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7/28/2019 Large Power Transformer Study - June 2012_0
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LARGEPOWERTRANSFORMERSAND
THE
U.S.
ELECTRIC
GRID
Infrastructure
Security
and
Energy
RestorationOfficeofElectricityDeliveryandEnergyReliability
U.S.DepartmentofEnergy
LargePowerTransformersandtheU.S.ElectricGrid
7/28/2019 Large Power Transformer Study - June 2012_0
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Thispageintentionallyleftblank.
i
LargePowerTransformersandtheU.S.ElectricGrid
FORFURTHERINFORMTION
ThisreportwaspreparedbytheOfficeofElectricityDeliveryandEnergyReliabilityunderthe
direction
of
Patricia
Hoffman,
ssistant
!ecretary,
and
"illiam
#ryan,
Deputy
ssistant!ecretary.
!pecific
$uestions
about
information
in
this
report
may
be
directed
to
Dr.
%enneth
&riedman,
!eniorPolicydvisor'kenneth.friedman(h$.doe.gov).
Tiffany*.+hoiof+&nternationalcontributedtothisreport.
7/28/2019 Large Power Transformer Study - June 2012_0
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The-.!.DepartmentofEnergywouldliketoacknowledgethefollowingreviewersfortheircontributiontothisreport##mericanTransmission+ompany/orthmericanElectricalReliability+orporationOntarioPower0eneration!cott,
Daniel-.!.Departmentof+ommerce-.!.
Department
of
Homeland
!ecurity-.!.&ederalEnergyRegulatory+ommission
+overphotosources
1argepowertransformerphoto!iemens.comHigh2voltagetransmissionlinesphoto-tilities2me.com
DOE3OE3!ER4une5675ii
LargePowerTransformersandtheU.S.ElectricGrid
T!LEOF"ONTENTS
1istof&igures............................................................................................................................ iv
1istofTables .............................................................................................................................. iv
E9ecutive!ummary........................................................................................................................ v
.ntroduction ......................................................................................................................... 7
7.7
&ocus
of
the
!tudy .................................................................................................................
7
7.5#ackground........................................................................................................................... 5
7.:!copeandDefinitionof1argePowerTransformers............................................................ :
.PowerTransformer+lassification...................................................................................... ;
5.7PowerTransformersintheElectric0rid.............................................................................. ;
5.5Physical+haracteristicsof1argePowerTransformers........................................................
:.7Overview............................................................................................................................... >
:.7.7
Pre$ualification
of
=anufacturers
.............................................................................
>:.7.5#iddingProcess......................................................................................................... ?
7/28/2019 Large Power Transformer Study - June 2012_0
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:.7.:Production.................................................................................................................. ?
:.7.@1eadTime.................................................................................................................. ?
:.7.;Transportation.......................................................................................................... 76
:.5Raw=aterials-sedin1argePowerTransformers............................................................ 77
:.5.7
Electrical
!teel
and
1arge
Power
Transformers
......................................................
75
:.5.50lobalElectrical!teel!uppliers............................................................................. 75
:.:Aariabilityof+ommodityPrices........................................................................................ 7:
A.PowerandTransmissionnfrastructurenvestmentTrends............................................. 7;
@.7
0lobal
Power
0eneration
+apacity.....................................................................................
7;
@.5Transmissionnfrastructurenvestmentinthe-nited!tates............................................. 7B
A.0lobalPowerTransformer=arket................................................................................... 7?
;.7-.!.PowerTransformer=arketOverview........................................................................ 56
;.5%ey0lobal!uppliersofPowerTransformers.................................................................... 55
;.5.7+onsolidationofPowerE$uipment=anufacturers ................................................. 5@
;.:1argePowerTransformer=anufacturing+apacityin/orthmerica.............................. 5;
;.@Historicalmportsof1argePowerTransformerstothe-nited!tates............................... 5B
;.;
+hallenges
in
0lobal
!ourcing
of
1arge
Power
Transformers
...........................................
:6
A.+oncludingRemarks ......................................................................................................... :6
ppendi9.cronyms................................................................................................................ ::
ppendi9#.0lobalElectrical!teel=anufacturerProfiles ......................................................... :@
DOE3OE3!ER4une5675iii
Large
Power
Transformers
and
the
U.S.
Electric
Grid
ppendi9+.PlannedTransmission1inesinthe-nited!tates................................................... :
ppendi9&.!elected0lobalPowerTransformer=anufacturers............................................... :?
ppendi90.PowerTransformerndustryin+hina..................................................................... @6
ppendi9H.PowerTransformer=anufacturers"ebsites ......................................................... @5
ppendi9.#ibliography............................................................................................................. @:
LISTOFFIGURES
&igure7.ElectricPower0ridRepresentation................................................................................ ;
&igure5.+ore2Type1argePowerTransformer!howing=aCornternal+omponents................
&igure@.Transportof1argePowerTransformers....................................................................... 76
&igure;."orldnstalledProductionofElectrical!teelin566B ................................................. 7:
&igure.
Estimated
Power
0eneration
nfrastructure
nvestment
/eeds
in
the
"orld
&rom
5676to56:;.......................................................................................................................................... 7
7/28/2019 Large Power Transformer Study - June 2012_0
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&igure?.HistoricalTransmissionnvestmentinthe-nited!tates&rom7?B;to566: .............. 7B
&igure76.EstimatedHistoricalandProCectedTransmissionnvestmentinthe-nited!tates
&rom7??;to567; ........................................................................................................................ 7>
&igure77.*earlynstallmentof1argePowerTransformers inthe-nited!tates&rom7?@>to
56666,666pounds).Procurementandmanufacturingof1PTsisacomple9processthatre$uirespre$ualificationofmanufacturers,acompetitivebiddingprocess,thepurchaseofrawmaterials,andspecialmodesoftransportationdue
to
its
sie
and
weight.
The
result
is
the
possibility
of
e9tended
lead
times
that
could
stretchbeyond56monthsifthemanufacturerhasdifficultyobtainingcertainkeypartsormaterials.
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ower%20Transformer%20Study%20Final%20Draft.docx%23_Toc327449595http://file//DOE/DFSFR/home_fors3/Tiffany.Choi/Transformers/06142012_Power%20Transformer%20Study%20Final%20Draft.docx%23_Toc327449595http://file//DOE/DFSFR/home_fors3/Tiffany.Choi/Transformers/06142012_Power%20Transformer%20Study%20Final%20Draft.docx%23_Toc327449597http://file//DOE/DFSFR/home_fors3/Tiffany.Choi/Transformers/06142012_Power%20Transformer%20Study%20Final%20Draft.docx%23_Toc327449597http://file//DOE/DFSFR/home_fors3/Tiffany.Choi/Transformers/06142012_Power%20Transformer%20Study%20Final%20Draft.docx%23_Toc327449597http://file//DOE/DFSFR/home_fors3/Tiffany.Choi/Transformers/06142012_Power%20Transformer%20Study%20Final%20Draft.docx%23_Toc327449597http://file//DOE/DFSFR/home_fors3/Tiffany.Choi/Transformers/06142012_Power%20Transformer%20Study%20Final%20Draft.docx%23_Toc327449597http://file//DOE/DFSFR/home_fors3/Tiffany.Choi/Transformers/06142012_Power%20Transformer%20Study%20Final%20Draft.docx%23_Toc327449597http://file//DOE/DFSFR/home_fors3/Tiffany.Choi/Transformers/06142012_Power%20Transformer%20Study%20Final%20Draft.docx%23_Toc3274495977/28/2019 Large Power Transformer Study - June 2012_0
6/54
Two
raw
materialscopper
and
electrical
steelaccount
for
over
;6
percent
of
the
total
cost
ofan1PT.Electricalsteelisusedforthecoreofapowertransformerandiscriticaltotheefficiency
and
performance
of
the
e$uipmentG
copper
is
used
for
the
windings.
n
recent
years,thepricevolatilityofthesetwocommoditiesintheglobalmarkethasaffectedthemanufacturingconditionsandprocurementstrategyfor1PTs.
Therisingglobaldemandforcopperandelectricalsteelcanbepartiallyattributedtothe
increasedpowerandtransmissioninfrastructureinvestmentingrowingeconomiesaswellasthereplacementmarketforaginginfrastructureindevelopedcountries.The-nited!tatesisoneoftheworldFslargestmarketsforpowertransformersandholdsthelargestinstalledbaseof1PTsandthisinstalledbaseisaging.Theaverageageofinstalled1PTsinthe-nited!tatesisappro9imately
@6
years,
with
B6
percent
of
1PTs
being
5;
years
or
older.
"hile
the
lifee9pectancyofapowertransformervariesdependingonhowitisused,agingpowertransformersaresubCecttoanincreasedriskoffailure.
!incethelate7??6Fs,the-nited!tateshase9periencedanincreaseddemandfor1PTsG
however,despitethegrowingneed,the-nited!tateshashadalimiteddomesticcapacitytoproduce1PTs.n5676,si9powertransformermanufacturingfacilitiese9istedinthe-nited!tates,andtogether,theymetappro9imately7;percentofthe/ationFsdemandforpower
7Throughoutthisreport,thetermlargepowertransformer'1PT)isbroadlyusedtodescribeapowertransformer
with
a
ma9imum
capacity
rating
greater
and
or
e$ual
to
766
=A
unless
otherwise
noted.
DOE3OE3!ER4une5675v
LargePowerTransformersandtheU.S.ElectricGrid
transformersofacapacityratinggreaterthanore$ualto@toJ>7Bmillion-.!.dollar.Powertransformersaregloballytradede$uipment,andthedemandforthismachineryisforecastedtocontinuetogrowatacompoundannualgrowthrateofthreetosevenpercentinthe-nited!tatesaccordingtoindustrysources.nadditiontoreplacingaginginfrastructure,the-nited!tateshasneedsfortransmissione9pansionandupgradestoaccommodatenewgenerationconnectionsandmaintainelectricreliability.
"hileglobalprocurementhasbecomeacommonpracticeformanyutilitiestomeettheir
growing
need
for
1PTs,
there
are
several
challenges
associated
with
it.
!uch
challenges
includethepotentialfore9tendedleadtimesduetoune9pectedglobalevents'e.g.,hurricanes)or
7/28/2019 Large Power Transformer Study - June 2012_0
7/54
difficulty
in
transportationG
the
fluctuation
of
currency
e9change
rates
and
material
pricesG
andculturaldifferencesandcommunicationbarriers.Theutilityindustryisalsofacingthechallengeof
maintaining
e9perienced
in2house
workforce
that
is
able
to
address
procurement
andmaintenanceissues.
The-.!.electricpowergridisoneofthe/ationFscriticallife2lineinfrastructureonwhichmany
othercriticalinfrastructuredepend,andthedestructionofthisinfrastructurecancauseasignificantimpacttonationalsecurityandthe-.!.economy.The-.!.electricgridfacesawidevarietyofpossiblethreats,includingnatural,physical,cyber,andspaceweather."hilethepotentialeffectofthesethreatsontheelectricpowergridisuncertain,publicandprivatestakeholdersoftheenergyindustryareconsideringvariousriskmanagementstrategiestomitigate
potential
impacts.
This
DOE
report,
through
the
assessment
of
1PT
procurement
andsupplyissues,providesinformationtohelptheindustryFscontinuouseffortstobuildcriticalenergyinfrastructureresilienceintodayFscomple9,interdependentglobaleconomy.
DOE
3
OE
3
!ER
4une
5675
vi
LargePowerTransformersandtheU.S.ElectricGrid
I.INTRO&U"TION
'.'
FO"USOFTHE
STU&%
ntodayFsdynamic,intersectedglobaleconomies,understandingmarketcharacteristicsand
securingthesupplybasisofcriticale$uipment,suchaslargepowertransformers'1PTs),5
becomesincreasing
imperative
for
maintaining
the
resilience
of
the
Electricity
!ubsector.:
The
purposeofthisreportistoprovideinformationtodecision2makersinbothpublicandprivatesectorsaboutthecountryFsrelianceonforeign2manufactured1PTsandpotentialsupplyissues.
TheOfficeofElectricityDeliveryandEnergyReliability,
-.!.DepartmentofEnergy'DOE),aspartofitson2goingeffortstoenhancetheresilienceofthe/ationFscriticalinfrastructure,assessedthemanufacturingandsupplyconditionsof1PTsinthisreport.@PowertransformershavelongbeenamaCorconcernforthe-.!.electricpowersector.;&ailureofasingleunitcouldresultintemporaryservice
interruption
and
considerable
revenue
loss,
as
well
asincurreplacementandothercollateralcosts.!hould
PathsForward
Refineourunderstandingofthe
threatsandrisksassociatedwiththeglobalsupplychainthroughupdatedassessments.
-
The
National
Strategy
forGlobalSupplyChainSecurity,WhiteHouse,2012
severaloftheseunitsfailcatastrophically,itwillbechallengingtoreplacethem.
1PTsarespecial2orderedmachineriesthatre$uirehighly2skilledworkforcesandstate2of2the2art
facilities.nstallationof1PTsentailsnotonlysignificantcapitale9pendituresbutalsoalongleadtimeduetointricatemanufacturingprocesses,includingsecuringrawmaterials.saresult,assetownersandoperatorsinvestconsiderableresourcestomonitorandmaintain1PTs,asfailuretoreplaceaging1PT!couldpresentpotentialconcernsincludingmountingmaintenancecostsandune9pectedpowerfailure.
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5Throughoutthisreport,thetermlargepowertransformer'1PT)isbroadlyusedtodescribeapowertransformer
withama9imumcapacityratingof766=Aorhigher,unlessotherwisenoted.!ee!ection7.:,!copeand
Definitionof1argePowerTransformers, fordiscussions relatingtotheinconsistenciesintheindustryFsdefinition
for1PTs,andsee!ection5.5,Physical+haracteristicsof1argePowerTransformers, forkeyphysicalattributesof
1PTs.:TheElectricity!ubsectorreferstotheelectricityindustryasdescribedintheEnergy!ector!pecificPlan'!!P).
TheEnergy!ector,asdelineatedbyHomeland!ecurityPresidentialDirectiveB'H!PD2B),includestheproduction,
refining,storage,anddistributionofoil,gas,andelectricpower,e9ceptforhydroelectricandcommercial nuclear
powerfacilities.TheKEnergy!ectorLisnotmonolithicandcontainsmanyinterrelatedindustriesthatsupportthe
e9ploration,production,transportation,anddeliveryoffuelsandelectricitytothe-.!.economy.This!!P
distinguishesbetweentheElectricity!ubsectorandtheOiland/atural0as!ubsector.!eethe5676Energy!!P,
http33energy.gov3sites3prod3files3oeprod3Documentsand=edia3EnergyM!!PM5676.pdf 'accessed4anuary;,5675).@
The
Homeland
!ecurity
Presidential
Directive2B
'H!PD2B)
established
the
-nited
!tatesF
national
policy
foridentifyingandprioritiingcriticalinfrastructureforprotectionfromterroristattacks.talsoidentifiedthe/ationFs
7>criticalinfrastructuresectorsandtheagenciesthatwouldberesponsibleforcarryingoutthepolicyforeach
sector.TheDOEisthe!ector2!pecificgencyresponsibleforthecoordination ofcriticalinfrastructureprotection
activitiesfortheEnergy!ector,whichconsistsoftwo!ubsectorsOiland/atural0asandElectricity.!eeH!PD2B
fullte9tathttp33www.dhs.gov39about3laws3gcM757@;?B?>??;5.shtm 'accessed4anuary@,5675).;!uchconcernwasraisedina4une7??6+ongressional Report.!ee-.!.+ongress,OfficeofTechnology
ssessment,PhysicalAulnerabilityofElectric!ystemto/aturalDisastersand!abotage,OT2E2@;:'"ashington,
D+-.!.0overnmentPrintingOffice,4une7??6).
DOE3OE3!ER4une56757
LargePowerTransformersandtheU.S.ElectricGrid
Therefore,thisreporte9aminesthefollowing
+lassificationandphysicalcharacteristicsof1PTsG
PowertransformerprocurementandmanufacturingprocessesG
!upplysourcesandpricevariabilityoftworawcommoditiescopperandelectricalsteelG
0lobalanddomesticpowertransformermarketandmanufacturingconditionsG
%eyglobalsuppliersof1PTstothe-nited!tatesGand
Potentialchallenges
in
the
global
sourcing
of
power
transformers.
'.(!")GROUN&
sappliedtoinfrastructure,theconceptofresilienceembodiesKtheabilitytoadapttochanging
conditionsandpreparefor,withstand,andrapidlyrecoverfromdisruption.L
7/28/2019 Large Power Transformer Study - June 2012_0
9/54
'H1&)Risk"orkshopin/ovember566?.76+osponsoredbyDOEandthe/orthmerican
K&ramework
for
Establishing
+ritical
nfrastructure
Resilience
0oals,L
the
/ational
nfrastructure
dvisory
+ouncil,October7
7/28/2019 Large Power Transformer Study - June 2012_0
10/54
andrecoveryelements,throughane9aminationofthesupplychainof1PTs.
'.*
S"OPEN&
&EFINITIONOF
LRGE
PO+ER
TRNSFORMERS
Throughoutthisreport,theterm1PTisbroadlyusedtodescribeapowertransformerwitha
ma9imumnameplateratingof766megavolt2amperes'=A)orhigherunlessotherwisenoted.However,itshouldbenotedthatthereisnosingle,absoluteindustrydefinitionorcriterionfor
77+riticalnfrastructure!trategicRoadmap,Electricity!ub2sector+oordinating+ouncil,ugust5676,
http33www.nerc.com3docs3escc3E!++M!tratMRoadmapMA:M:7Mug5676Mclean.pdf 'accessed/ovember:6,5677).
/oteTheroadmapdoesnotincludediscussion onthepandemicrisk.
75
&orthe
Energy
!ector
goals
and
visions,
see
Energy
!ector
!pecific
Plan,
5676,
http33energy.gov3sites3prod3files3oeprod3Documentsand=edia3EnergyM!!PM5676.pdf 'accessedDecemberB,5677).7:TheElectricity!ubsector+oordinating+ouncilrepresentstheelectricitysectorasdescribedintheEnergy!ector
!pecificPlan,whichincludesbulkpowersystementitiesdefinedby!ection57;ofthe&ederalPowerct.
DOE3OE3!ER4une5675:
gePowerTransformersandtheU.S.ElectricGrid
whatconstitutes
an
1PT
and
that
additional
specifications
are
often
used
to
describe
different
classesof1PTs.
Thesieofapowertransformeris
determinedbytheprimary'input)voltage,thesecondary'output)voltage,andtheloadcapacitymeasuredby=A.Ofthethree,thecapacityrating,ortheamountofpowerthatcanbetransferred,isoftenthekeyparameterratherthanthevoltage.7@nadditiontothe
able 1. ransmission VoltageClasses
Source:DOE,2006;seeFootnote14.o!i"ie!base!on
in!ustr#re$ie%.
capacityrating,voltageratingsareoftenused
todescribe
different
classes
of
power
transformers,
such
as
e9tra
high
voltage
'EHA),
:@;
to
B
7/28/2019 Large Power Transformer Study - June 2012_0
11/54
reporttothe-nited!tates+ongresspursuantto!ection7>7?,!eptember5677,http33www.usitc.gov3publications3B67MB:73Pub@5;
7/28/2019 Large Power Transformer Study - June 2012_0
12/54
Source:DOE,2006;seeFootnote14.o!i"ie!base!onin!ustr#re$ie%.
7?
On4uly7@,5677,anantidumpingdutypetitionwasfiledwiththe-.!.Departmentof+ommerceFsnternational
Tradedministrationandthe-!T+concerningimportsof1PTsfromtwo%oreanproducers,HyundaiHeavy
ndustriesandHyosung+orporation. Thepetitionallegedthatbetween566>and5676,the%oreanmanufacturers
aggressively e9pandedinthe-nited!tatesFmarketbyselling1PTsatpricesthatsignificantlyundercutdomestic
marketpricesandinsomeinstancesbelowthedomesticproducersFcostofmaterials.&inaldecisiononthiscaseis
e9pectedinpril5675.56!ource/ER+Electricity!upplyNDemandDatabase,http33www.nerc.com3page.phpcid@Q:> 'accessed
December7;,
5677).
DOE3OE3!ER4une5675;
LargePowerTransformersandtheU.S.ElectricGrid
transmissionofelectricityandstepsitdownfordistributiontothelevelusedbycustomers.57
Powertransformersarealsoneededateverypointwherethereisachangeinvoltageinpower
transmission
to
step
the
voltage
either
up
or
down.
&igure
7
illustrates
a
simplified
arrangementofthe-.!.electricgridsystem.
(.(PH%SI"L"HR"TERISTI"S OFLRGEPO+ERTRNSFORMERS
n1PTisalarge,custom2builtpieceofe$uipmentthatisacriticalcomponentofthebulk
transmissiongrid.#ecause1PTsareverye9pensiveandtailoredtocustomersFspecifications,theyareusuallyneitherinterchangeablewitheachothernorproducedfore9tensivespareinventories.55ccordingtoanindustrysource,appro9imately7.:transformersareproducedforeachtransformerdesign.&igure5illustratesastandardcore2type1PTanditsmaCorinternalcomponents.
lthough
1PTs
come
in
a
wide
variety
of
sies
and
configurations,
they
consist
of
two
mainactivepartsthecore,whichismadeofhigh2permeability,grain2oriented,siliconelectricalsteel,layeredinpiecesGandwindings,whicharemadeofcopperconductorswoundaroundthecore,providingelectricalinputandoutput.Twobasicconfigurationsofcoreandwindingse9ist,thecoreformandtheshellform.ntheusualshell2typepowertransformer,bothprimaryandsecondaryareononelegandaresurroundedbythecore,whereasinacore2typepower
Figure
2.
Core* #)e
+arge
&o%er
rans"ormer
So%ing
a-or
nternal
Com)onents
7/28/2019 Large Power Transformer Study - June 2012_0
13/54
Source:/,+iui!*Fille!&o%erTrans"ormers,3tt):%%%05.abb.comglobalscotscot252.ns"$erit#!is)la#2a52787c7"!0e6c12589be007a486""ile))trm)tbrocure2406)l180*%1*en.)!"=accesse!/ugust16,2011>.
57##,http33www.abb.com3cawp3db666:db66537d;
7/28/2019 Large Power Transformer Study - June 2012_0
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Source:?E(CS)ecial(e)ort:S)areEui)mentDatabaseS#stem,2011;seeFootnote25.
5:
5@
K1argePowerTransformersfrom%orea,L-!T+,Preliminarynvestigation,!eptember5677,p.2;.
K#enefitsof-sing=obileTransformersand=obile!ubstationsforRapidlyRestoringElectrical!ervice,L-.!.
DepartmentofEnergy,566
7/28/2019 Large Power Transformer Study - June 2012_0
15/54
Source:STCan!in!ustr#estimate.
5?,nthe=atterof1argePowerTransformersfrom%orea,
-!T+,
ugust
@,
5677,
http33www.usitc.gov3tradeMremedy3B:7MadMB67Mcvd3investigations356773largeMpowerMtransformers3preliminary3P
D&3+onference566>26@25677.pdf'accessed/ovember5:,5677).
DOE3OE3!ER4une5675>
LargePowerTransformersandtheU.S.ElectricGrid
inspectionofthemanufacturingenvironment.ThisprocesscanoftenberigorousandcostlytopurchasersGhowever,itisanimportantstep,asthemanufacturingenvironmentandcapabilitycansignificantlyaffectreliabilityoftheproduct,especiallyofhigh2voltagepowertransformers.5B
-./.2'I33IGPR1CESS
standardbiddingprocessisinitiatedbyapurchaser,whosendscommercialspecificationsto
$ualified1PTproducers.Theproducersthendesign1PTstomeetthespecifications,estimate
thecost,
and
submit
abid
to
the
purchaser.
The
bids
not
only
include
the
power
transformer
but
alsoservicessuchastransportation,installation,andwarranties.5>E9ceptforafewmunicipalities,most-.!.utilitiesdonotannouncetheamountofthewinningbidortheidentityofthewinningbidder.Thewinningbidderisnotified,andbidtermsnormallyre$uirethattheresultsbekeptconfidentialbyallpartiesinvolved.5?
-./.-PR13*CI1
Thetypicalmanufacturingprocessofan1PTconsistsofthefollowingsteps:6
'.Engineeringanddesign,1PTdesigniscomple9,balancingthecostsofrawmaterials'copper,steel,andcoolingoil),electricallosses,manufacturinglaborhours,plantcapabilityconstraints,andshippingconstraints.
(.
"ore
-ilding,+ore
is
the
most
critical
component
of
an
1PT
which
re$uires
highly2
skilledworkforceandcold2rolledgrain2oriented'+R0O)laminatedelectricalsteel.*.+indings/rodctionandassem-l0ofcoreandwindings,"indingsarepredominantlycopperandhaveaninsulatingmaterial.
1.&r0ingo/erations,E9cessmoisturemustberemovedfromthecoreandwindings,becausemoisturecandegradethedielectricstrengthoftheinsulation.
2.Tan3/rodction,tankmustbecompletedbeforethewindingandcoreassemblyfinishthedryingphasesothatthecoreandwindingsdonotstarttoreabsorbmoisture.
4.Finalassem-l0oftheLPT,ThefinalassemblymustbedoneinacleanenvironmentGevenatinyamountofdustormoisturecandeterioratetheperformanceofan1PT.
5.Testing,Testingisperformedtoensuretheaccuracyofvoltageratios,verifypower
ratings,and
determine
electrical
impedances.
nthemanufacturingprocess,certainpartscanbeproducedeitheratthetransformerplantorat
anothervendororsubsidiarylocation,dependingonhowverticallyintegratedtheparticularplantis,whethertheplanthasthenecessarytoolsandcapabilities,aswellaseconomicreasons.:7
-./.4$EA3I+E
n5676,theaverageleadtimebetweenacustomerFs1PTorderandthedateofdeliveryranged
fromfiveto75monthsfordomesticproducersandsi9to7
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5>bid.,p.A2.
5?
:6+onferenceHearingfornvestigation/o.B:72T277>?,-!T+,ugust@,5677,pp.7:;S7:?,-!T+,ugust@,5677,p.?;.
:5bid.,p.2B.
DOE3OE3!ER4une5675?
LargePowerTransformersandtheU.S.ElectricGrid
otherkeyrawmaterials,orifconsiderablenewengineeringisneeded.::nindustrysource
notedthatHAbushingsoftenhavealongleadtimee9tendinguptofivemonths.notherindustrysourceaddedthatHAbushingsareusuallycustomiedforeachpowertransformerandtherearelimitedbushingmanufacturersinthe-nited!tates.=anufacturersmustalsosecuresuppliesofspecificrawmaterialsorotherwisecouldendureane9tendedleadtime.:@
Oncecompleted,apowertransformerisdisassembledfortransport,includingtheremovalofoil,
radiators,bushings,convertors,arrestors,etc.Thepropertransportationofpowertransformeranditskeypartsiscriticaltoensuringhighreliabilityoftheproductandminimiingtheperiodforonsiteinstallation.
-./.5RASP1RAI1
Transportingan1PTis
challengingitslargedimensionsandheavyweightposeuni$uere$uirementstoensuresafeandefficienttransportation.+urrentroad,rail,andportconditionsaresuchthattransportationistakingmoretimeandbecomingmoree9pensive.:;lthoughrailtransport
ismost
common,
1PTs
cannot
be
transferredovernormalrailcars,becausetheycannotberolleddownahillorbumpedintootherrailcars,whichcandamagethepowertransformer.Thisisbecausetheheaviestloadarailroadnormallycarriesisabout766tons,or566,666lb,whereasan1PTcanweighttwotothreetimesthat.:ccesstorailroadisalsobecominganissueincertainareasduetotheclosure,damage,orremovalofraillines.
"henan1PTistransportedontheroad,itre$uiresobtainingspecialpermitsandroutesfromthe
departmentoftransportationofeachstateontherouteofthe1PTbeingtransported.ccordingtoanindustrysource,obtainingthesespecialpermitscanre$uireaninspectionofvariousinfrastructure'e.g.,bridges),whichcanadddelay.naddition,transporting1PTsontheroadcanre$uiretemporaryroadclosuresduetotrafficissues,aswellasanumberofcrewandpoliceofficerstocoordinatelogistic
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