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These help understand the essential element of human language
Lg is complex thus it is difficult to see the similarities among them
Lg is a system of signs and every sign is a menaningful unit
A phrase coined in the 1960s by the American linguist Charles Hockett.
Hockett isolated 16 features (originally13) that characterize human language and which distinguish it from other communication systems.
the final 4 features (Displacement, productivity, cultural transmission, and duality) are reserved for humans.
Born January 17, 1916 Columbus , Ohio, EEUU Died November 3, 2000(2000-11-
03) (aged 84)
Known for contributions to structural
languageCharles Francis
Hockett
LaNGuAgE
Total Feedback - Individuals are able to hear and internalize a message they have sent. › Monitor› Not from animals & traffic signals› Able to adjust to be understoood
Semanticity- Speech sounds can be linked to specific meanings.Words have stable relationship to objects› EX: sal/salt/sel(French). It is recognizable in
these lgs
Arbitrariness- There is no direct connection between the signal and its meaning.› The same in animal sounds (dogs)
Discreteness - Each unit of communication can be separated and unmistakable. parts (sounds, letters)› = P & B
Specialization- Speech is produced for communication, not chiefly for some other function, such as echolocation.› Special sounds› Human organs› Not for animals
Displacement- The ability to talk about things that are not physically present.› Tenses/ fiction› Don’t exist› Not present
Traditional/ cultural Transmission - The learning of language occurs in social groups.› Probably LAD› transmission is necessary
Duality of Patterning – It is the ability to recombine small units. (sounds/ words)Similar to productivity (new sentences)
A finite of unit combine in infinite ways to create meaning
Prevarication- The ability to make false statements (to lie). To deceive
› True or false (write to statements, which is which)
Productivity - The ability to create new messages by combining already-existing signs.
› Human are creative› Example: 3 sentences any
› (proficient speaker) can understand
Interchangeability
the speaker can both receive and broadcast the same signal.
Animal communication may be limited to gender and species
Rapid fading:
A language signal does not persist over time. Speech waveforms fade rapidly and cannot be heard after they fade.
Reflexiveness - Language can be used to refer to itself. (meta-language)
Blending - was not considered one of the design features, however it is a phenomenon of language. Blending occurs when two words are mixed together to form a new one.
Learnability- Speakers of one language can learn to speak another.
Vocal-auditory channel : human language occurs as a vocal (making sounds with the mouth)
May include other senses Use of hand while talking Hear in the dark
Broadcast transmission and directional reception : language signal is sent out in all directions, , while it is perceived in a limited direction.
Hear at a Distances
http://people.exeter.ac.uk/bosthaus/Lecture/hockett1.htm
http://people.du.ac.in/~pkdas/inter/fhl.pdf
http://www.ling.ohio-state.edu/~swinters/371/designfeatures.html
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hockett's_design_features
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