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Land Cover/Land Use Change Research Activities in Mongolia
R. Tsolmon*, M. Erdenetuya**
*NUM –ITC –UNESCO Remote Sensing/GIS Laboratory National University of Mongolia
**National Remote Sensing Center of Mongolia
“Monitoring Land cover, land use and fire in agricultural
and semi- arid regions of Northern Eurasia” 15-22 September, 2009 Almaty, Kazakhstan
GEOGRAPHIC LOCATION: 41o35'N - 50o09'N and 87o44'E - 119o56'E
TOPOGRAPHY: Mountain taiga, wide steppe & gobiTERRITORY: 1,565,000 square kilometersPOPULATION: 2.8 million CAPITAL: Ulaanbaatar (over 1mln people)ECONOMIC BRANCH: Livestock farming & miningCLIMATE: Severe continentalNATURAL DISASTERS: Vulnerable
THE COUNTRY OF MONGOLIA
Mongolia is the only one of the ancient nomad states to retain the tenets of its original nomadic civilization, including the classic migration of livestock and closeness to nature.
Nomads civilization
Steppe region
High mountain
High mountain zone
Mountain forest steppe zone
Desert steppe zone
Taiga
Remote Sensing /GISLaboratory National
University ofMongolia
NRSC
PASTURE LAND DEGRADATION
SEVERE WINTER CONDITION (ZUD)
GLACIER
AIR POLLUTION
FORESTRY AND FOREST STEPPE FIRE
DROUGHT
DESERTIFICATION
NUM-ITC-UNESCO Remote Sensing Laboratory
National Remote Sensing Center of Mongolia
Land Cover/Use Change
Deforestation
Land degradation has been identified as one thepriority concerns. Causes of land degradation can bedivided into two categories natural and human inducedNatural cause: - Climate changes
- Dust and sand storms
Human induced: - Mining- Pasture Degradation/Overgrazing/
Contribution to Land Degradation
NOAA 1km
Land cover change
Average NDVI
0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
0.7
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12
Months
NDVI
1992
2002
0
100000
200000
300000
400000
500000
600000
Area (sq.km)
w aterbody
desert drysteppe
forestedarea
land cover classes
Landcover change between years 1992 and 2002
19922002
Land classes 1992 2002Change (%)
water body 17470 11131 -36
sand, barren land 52593 76700 46
desert 522938 525259 0
desert steppe 155126 253936 64
dry steppe 334360 240397 -28
grassland, steppe 251261 250672 0
forested area 223904 205534 -8
permanent snow, ice 296 204 -31
Total (sq.km) 1557948
LAND DEGRADATION
Land covers classification, MODIS/NDVI, 2006
April – October 10 daily NDVISeasonal
Class name Area (sq.km)1 Water body 13069.962 Barren or Sparsely Vegetated 149761.953 Desert grassland 396903.854 Dry grassland 438067.815 Open Shrubland/grassland 109186.026 Grassland 277341.907 Needle leaf forest (larch, pine) 99657.698 Needle leaf, broadleaf mixed forest 45837.429 Deciduous, evergreen mixed forest 3451.76
10 Evergreen needle leaf forest 3230.4611 Snow and ice 1377.6112 High mountain rock, tundra 3482.1213 Meadow with trees 12115.4014 Cropland mixed with natural vegetation 4318.8815 Urban and Built-Up 310.54
Total 1558113.4
Land covers types and area
Natural zones:_ Taiga region_ Mountain region_ Forested steppe
region_ Steppe region_ Semi desert
region_ Desert region
NOAA-16 NDVI, April-October 1982–2008.
Desert region
1982-1990
Desert region changes for 3 decades
1991-1999
1999-2000
416200
416250
416300
416350
416400
416450
416500
416550
1982-1989 1990-1999 2000-2008К
м 2 Desert region
Цөл
Semi desert region
1982-1990
1991-1999
2000-2008
0
50000
100000
150000
200000
250000
300000
350000
400000
1982-1989 1990-1999 2000-2008K
m2 Цөлийн хээр
Цөлийн хээрийн өмнөд
Цөлйин хээрийн хойд
Steppe region
1982-1990
1991-1999
2000-2008
NOAA/NDVI dynamics, August 1982-2008
Many lakes have been disappeared
Drought index maps, 2000-2003
198819902000 2001
2002 2003
Non drought
Slight drought
Severe drought
Legends
Lake 1982
Dust and Sand Storm in Northeast Asia
Dust from the large expanse of desert across northern China and Mongolia has been subject to much greater study is eastward, out towards the Pacific Ocean.
APPROACHBand _ difference = ch4-ch5
by AVHRR/NOAA (1)
Band _ difference =ch32-ch31 by MODIS/TERRA (2)
Where: Ch4:AVHRR-4 (10.3μm~11.3μm); Ch5:AVHRR-5 (11.5μm~12.5μm);
Ch31:MODIS-31 (10.780μm~11.280μm)Ch32:MODIS-32 (11.770μm~12.270μm)
Dust and Sand Storm
Each year from March to May, it is observed that the dust and s
and storm, which occurred in the Gobi desert of Mongolia
20 aimagWind speed > 16m/s: 217 soum
> 28m/s: 31 soumMaximum Duration: 68 hours
Losses:3 person53000 livestock
2.1 billion tugrigs
Dust and Sand Storm Dust and Sand storm studies using MODIS/TERRA emissive bands
Band diffrence
Pre-processingSatellite data
Overlaying layers
Meteorological data into
GIS
Dust storm images
Visual Interpretation
Dust and Sand Storm
a) March.6, 2006 by AVHRR/NOAA b) March.6, 2006 by MODIS/TERRA
c)March.9, 2006 by AVHRR/NOAA d )March.9, 2006 by MODIS/TERRA
Snow/Dzud
1535.6 ha
127.38 ha
1390.11 (ha) LAND COVER MAP byMODIS Terra
1990-09-07 2002-07-141992-06-25
Glacier changes in Western mountain
Landsat data
GLACIER
MountainsArea, ha
Changes, %1990 2002
1 Tsambagarav 112.0 88.1 -21.3
2 Kharkhiraa 70.6 38.5 -45.53 Turgen 93.8 41.6 -55.64 Sutai 24.3 16.2 -33.35 Sair 14.2 8.1 -43.0
6 Munkhkhairkhan
51.2 29.8 41.8
Total 366.1 222.3 - 39.3
Classification results of Glaciers
Glacier thickness
ALOS/PALSAR data
Between 1990 and 2007 60,000 ha of forest have been lost;
Causes
-Incorrect policies
-infrastructure support for sustainable logging regimes
-Increasing domestic demand for fuel wood and timber
- Recent rapid deforestation is primarily due to fire, improper
commercial and illegal logging inadequate enforcement of forest
rules and regulations
- Grazing and browsing of young trees by livestock, and insect infestations
Deforestation
0 tonnes/ha
70 tonnes/ha
140 tonnes/ha
210 tonnes/ha
280 tonnes/ha
350tonnes/ha
2003 2004
Change forest biomass of the study area between years 2000 -2004 N52o, E98o
N48o, E102o 2005
2006 2007
∑=
=+=n
jijiji miexar
1,...,2,1
0 ,11
≥=∑=
ij
n
jj xx
nm =
m spectral channel number
n component number
ir
ija
jx
ie
Measured satellite sensor response for a pixel in spectral band iSpectral response of mixture component,j,for spectral band iProportion of mixture component, j ,for a pixel
The error term for spectral band i
Technique to apply linear mixture models
component 3
component 1
1 pixel
component 2
Outline of Methodology
20%
40%
60%
80%
100%
0%
1985 1990
1995 2005
2000
Onggi river basin
The lenght is 437km, site is 175 square km
The Ongi river starts from Khangai Range then acrossed 3 kinds of areas which are Mountain & Wooded area, steering plain area, gobi desert area.
Geographical location:47°10'N - 44°00'N
101°20'E - 105°00'E
Mining
Approximally 60 thousand people and over one million livestock who one living around Ongi river one getting defective of drink
water and pasture because of Ongi river and Ulaan lake’s evaporation.
During Mongolia’s transition to a free market, socio-economic
factors such as poverty and profit-seeking mining exploitation of the
environment have contributed to its deterioration, and consequently,
the loss in regional biodiversity, land degradation and vulnerability.
Landsat, August 1989 Landsat, August 2003Mining
0
5
1015
20
25
30
1990 1992 1994 1996 1998 2000 2002
thou
sand
Gold, kg Silver, tons Coal, ton
LandsatTM Landsat ETM
TM 1991 ETM 2000
Onggi river&Ulaan lake, Landsat Image
Methodology
)1(* LLREDNIR
REDNIRSAVI +++
−=
( ) ( ) 2/812122 2
−−+−+= REDNIRNIRNIRMSAVI
Huete (1998)
Modified soil-adjusted vegetation
index (MSAVI2)
Change analysis
NDVI Change analysis
The Con, or conditional, function of Map Algebra functions fromESRI was employed in the analysis of socioeconomic factors.
•Con(<condition>, <true_expression>, {false_expression})
<condition> is a conditional expression that is evaluated for each
cell in the participating raster datasets (ESRI, 2008) and results in a value for either the <true_expression> or the {false_expression}
GIS analysis
con ( [goat] > 20000, con ([MSAVI2] < 0.35, 1, 0) ,0)
con ( [population] > 6500, con ([mining activities] > 1, 2, 0) ,0)
con ( [temperature > 16, con ([precipitation] < 10, 3, 0) ,0)
0 6
Land degradation map
MSAVI
temperature
precipitation
population
Mining activities
goat
GIS analysis
Degradation map using socio-economic factors over years 1998-2007
Ulaanbatar city 1990 Ulaanbatar city 2005Ger area 1990
Ger area 2005
Air pollution in Ulaanbaatar city
Limited research projects that focus on monitoring theenvironmental impacts of mining on land degradation andwater contamination issues, and how these impacts arelinked to human health.
There is a need to undertake analyses of biodiversity, land degradation, land use and vulnerability in Mongolia as an important factor of sustainable development.
Necessary of modeling of socio-economic factors and land Cover/use change using Remote Sensing/GIS
Mongolia needs regional cooperation with NERIN, NEESPI MAIRS
Results and discussion
Thank you
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