work activities thatrequire repetitive arm, elbow, & wrist movement. 

Examples  include  golfers,  baseball  players, bowlers,  gardeners  /  landscapers,  house  /  office cleaners  (because  of  vacuuming,  sweeping  & scrubbing),  carpenters, mechanics, &  assembly‐line workers.

By Saravanan Krishnan

…AETIOLOGY

• Occurs idiopathically.

• Primarily  considered  to  be  a  mechanical disorder of the elbow.

• Onset of pain usually occurs due  to exertion i.e.  characterized  by  repetitive  /  forced extension  of  the  wrist  combined  with squeezing / grasping.

By Saravanan Krishnan

…RISK FACTORS1. Intrinsic tendon overuse

2. Inadequate conditioning

3. Constitutional Factors

4. Decreased flexibility of muscles

5. Physical activities

6. Forceful grasping

7. Tennis player with poor playing style

8. Poor backhand stroke

9. Incorrect equipmentBy Saravanan Krishnan

…PATHOMECHANICS• Acute traumatic origin.

• Micro damage is increased due to increased internal strain to tendon fibers over time.

• Occur  with  normal  activity  levels  if  the tendons capacity to attenuate tensile  loads is reduced.

By Saravanan Krishnan

…TYPES

• Type 1: A lesion of the muscular origin of theECRL , just proximal to the lateral epicondyle.

• Type 2: Is the most frequent type of tenniselbow. It is an insertion tendinopathy of theECRB

• Type 3: A tendonitis of theECRB tendon at the level ofthe radial head.

Cont...By Saravanan Krishnan

…TYPESType 4: A sprain of the musculotendinousjunction / proximal part of the muscle belly of the ECRB. 

Type 5: Occurs frequently.The origin of the ED at thelaterodistal aspect of thelateral epicondyle is affected.

By Saravanan Krishnan

…CLINICAL PRESENTATION• SIGNS:

• Pain ie localized at the anterior aspect of the lateral epicondyle.

• Exertion, characterized by repetitive/ forced extension of the wrist 

• Pain with athletic activity 

• Pain with movement 

• Pain when forcibly gripping an object or liftingBy Saravanan Krishnan

…SYMPTOMS• Pain may radiate down the dorsal aspect ofthe forearm to the wrist / the dorsum of thehand, & sometimes themiddle & ring fingers.

• Occasional dysesthesia / numbness from theelbow to the hand .

• A limitation of ADL due to severe symptomsmay result in approximately 1/3rd of cases.

By Saravanan Krishnan

…CLINICAL FINDINGS• Well‐localized  tenderness  is  present  at  the lateral epicondyle .

• Myofascial trigger points in the wrist extensor muscles .

• Due  to  fibrosis &  loss of  tissue  extensibility, there may be a loss of passive wrist flexion.

By Saravanan Krishnan

…SPECIAL TEST• Mills’  test  : A passive  stretch of  the  extensor tendons  produced  by  full  elbow  extension, forearm  pronation,  wrist  flexion  &    ulna deviation.

• Cozen’s Test  : Resisted extension of  the wrist performed  with  the  elbow  &  wrist  fully extended & pronated.

• Maudsley’s Test  :  Resisted  extension  of  the middle finger with the elbow fully extended.

By Saravanan Krishnan

…SPECIAL TESTKaplan’s Test :• With  the  upper  limb  extended  straight  forward,  the 

patient  squeezes  a  grip  strength  dynanometer as hard as possible.

• The  test  is  then  repeated with  the  examiner  firmly encircling  the patient’s  forearm with both hands  (1‐2 inches below the antecubital crease).

• A positive  test  for  lateral epicondylitis  is  indicated  if the  induced  pain  is  reduced  &  the  grip  strength  is increased when  the muscles of  the proximal  forearm are compressed.

By Saravanan Krishnan

…EVIDENCEThe Short‐term Efficacy of Laser, Brace, & UsTreatment in LE : A Prospective, Randomized,Controlled Trial.

OznurOken

AIM: To evaluate the effects of LLLT & to compare these with the effects of brace / US treatment in tennis elbow.

RESULTS:  In  patients  with  LE,  a  brace  has  a  shorter beneficial  effect  than US  &  laser  therapy  in  reducing pain,  &  that  laser  therapy  is  more  effective  than  the brace & US treatment in improving grip strength.

By Saravanan Krishnan

…EFFECT OF OEMT ON LEJOURNAL OF HAND THERAPYJULY 2008, Mohammed Reza

AIM:To investigate the effect of OMET on pain , gripstrength & functional abilities of subjects withchronic LE.

OUTCOME MEASURE:Dynamometer, patient specific functional scale,numerical rating scale.

By Saravanan Krishnan

…EFFECT OF OEMT ON LERESULTS:OEMT seems to be viable, effective & efficientalternative treatment for LE.

By Saravanan Krishnan

COMPARISON OF EFFECTS OF CYRIAX PT , A SUPERVISED EXS. PROGRAM &

POLARISED POLYCHROMATIC NON -COHERENT LIGHT FOR RX OF LE

Clinical Rehab 2006 Dimitrios Stasinopoulos

AIM:To compare effectiveness of cyriax physiotherapy,  a supervised exercise programme & polarized polychromatic non‐coherent light in treatment of LE.

Cont….

By Saravanan Krishnan

…COMPARISON OF EFFECTSOUTCOMES:Pain was evaluated using a VAS &  function using VAS & pain free grip strength.

CONCLUSION:The supervised exercise programme should be 1sttreatment option for therapist when they manage LE  patients.  If  this  is  not  possible  cyriaxphysiotherapy  &  polarized  polychromatic  non‐coherent light may be suitable.

By Saravanan Krishnan

SHOCK WAVE THERAPY FOR PATIENTS WITH LE OF ELBOW

Ching‐ Jen wang. Am J Sports Med 2000.

HYPOTHESIS:SWT  is  an  effective  treatment  treatment  for  patients with LE of elbow & long‐ term results will be favorable as short‐term ones.

CONCLUSION:SWT is safe & effective modality in treatment of patients with LE of elbow.

By Saravanan Krishnan

NO EFFECT OF FOREARM BAND & EXTENSOR STRENGTHENING EXS

FOR RX OF LERolf luginbuhl Feb’08

AIM:To analyse the effect of forearm support band & of strengthening exercises for Rx of LE.

CONCLUSION:No  beneficial  influence  was  found  either  for strengthening  exercise  or  for  forearm  support  band. Improvement  seems  to occur with  time,  independent of method of treatment used.

By Saravanan Krishnan

…NO EFFECT OF FOREARMOUTCOMES:Pain was evaluated using a VAS & functionusing VAS & pain free grip strength.

CONCLUSION:The  supervised exercise programme  should be 1st

treatment option for therapist when they manage LE  patients.  If  this  is  not  possible  cyriaxphysiotherapy  &  polarized  polychromatic  non‐coherent light may be suitable.

By Saravanan Krishnan

SHOCK WAVE THERAPY FOR PATIENTS WITH LE OF ELBOW

Ching‐ jen wang. Am J Sports Med 2000.

HYPOTHESIS:SWT is an effective treatment  for patients with LE of elbow & long‐ term results will be favorable as short‐term ones.

CONCLUSION:

SWT is safe & effective modality in treatment of patients with LE of elbow.

By Saravanan Krishnan

NO EFFECT OF FOREARM BAND & EXTENSOR STRENGTHENING EXS

FOR RX OF LERolf luginbuhl Feb’08

AIM:To  analyse  the  effect  of  forearm  support  band &  of strengthening exercises for Rx of LE.

CONCLUSION:No  beneficial  influence  was  found  either  for strengthening  exercise or  for  forearm  support band. Improvement seems to occur with time,  independent of method of treatment used.

By Saravanan Krishnan

AN EXS PROGRAMME FOR THE MX OF LE

British Journal of Sports Medicine 2005

D Stasinopoulos, K Stasinopoulou, M I JohnsonAIM:

To describe  the use &  effects of strengthening & stretching exercise programme’s in the treatmentof LET.

Cont…

By Saravanan Krishnan

AN EXS PROGRAMME FOR THE MX OF LE

Discussion:• A  well  designed  trial  is  needed  to  study  the effectiveness of a supervised exercise programme for LET consisting of eccentric a& static stretching exercises.

• The  issues  relating  to  the supervised  exercise programme  should be defined  so  that  therapistscan replicate the programme.

By Saravanan Krishnan

EFFECTS OF LLLT & PLYOMETRICEXS IN Rx OF LE

Photomedicine & Laser Surgery. June 2007

Apostolos Stergioulas

Objective:This study was undertaken to compare the effectiveness of a protocol of combination of laser with plyometric exercises & a protocol of placebo laser with the same program, in the treatment of tennis elbow.

By Saravanan Krishnan

FFECTS OF LLLT & PLYOMETRIC EXS IN Rx OF LE

Conclusion:The results suggested that the combination of laser with plyometric exercises was moreeffective treatment than placebo laser withthe same Plyometricexercises at the end ofthe treatment as well asat the follow‐up.

By Saravanan Krishnan

A RCT OF EXTRACORPOREALSWT FOR LE

Margret P. Staples, Andrew ForbesJOURNAL OF RHEUMATOLOGY,2005

Objective:The  aims  of  this  double‐blind,  randomized, placebo  ‐ controlled  trial  were  to  determine whether  US  ‐guided  extracorporeal SWT(ESWT)  reduced  pain  &  improved function in patients with LE in the short term & intermediate term.

By Saravanan Krishnan

A RCT OF EXTRACORPOREALSWT FOR LE

Margret P. Staples, Andrew ForbesJOURNAL OF RHEUMATOLOGY, 2005

Objective:The aims of this double‐blind, randomized,placebo‐controlled trial were to determinewhether US‐guided extracorporeal SWT(ESWT)reduced pain & improved function in patientswith LE in the short term & intermediate term.

By Saravanan Krishnan

A RCT OF EXTRACORPOREALSWT FOR LE

Conclusion:Our study found little evidence to support the useof ESWT for the treatment of lateral epicondylitis.

By Saravanan Krishnan

AN ISOKINETIC ECCENTRIC PROG. FOR Mx OF CHRONIC LE

British Journal of Sports Medicine, April 2007.Croisier, Jean‐Louis

Objective: To compare the outcome of patients performing an isokinetic eccentric training with that of age, gender, activity‐matched patients receiving a non‐strengthening classical rehabilitation.

Cont…By Saravanan Krishnan

AN ISOKINETIC ECCENTRIC PROG. FOR Mx OF CHRONIC LE

Conclusion: These results highlight therelevance of implementingisokinetic adapted eccentrictraining in the managementof chronic lateral epicondylartendinopathy

By Saravanan Krishnan

AN ALTERNATIVE APPROACH TO TREAT LE: A RANDOMIZED , PLACEBO-

CONTROLLED, DOUBLE – BLINDED STUDY

Clinical Rehab 2008Reza Nourbakhsh , Fearon

OBJECTIVE:To  investigate  the effect of noxious  level ES on pain, grip  strength  &  functional  abilities  in  subjects  with chronic LE.

DESIGN:Randomized, placebo – control, double‐blinded study.

By Saravanan Krishnan

AN ALTERNATIVE APPROACH TO TREAT LE: A RANDOMIZED , PLACEBO -

CONTROLLED, DOUBLE – BLINDED STUDYMAIN MEASUREMENTS:Grip strength,  functional status, pain  intensity & limited activity due to pain were assessed before & after treatment.

CONCLUSION:The results of this study indicated that symptoms of chronic LE could be effectively treated by noxious level low‐frequency ES.

By Saravanan Krishnan

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