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Kim Workman Director Rethinking Crime and Punishment. Loving the Prisoner – What Should Christians Do?. 2011 - Prison as Fiscal and Moral Failure. “ Prisons are a fiscal and moral failure and building more of them on a large scale is something no New Zealander wants to see” - PowerPoint PPT Presentation
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Kim WorkmanDirector Rethinking Crime and Punishment
Loving the Prisoner – What Should Christians Do?
2011 - Prison as Fiscal and Moral Failure
“Prisons are a fiscal and moral failure and building more of them on a large scale is something no New Zealander wants to see”
Hon Bill English, Families Commission
50 Critical Thinkers Forum . 10 May 2011
The sector spends a lot and has increased rapidly
Source: Treasury
1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 -
200,000
400,000
600,000
800,000
1,000,000
1,200,000
1,400,000
1,600,000
Justice and Courts Police Corrections Attorney-General Serious Fraud
$000
Bas
e Ye
ar 2
010
Real expenditure, Justice sector Votes
The prison population has grown
Source: Corrections Annual Reports
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
2009
2010
0
1,000
2,000
3,000
4,000
5,000
6,000
7,000
Total average number of sentenced prisoners
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
2009
2010
0
200
400
600
800
1,000
1,200
1,400
1,600
1,800
2,000
Total average number of remand prisoners
Sentence lengths have increased...
30/06
/1980
31/03
/1981
31/12
/1981
30/09
/1982
30/06
/1983
31/03
/1984
31/12
/1984
30/09
/1985
30/06
/1986
31/03
/1987
31/12
/1987
30/09
/1988
30/06
/1989
31/03
/1990
31/12
/1990
30/09
/1991
30/06
/1992
31/03
/1993
31/12
/1993
30/09
/1994
30/06
/1995
31/03
/1996
31/12
/1996
30/09
/1997
30/06
/1998
31/03
/1999
31/12
/1999
30/09
/2000
30/06
/2001
31/03
/2002
31/12
/2002
30/09
/2003
30/06
/2004
31/03
/2005
31/12
/2005
30/09
/2006
30/06
/2007
31/03
/2008
31/12
/2008
0
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
3000
3500
4000
4500
Indeterminate (Life/ Preventive Detention)
Long term (>2 years imposed)
Short term (<=2 years imposed)
Balance date
Pris
on s
ente
nced
offe
nder
s at
bal
ance
dat
e
Prison sentenced snapshot by management category
Source: Offender Volumes Report 2009, Department of Corrections
0
2000
4000
6000
8000
10000
12000
Long TermLong TermLong TermLong TermLong TermLong TermLong TermLong TermLong TermLong TermLong TermLong TermLong TermLong TermLong TermLong TermLong TermLong TermLong TermLong TermLong TermLong TermLong TermLong TermLong TermLong TermLong TermLong TermLong Term
Short term with sentenced prison time
Short term with sentenced prison time
Short term with sentenced prison time
Short term with sentenced prison time
Short term with sentenced prison timeShort term with
sentenced prison time
Short term with sentenced prison time
Short term with sentenced prison time
Short term with sentenced prison time
Short term with sentenced prison time
Short term with sentenced prison time
Short term with sentenced prison time
Short term with sentenced prison timeShort term with
sentenced prison timeShort term with
sentenced prison time
Short term with sentenced prison time
Short term with sentenced prison time
Short term with sentenced prison time
Short term with sentenced prison time
Short term with sentenced prison time
Short term with sentenced prison time
Short term with sentenced prison time
Short term with sentenced prison time
Short term with sentenced prison time
Short term with sentenced prison time
Short term with sentenced prison time
Short term with sentenced prison time
Short term with sentenced prison time
Short term with sentenced prison time
Short term imposed but no actual sentenced prison time
Short term imposed but no actual sentenced prison time
Short term imposed but no actual sentenced prison time
Short term imposed but no actual sentenced prison time
Short term imposed but no actual sentenced prison time
Short term imposed but no actual sentenced prison time
Short term imposed but no actual sentenced prison time
Short term imposed but no actual sentenced prison time
Short term imposed but no actual sentenced prison time
Short term imposed but no actual sentenced prison time
Short term imposed but no actual sentenced prison time
Short term imposed but no actual sentenced prison time
Short term imposed but no actual sentenced prison timeShort term imposed but no
actual sentenced prison timeShort term imposed but no actual sentenced prison time
Short term imposed but no actual sentenced prison time
Short term imposed but no actual sentenced prison time
Short term imposed but no actual sentenced prison time
Short term imposed but no actual sentenced prison time
Short term imposed but no actual sentenced prison time
Short term imposed but no actual sentenced prison timeShort term imposed but no
actual sentenced prison timeShort term imposed but no
actual sentenced prison time
Short term imposed but no actual sentenced prison time
Short term imposed but no actual sentenced prison time
Short term imposed but no actual sentenced prison time
Short term imposed but no actual sentenced prison time
Short term imposed but no actual sentenced prison time
Short term imposed but no actual sentenced prison time
Financial year
Sta
cked
are
a gr
aph
of p
rison
sen
tenc
ed e
piso
de s
tarts
per
yea
r
Prison sentenced period starts by management category
...yet short sentences dominate prison throughput
Source: Offender Volumes Report 2009, Department of Corrections
Increasing interventionism coincides with slightly reduced crime in the past decade
Source: New Zealand Crime Statistics 2009/10, Police
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
2009
2010
0
200
400
600
800
1,000
1,200
Total recorded crime in NZ (per 10,000 population)
all this activity has not reduced recidivism
Source: Corrections, Annual Report 2009/10 and 2004/5
Recidivism Index
Released from prison -> reconvicted
Started a community sentence -> reconvicted
12 month follow up
47.5% 32.8%
12 month follow up for Maori
52.2% 37.2%
24 month follow up
61.9% 46.5%
24 month follow up for Maori
68.2% 51.5%
Recidivism Index
Released from prison -> reconvicted
Started a community sentence -> reconvicted
12 month follow up
42.6% 29.2%
12 month follow up for Maori
47.0% 33.0%
24 month follow up
55.4% 40.2%
24 month follow up for Maori
61.1% 45.6%
2004/05 2009/10
The outlook: prison population is forecast to continue to rise...
2000
2002
2004
2006
2008
2010
2012
2014
2016
2018
2020
0
1,000
2,000
3,000
4,000
5,000
6,000
7,000
8,000
9,000
Sentenced prisoners
2000
2002
2004
2006
2008
2010
2012
2014
2016
2018
2020
0
500
1,000
1,500
2,000
2,500
Remand prisoners
Source: Department of Corrections Annual Reports / Ministry of Justice: Justice Sector Forecast 2010 - 2020
Order Country Rate1 United States of America 74330 South Africa 31947 Singapore 26566 New Zealand 19289 United Kingdom: England & Wales 15389 United Kingdom: Scotland 153109 Australia 133127 Canada 117132 Italy 111137 France 102141 Ireland, Republic of 99145 Netherlands 94150 United Kingdom: Northern Ireland 90157 Germany 85162 Switzerland 79163 Sweden 78184 Iceland 60186 Finland 59
Continue to remember those in prison as if you were together with them in prison, and those who are mistreated as if you yourselves were suffering.
Hebrews 13:3
‘‘A society can control effectively only those who perceive themselves to be members of it’’
Leslie Wilkins (1971)
Prisoner Reintegration
• Community attachment and informal control mechanism are interrupted by imprisonment
• Reengagement with the community is a major challenge
• Released offenders pose potential risks of community safety – how is that best managed?
Prisoner Reintegration
• Longer sentences and fewer rehabilitation programmes leave offenders with few skills, resources, and structural supports to reintegrate successfully
• USA: 650, 000 leave prisons every year - 52% back in prison after 3 years
• NZ: – 20,000 complete prison sentences every year - 37.9%
back in prison after two years, (Maori 43%)– 61.9% reoffend after two years (Maori 68%)
Prisoner Reintegration
USA – Formal reintegration programme since 2001
Initial approach – Federal government brought together key agencies to address re-entry – assess needs prior to release, and provide support after release.
• Funding used to add community transition services to correctional settings – develop reintegration plans for prisoners.
New Zealand 2004 Reintegration Policy
• Similar Approach to USA
• Risk and needs based
• Sentence plan - risks and needs
• Target high risk offenders and youth
• Probation monitor - stick and carrot
Ohio and Vermont
• Expanding corrections infrastructure not way to tackle prisoner re-entry
• Funded Community Justice and other providers to take responsibility
• Offender reentry as ‘’civic engagement’
• Assumption - Communities should determine how issues with released prisoners should be dealt with
Ohio and Vermont
• Funded Community Justice Centres and existing providers
• Secure housing
• Access Drug treatment
• Pro-social opportunities for recreation, interaction and community engagement
Reintegration as Civic Engagement
Preserve public safety by monitoring and engaging with returning offenders, by:
• Helping offenders to develop pro-social identities
• Changing the community’s image of such persons, and
• Marshalling ‘‘community capacity’’ to supply emotional support and concrete help
Reintegration as Civic Engagement
Position strategy within an evidence-based framework
• Identity Transformation Research” (Micro-level)
• Life Course Research (Meso level)
• Community level research (Macro level)
The Strategy
Provide ways for returning offenders to create new identities by:
• Intermingling with pro-social individuals
• Performing valuable services
• Establishing informal social control
• Move from a retributive culture to an inclusive and restorative one
The Experience
• Need to alter stigmatised identity– The offender’s sense of self– The community’s perspective of the offender– Offender needs intensive support and services – but that’s not all
• Opportunities to forge a new identity – engagement in new ‘pro-social ‘ roles
• Not about change – it’s about exchange
• The community must marshal its ”social capital’ to Develop shared norms and values
• Build relationships of trust and reciprocity
Formality of Engagement
• Transitional Housing
• Community Panels
• Mentoring
• Circles of Support and Accountability
Conclusion:
The more bureaucratic – the more formality
Social Distance
• Transitional Housing - Doing things to people
• Community Panels - Doing things for people
• Mentoring - Doing things with people
• Circles of Support and Accountability - People mostly doing it for themselves
Conclusion • The more professional – the greater the social distance
• The closer the distance – the more likely to have shared values
In Summary:
• Movement away from control and needs based approach
• Movement towards a ‘strength-based” narrative
• “Earned redemption” i.e. earning communal trust through service and reparation of harm
• Offenders as collaborators in helping communities (rather than receivers of assistance)
• Genuine community inclusion
Breaking Down Social Distance
• Collective ownership of crime and quality-of-life problems in a community
• Punitive public attitudes and sensibilities have a negative impact on successful reintegration
• Repairing the social contract
The Challenge for the Church
Behave – Believe – Belong
OR
Belong – Believe – Behave
The Challenge for Christians
15 While Jesus was having dinner at Levi’s house, many tax collectors and sinners were eating with him and his disciples, for there were many who followed him.
16 16 When the teachers of the law who were Pharisees saw him eating with the sinners and tax collectors, they asked his disciples: “Why does he eat with tax collectors and sinners?”
17 17 On hearing this, Jesus said to them, “It is not the healthy who need a doctor, but the sick. I have not come to call the righteous, but sinners.”
Mark 2: 15 - 17
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Kim WorkmanDirector Rethinking Crime and Punishment
Loving the Prisoner
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