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KATA PENGANTAR
Kami panjatkan puji dan syukur kehadirat Allah SWT berkat rahmat dan hidayah-
Nya penulis dapat menyelesaikan penyusunan Tugas Akhir yang berjudul “Perencanaan
Jembatan Karang Ploso, Batu, Malang” untuk memenuhi persyaratan dalam
menyelesaikan Pendidikan Strata 1 pada Jurusan Teknik Sipil Fakultas Teknik
Universitas Diponegoro.
Pada kesempatan ini kami ingin mengucapkan terima kasih atas segala bantuan
dan bimbingan yang telah diberikan dalam penyusunan Laporan Tugas Akhir ini, kepada
:
1. Bapak Ir. Bambang Pudjianto, MT selaku Ketua Jurusan Teknk Sipil Fakultas
Teknik Universitas Diponegoro
2. Bapak Ir. Arif Hidayat, CES selaku Koordinator Bidang Akademik
3. Ibu Ir. Han AyLie, M Eng selaku Dosen Pembimbing I
4. Bapak Ir. Purwanto, MT selaku Dosen Pembimbing II
5. Bapak Kami Hari Basuki, ST.MT dan Ibu Han AyLie, M Eng selaku Dosen wali
yang telah banyak membantu kami sebelum dan sesudah penyusunan Tugas Akhir
ini
6. Rekan-rekan Mahasiswa Sipil Universitas Diponegoro
7. Semua pihak yang tidak dapat kami sebutkan satu persatu yang telah memberikan
bantuan baik secara langsung maupun tidak langsung dalam menyelesaikan
laporan ini.
Akhirnya, kami menyadari sepenuhnya bahwa laporan ini masih banyak
kekurangan dan jauh dari sempurna, untuk itu saran dan kritik membangun akan kami
terima dengan senang hati. Semoga Laporan Tugas Akhir ini dapat memberikan manfaat
bagi semua pihak yang memerlukannya.
Semarang, Desember 2005
Penulis
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DAFTAR ISI
HALAMAN JUDUL i
LEMBAR PENGESAHAN ii
KATA PENGANTAR iii
DAFTAR ISI iv
DAFTAR GAMBAR xi
DAFTAR TABEL xiii
DAFTAR NOTASI xvi
ABSTRACT xxii
1. BAB I PENDAHULUAN
1.1. Tinjauan Umum ................................................................................. I-1
1.2. Latar Belakang................................................................................... I-2
1.3. Maksud dan Tujuan ........................................................................... I-2
1.4. Lokasi................................................................................................. I-2
1.5. Ruang Lingkup ................................................................................. I-2
1.6. Sistematika Penulisan ........................................................................ I-3
2. BAB II STUDI PUSTAKA
2.1. Tinjauan Umum ................................................................................. II-1
2.2. Aspek Lalu Lintas.............................................................................. II-3
2.2.1. Klasifikasi Kelas Jalan ............................................................ II-3
2.3. Aspek Hidrologi................................................................................. II-4
2.4. Aspek Penyelidikan Tanah ................................................................ II-5
2.4.1. Penyelidikan Tanah Untuk Pondasi ........................................ II-5
2.4.2. Penyelidikan Tanah Untuk Abutment..................................... II-6
2.5. Aspek Konstruksi Jembatan............................................................... II-6
2.5.1. Pembebanan Struktur .............................................................. II-6
2.5.1.1 Beban Permanen ..................................................................... II-6
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2.5.1.2 Beban Lalu Lintas ................................................................... II-8
2.5.1.3 Beban Lingkungan .................................................................. II-10
2.5.2. Struktur Atas ........................................................................... II-11
2.5.3. Struktur Bawah ....................................................................... II-14
3. BAB III METODOLOGI
3.1. Tahapan Persiapan ............................................................................. III-1
3.2. Metodelogi Penulisan ........................................................................ III-1
3.3. Metode Pengumpulan Data................................................................ III-2
3.4. Identifikasi Masalah........................................................................... III-3
3.5. Analisa Pengolahan Data ................................................................... III-3
3.6. Pemecahan Masalah........................................................................... III-3
4.
5. BAB IV ANALISA DATA
4.1. Analisa Data Topografi...................................................................... IV-1
4.2. Analisa Data Tanah............................................................................ IV-1
4.2.1. Penyelidikan Lapangan........................................................... IV-1
4.3. Analisa Lalu Lintas ............................................................................ IV-3
4.4. Analisa Data Hidrologi ...................................................................... IV-3
4.4.1. Analisa Frekuensi Curah Hujan .............................................. IV-4
4.4.2. Analisa Data Debit Banjir ....................................................... IV-5
4.4.3. Analisa Penggerusan............................................................... IV-6
4.5. Analisa Bangunan Bawah Jembatan .................................................. IV-7
4.5.1 Pondasi .................................................................................... IV-7
4.6. Penggunaan Bahan............................................................................. IV-8
4.7. Spesifikasi Jembatan.......................................................................... IV-8
4.7.1 Data Perencanaan.................................................................... IV-8
BAB V PERENCANAAN STRUKTUR ATAS
5.1.Data Perencanaan Jembatan................................................................ V-1
5.2.Struktur Atas ....................................................................................... V-1
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5.3.Struktur Balok Prategang.................................................................... V-10
5.3.1. Penaksiran Tinggi balok ..........................................................V-11
5.3.2. Dimensi balok Prategang ........................................................ V-12
5.3.3. Gelagar Komposit ................................................................... V-12
5.3.4. Pembebanan Balok Prategang (Balok Tengah) ...................... V-13
5.3.5. Pembebanan Balok Prategang (Balok Tepi) ........................... V-22
5.3.6. Analisa Gaya Prategang Pada Balok Tengah.......................... V-27
5.3.7. Analisa Gaya Prategang Pada Balok Tepi .............................. V-33
5.3.8. Cek Lendutan .......................................................................... V-37
5.3.9. Perhitungan Kehilangan Gaya Prategang ............................... V-37
5.3.9.1.Akibat Perpendekan Elastis .............................................. V-38
5.3.9.2.Akibat Rangkak Beton...................................................... V-38
5.3.9.3.Akibat Penyusutan beton .................................................. V-38
5.3.9.4.Akibat Relaksasi Tegangan Pada Baja ............................. V-38
5.3.9.5.Akibat Penjangkaran (slip) ............................................... V-38
5.3.10. Perhitungan Diafragma ........................................................... V-39
5.4.Perencanaan End Blok ........................................................................ V-41
5.4.1. Cek Tegangan Geser Pada Daerah Ujung Balok .....................V-41
5.4.2. Penulangan End Blok.............................................................. V-42
5.4.2.1.Perhitungan Penulangan Pada Spalling Zone ....................V-43
5.4.2.2.Perhitungan Penulangan Pada Bursting Zone....................V-43
5.5.Pengangkatan .......................................................................................V-44
5.6.Perencanaan Bearing Pad.....................................................................V-46
5.6.1 Shear Connector.......................................................................V-47
BAB VI PERENCANAAN STRUKTUR PENOPANG RESTORAN
6.1. Data Perencanaan Jembatan........................................................... VI-1
6.2. Struktur Atas .................................................................................. VI-2
6.3. Perencanaan Gelagar Memanjang dan Melintang ......................... VI-5
6.4. Pendimensian Balok Memanjang .................................................. VI-5
6.5. Pendimensian Balok Melintang..................................................... VI-10
6.5.1. Analisa Penampang Pre Komposit........................................ VI-14
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6.5.2. Analisa Penampang Komposit ( Desain Komposit Penuh ) . VI-15
6.6. Hubungan Gelagar Memanjang dan Melintang ............................ VI-19
6.7. Hubungan Gelagar Melintang dan Rangka Utama ....................... VI-24
6.8. Pertambatan Angin........................................................................ VI-29
6.8.1. Perhitungan Persamaan Lengkung Jembatan........................ VI-29
6.8.2. Persamaan Pelengkung ......................................................... VI-29
6.8.3. Perhitungan Luas Bidang Muka Jembatan............................ VI-30
6.8.4. Pertambatan Angin Bawah ................................................... VI-31
6.8.5. Dimensi Pertambatan Angin Bawah..................................... VI-32
6.8.6. Perhitungan Plat Kopel ......................................................... VI-35
6.8.7. Perencanaan Sambungan Ikatan Angin Bawah dengan
Rangka Utama....................................................................... VI-37
6.9. Rangka Utama............................................................................... VI-37
BAB VII PERENCANAAN STRUKTUR BAWAH
7.1. Perencanaan Abutment .................................................................... VII-1
7.1.1 Pembebanan Yang Terjadi Pada Abutment .......................... VII-1
7.1.2 Penulangan Abutment .......................................................VII-11
7.2. Perencanaan Pondasi Sumuran ....................................................VII-20
7.2.1 Menentukan Kedalaman Pondasi......................................VII-21
7.2.2 Perhitungan Cincin Sumuran ............................................VII-23
7.3. Perhitungan Pile Cap...................................................................VII-25
7.4. Plat Injak .....................................................................................VII-26
7.4.1 Pembebanan Pada Plat Injak .............................................VII-26
7.4.2 Penulangan plat Injak........................................................VII-27
7.5. Dinding Sayap (Wing Wall) ........................................................VII-28
BAB VIII RENCANA KERJA DAN SYARAT-SYARAT
8.1. Uraian Umum ..............................................................................VIII-1
8.1.1. Penjelasan Umum .............................................................VIII-1
8.1.2. Pelaksanaan Pekerjaan ......................................................VIII-1
8.1.2.1 Gelagar Beton Pratekan ..............................................VIII-1
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8.1.2.2 Pemasangan Bekisting ................................................VIII-2
8.1.2.3 Pemasangan Kabel ......................................................VIII-2
8.1.2.4 Pemasangan Tulangan ................................................VIII-4
8.1.2.5 Pengecoran Beton .......................................................VIII-4
8.1.2.6 Penarikan Kabel ..........................................................VIII-6
8.1.3. Sistem Pelaksanaan...........................................................VIII-7
8.1.4. Pekerjaan Penyelesaian Jembatan.....................................VIII-11
8.2. Uraian Umum ..............................................................................VIII-12
8.2.1. Umum ...............................................................................VIII-12
8.2.2. Kriteria Pererncanaan........................................................VIII-12
8.2.3. Komponen-Komponen Untuk Bentang Jembatan ............VIII-13
8.2.3.1.Baja Konstruksi...........................................................VIII-13
8.2.3.2.Daftar Komponen........................................................VIII-13
8.2.3.3.Daftar Peralatan ..........................................................VIII-13
8.2.4. Pengadaan Dan Pengamanan Komponen Baja .................VIII-14
8.2.4.1.Pengadaan ...................................................................VIII-14
8.2.4.2.Pengamanan Baja Konstruksi .....................................VIII-14
8.2.4.3.Peralatan Dan Komponen-Komponen Pemasangan ...VIII-15
8.3. Bangunan Bawah Dan Persiapannya ...........................................VIII-15
8.3.1. Perencanaan Dan Detail ....................................................VIII-15
8.3.2. Pematokan.........................................................................VIII-15
8.3.3. Baut-Baut Angkur .............................................................VIII-16
8.3.4. Perletakan..........................................................................VIII-16
8.3.5. Tahap Pekerjaan Bangunan Bawah...................................VIII-16
8.3.6. Daerah Perakitan...............................................................VIII-17
8.4. Baut ...........................................................................................VIII-18
8.4.1. Jenis Dan Pengiriman .......................................................VIII-18
8.4.2. Perlindungan .....................................................................VIII-18
8.4.3. Panjang Baut .....................................................................VIII-19
8.4.4. Desain Dan Persiapan Sambungan ...................................VIII-19
8.4.5. Perakitan ...........................................................................VIII-19
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8.4.6. Pengencangan Baut ...........................................................VIII-20
8.4.7. Prosedur Pemeriksaan Pengencangan Baut ......................VIII-20
8.5. Perakitan Dan Pemasangan Jembatan..........................................VIII-22
8.5.1. Umum ...............................................................................VIII-22
8.5.2. Perakitan ...........................................................................VIII-22
8.5.3. Pengangkatan Balok Baja .................................................VIII-22
8.5.4. Penyelesaian......................................................................VIII-23
8.6. Perawatan.....................................................................................VIII-23
8.6.1. Perbaikan Baja Konstruksi................................................VIII-23
8.6.2. Inspeksi .............................................................................VIII-24
8.6.3. Lapis Galvanis ..................................................................VIII-25
8.6.4. Perletakan..........................................................................VIII-26
BAB IX RENCANA ANGGARAN DAN BIAYA
9.1. Pendahuluan..................................................................................... IX-1
9.2. Daftar Harga Satuan dan Upah ........................................................ IX-2
9.3. Daftar Harga Satuan Bahan dan Sewa Alat ..................................... IX-2
9.3.1. Daftar Harga Satuan Bahan .................................................. IX-2
9.3.2. Daftar Harga sewa Alat......................................................... IX-3
9.3.3. Perhitungan Volume Pekerjaan............................................. IX-4
9.3.3.1.Analisa Satuan Pekerjaan................................................ IX-4
9.3.3.2.Perhitungan Harga Pekerjaan.......................................... IX-10
9.4. Rekapitulasi Biaya ........................................................................... IX-11
BAB X PENUTUP
10.1.Kesimpulan ..................................................................................... X-1
10.2.Saran ............................................................................................... X-2
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DAFTAR PUSTAKA
DAFTAR INDEKS
DAFTAR ISTILAH
LAMPIRAN-LAMPIRAN
GAMBAR
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DAFTAR GAMBAR
Gambar 5.1 Tampak Samping Tiang Sandaran ...............................................V-2
Gambar 5.2 Plat Lantai Kendaraan..................................................................V-5
Gambar 5.3 Penulangan plat lantai ..................................................................V-10
Gambar 5.4 Dimensi balok beton prategang....................................................V-12
Gambar 5.5. Pembebanan Akibat Berat Sendiri Balok....................................V-13
Gambar 5.6. Pembebanan Akibat Berat Mati Tambahan ................................V-15
Gambar 5.7. Beban D.......................................................................................V-16
Gambar 5.8. Pembebanan Merata Beban D.....................................................V-17
Gambar 5.9. Pembebanan Akibat Beban P......................................................V-18
Gambar 5.10 Pembebanan Akibat Rem dan Traksi.........................................V-20
Gambar 5.11 Rencana Letak Tendon Pada Tumpuan .....................................V-31
Gambar 5.12. Layout Tendon ..........................................................................V-33
Gambar 5.13 Layout Tendon ( Balok Tepi )....................................................V-37
Gambar 5.14 Penulangan Diafragma...............................................................V-40
Gambar 5.15. End Block..................................................................................V-43
Gambar 5.16 Penulangan End Block. ..............................................................V-44
Gambar 5.17 Bidang Momen...........................................................................V-44
Gambar 5.18 Penulangan Gelagar Pratekan ....................................................V-46
Gambar 5.19 Bearing Pad.......................................................................... V-48
Gambar 5.20 Diagram Gaya Lintang........................................................ V-49
Gambar 6.1 Denah Struktur .............................................................................VI-1
Gambar 6.2 Potongan Melintang ....................................................................VI-2
Gambar 6.3 Penulangan plat lantai ...........................................................VI-4
Gambar 6.4 Denah Gelagar Memanjang dan Melintang .................................VI-5
Gambar 6.5 Penyebaran Beban Pada Balok Memanjang ...............................VI-7
Gambar 6.6 Penampang Memanjang profil IWF............................................VI-8
Gambar 6.7 Penyebaran Beban Pada Balok Melintang ..................................VI-11
Gambar 6.8 Pembebanan Gelagar Melintang .................................................VI-12
Gambar 6.9 Penampang Melintang profil IWF ..............................................VI-13
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Gambar 6.10 Penghubung Geser ....................................................................VI-16
Gambar 6.11 Hubungan antara gelagar memanjang
dengan plat penyambungnya......................................................VI-20
Gambar 6.12 Hubungan antara gelagar melintang
dengan plat penghubungnya ......................................................VI-22
Gambar 6.13 Hubungan antara gelagar melintang
dengan plat penyambungnya......................................................VI-25
Gambar 6.14 Hubungan antara plat penyambung dengan rangka utama ........VI-27
Gambar 6.15 Luasan .......................................................................................VI-31
Gambar 6.16 Penampang Melintang Profil Siku .............................................VI-32
Gambar 6.17 Denah plat kopel untuk profil siku.............................................VI-35
Gambar 6.18 Skema Penyebaran Beban Akibat Beban Mati .........................VI-37
Gambar 7.1 Dimensi rencana abutment.........................................................VII-1
Gambar 7.2 Section Properties Abutment .....................................................VII-1
Gambar 7.3 Denah Tekanan Tanah Vertikal .................................................VII-3
Gambar 7.4 Denah Gaya Horizontal .............................................................VII-4
Gambar 7.5 Diagram Respon Gempa Wilayah 3...........................................VII-6
Gambar 7.6 Tekanan Tanah yang terjadi .......................................................VII-8
Gambar 7.7 Denah Pembebanan Konsol .......................................................VII-11
Gambar 7.8 Penulangan Konsol ....................................................................VII-13
Gambar 7.9 Penulangan Kepala Abutment....................................................VII-13
Gambar 7.10 Pembebanan untuk badan abutment.........................................VII-16
Gambar 7.11 Denah Pondasi Sumuran ..........................................................VII-20
Gambar 7.12 Diagram tekanan tanah.............................................................VII-21
Gambar 7.13 Daya Dukung Pondasi .............................................................VII-23
Gambar 7.14 Diagram Tekanan Tanah pada Pondasi....................................VII-24
Gambar 7.15 Tulangan Sumuran ...................................................................VII-25
Gambar 7.16 Perencanaan Pile Cap...............................................................VII-25
Gambar 7.17 Penulangan Plat Injak...............................................................VII-27
Gambar 7.18 Wing Wall.................................................................................VII-27
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DAFTAR TABEL
Tabel 2.1 Klasifikasi Menurut Kelas Jalan ...................................................... II-4
Tabel 2.2 Berat Bahan Nominal dan U.L.S ..................................................... II-6
Tabel 2.3 Jumlah Laljur Lalu Lintas Rencana ................................................. II-9
Tabel 2.4 Faktor Beban Dinamik untuk “KEL” Lajur “D” ............................. II-9
Tabel 4.1 Curah Hujan Maksimum Harian Kurun Waktu (1992-2002).......... IV-10
Tabel 4.2 Analisa Frekuensi curah Hujan........................................................ IV-10
Tabel 5.1. Perhitungan momen inersia balok pratekan....................................V-12
Tabel 5.2. Perhitungan momen inersia balok komposit...................................V-13
Tabel 5.3 Perhitungan Mx dan Dx
Akibat Berat Sendiri Balok (Balok Tengah).....................................V-14
Tabel 5.4. Perhitungan Mx dan Dx
Akibat Beban Tambahan (Balok Tengah) .....................................V-16
Tabel 5.5. Perhitungan Mx dan Dx
Akibat Beban Hidup D (Balok Tengah) ........................................V-18
Tabel 5.6. Perhitungan Mx dan Dx
Akibat Beban Hidup P (Balok Tengah) .........................................V-19
Tabel 5.7. Perhitungan Mx dan Dx
Akibat Rem dan Traksi (Balok Tengah)........................................V-20
Tabel 5.8. Rekapitulasi momen (satuan kN/m) ...............................................V-21
Tabel 5.9. Rekapitulasi gaya lintang (satuan kN) ............................................V-21
Tabel 5.10 Perhitungan Mx dan Dx
Akibat Berat Sendiri Balok (Balok Tepi) ......................................V-22
Tabel 5.11 Perhitungan Mx dan Dx
Akibat Beban Tambahan (Balok Tepi) .........................................V-23
Tabel 5.12 Perhitungan Mx dan Dx
Akibat Beban Hidup D (Balok Tepi) .............................................V-24
Tabel 5.13 Perhitungan Mx dan Dx
akibat beban hidup P (Balok Tepi) ................................................V-25
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Tabel 5.14 Perhitungan Mx dan Dx
Akibat Rem dan Traksi (Balok Tepi)............................................V-26
Tabel 5.15 Rekapitulasi momen (satuan kN/m) ..............................................V-26
Tabel 5.16 Rekapitulasi gaya lintang (satuan kN/m).......................................V-26
Tabel 5.17 Perhitungan Letak Tendon.............................................................V-32
Tabel 5.18 Perhitungan Letak Tendon............................................................V-36
Tabel 5.19 Perhitungan gaya pada permukaan end block
(angkur majemuk)........................................................................V-43
Tabel 5.20 Perhitungan tulangan pada bursting zone ......................................V-43
Tabel 5.21 Longitudinal shear connector ................................................ V-49
Tabel 6.1 Koordinat Titik Buhul Rangka Utama...........................................VI-30
Tabel 6.2 Pembebanan ..................................................................................VI-39
Tabel 7.1 Perhitungan titik berat abutment....................................................VII-2
Tabel 7.2 Beban dari struktur atas .................................................................VII-2
Tabel 7.3 Perhitungan Tekanan Tanah Vertikal ............................................VII-4
Tabel 7.4 Muatan Mati yang Terjadi .............................................................VII-5
Tabel 7.5 Koefisien Respon Gabungan Kr untuk :
500 Tahun Periode Ulang, Rendemen 5%
Redaman Percepatan
Gempa, Faktor Daktilitas Struktur = 4...........................................VII-6
Tabel 7.6 Ihtisar Respon Gabungan Kr ..........................................................VII-7
Tabel 7.7 Perhitungan beban akibat tekanan tanah........................................VII-8
Tabel 7.8 Rekapitulasi beban – beban ...........................................................VII-8
Tabel 7.9 Kombinasi beban yang terjadi .......................................................VII-9
Tabel 7.10 Gaya horizontal untuk pembebanan kepala abutment .................VII-14
Tabel 7.11 Akibat berat sendiri untuk pembebanan badan abutment ............VII-17
Tabel 7.12 Gaya akibat tekanan tanah untuk pembebanan
badan abutment ............................................................................VII-18
Tabel 7.13 Total gaya dan momen yang bekerja pada badan abutment ........VII-18
Tabel 9.1 Harga Satuan Pekerja ....................................................................IX-2
Tabel 9.2 Harga Satuan Bahan ......................................................................IX-2
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Tabel 9.3 Harga Satuan Bahan.......................................................................IX-3
Tabel 9.4 Analisa Satuan Pekerjaan...............................................................IX-4
Tabel 9.5 Harga Pekerjaan.............................................................................IX-10
Tabel 9.6 Rekapitulasi Biaya .........................................................................IX-12
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DAFTAR NOTASI
1.Balok Prategang
Huruf Yunani
Ø = diameter tulangan polos
ρ = rasio tulangan
β 1, β3 = konstanta geser
Φ = faktor reduksi
δ = lendutan yang terjadi
∆a = slip pada tendon
ρ min, ρmaks = batas maksimum dan minimum rasio tulangan
∑MB = jumlah momen di tumpuan B
βd = faktor yang menunjukkan hubungan antara beban
mati dengan beban keseluruhan
Huruf Inggris
A(c) = luas penampang balok komposit
Aeki = luas ekivalen balok prategang
A(p) = luas penampang balok prategang
As = luas tulangan yang dibutuhkan
Ast = luas tulangan terpasang
a, b =jarak masing-masing tendon ke bawah penampang
beff = lebar efektif balok prategang
bw = tebal badan
bx, by = bidang roda pada plat lantai
cgc = pusat gravitasi penampang beton
cgs = pusat gravitasi luasan baja
D = diameter tulangan ulir
Dx = gaya lintang pada jarak x
dx = tinggi efektif pada plat lantai kendaraan
E = modulus elastisitas
i
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Ec = modulus elastisitas pada beton
E plat, E balok = modulus elstisitas plat dan balok
Es = modulus elastisitas pada baja
e = eksentrisitas tendon
F = gaya prategang efektif
f’c = mutu beton yang digunakan
fpc = tegangan akibat prategang di cgc
fpu = tegangan putus tendon
fsi = tegangan tendon
fy = mutu baja tulangan
fijin = tegangan yang diijinkan terjadi pada penampang
fcds = tegangan beton pada titik berat tendon akibat
seluruh beban mati yang bekerja pada komponen
struktur setelah diberi gaya prategang
H = muatan ke samping
Hr = gaya rem
h = tinggi struktur
heff = tinggi efektif struktur
Ic = panjang tekuk
Ix(p) = momen inersia balok prategang
Ix(c) = momen inersia balok komposit
J = koefisien tergantung tipe tendon
Kcr = koefisien rangkak beton
Kre = koefisien tergantung tipe tendon
L = panjang bentang jembatan
Lx, Ly = panjang bidang kontak kendaraan pada plat lantai
L1, L2 = jarak diafragma ke tumpuan
M = momen lentur yang terjadi
Mh1, Mh2, Mh3 = momen hidup trotoir
Mm1, Mm2, Mm3 = momen hidup trotoir
Mmax = momen lengkung terbesar pada penampang
ii
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Mx = momen pada jarak x
Mxm, Mym = momen pada plat lantai kendaraan arah x dan y
M1, M2 = momen yang terjadi di tumpuan dan lapangan
pada saat pengangkatan
Pc = modulus elastisitas pada beton
PUL = beban ultimate akibat beban garis P
Pd = beban diafragma
q = beban merata pada bidang yang ditinjau
qD1 = beban sendiri balok
qD2 = beban mati tambahan
qUD1 = beban ultimate akibat beban sendiri balok
qUD2 = beban ultimate akibat beban mati tambahan
qUL1 = beban ultimate akibat beban lajur D
q1 = berat plat beton
q2 = berat lapisan aspal
q3 = berat air hujan
q4 = berat diafragma
R = kehilangan tegangan yang terjadi
RA = reaksi perletakan di A
Sb(p), Sb(c) = momen lawan penampang serat bawah balok
prategang dan komposit
St(p), St(c) = momen lawan penampang serat atas balok
prategang dan komposit
T = beban roda kendaraan
Ti = gaya prategang yang diberikan
To = gaya pada spalling zone
Ts = gaya pada bursting zone
T1, T2, T3 = gaya prategang pada masing-masing tendon
tx, ty = bidang roda
V = gaya vertikal
Vd = gaya lintang akibat muatan mati tak terkoefisien
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Vi =gaya lintang terbeasr yang terjadi pada penampang
Vp = komponen vertikal gaya prategang
Vu = gaya geser yang terjadi pada tiang sandaran
Y = jarak titik berat ke ujung bawah penampang
Yb(c) =jarak titik berat penampang serat bawah balok
komposit
Yb(p) =jarak titik berat penampang serat bawah balok
prategang
Yt(c) =jarak titik berat penampang serat atas balok
komposit
Yt(p) =jarak titik berat penampang serat atas balok
prategang
Zr = tinggi gaya rem dari permukaan perkerasan
2. Rangka Baja
Huruf Yunani
α = angka ekivalensi
γ = faktor keamanan
μ = koefisien gesek
φ = koefisien rangkak
Ф = ukuran batang/ diameter
Huruf Inggris
As = luas tampang melintang tulangan tarik
As’ = luas tampang melintang tulangan tekan
a = lendutan
b = lebar badan dari suatu bagian konstruksi
d = tinggi efektif dari tulangan tarik
d’ = tinggi efektif dari tulangan tekan
E = modulus elastisitas
e = eksentrisitas
iv
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fc = kekuatan kubus beton karakteristik
fp = kekuatan karakteristik kabel prategang
fs = tegangan baja
fy = kekuatan karakteristik tulangan beton
h = tinggi badan
I = momen lembam
l = faktor lengan
be = tinggi efektif
M = momen lentur
Mu = momen lawan ultimit
P = gaya
q = beban hidup karakteristik
s = jarak sengkang
x = tinggi sumbu netral
z = lengan
3. Abutment dan pondasi
Huruf Yunani
φ = sudut geser antar butiran
Ф = faktor reduksi
γ = berat isi tanah
∑H = jumlah gaya horizontal yang terjadi
∑MH = jumlah momen horizontal yang terjadi
∑MV = jumlah momen vertikal yang terjadi
∑Wx = momen tahanan arah x
∑Wy = momen tahanan arah y
∑V = jumlah gaya vertikal yang terjadi
ρ = rasio tulangan
σ = tekanan yang terjadi pada tanah
σR = tekanan akibat tanah dasar pondasi pada beton cyclop
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Huruf Inggris
Af = luas tulangan yang dugunakan untuk menahan momen
Ah = luas tulangan sengkang tertutup
Avf = luas tulangan yang digunakan untuk menahan geser
D1, D2 = kedalaman pondasi sumuran
e = eksentrisitas pada gaya yang bekerja
f’c = mutu beton yang digunakan
fy = mutu baja tulangan yang digunakan
M = momen yang terjadi pada bagian struktur bawah yang ditinjau
MTOT = momen total yang terjadi
Mu = momen ultimate
Pa1, Pa2 = gaya akibat tekanan tanah aktif
Pp1, Pp2 = gaya akibat tekanan tanah pasif
Pu = total beban vertikal
qL = beban pada trotoir
qL1 = beban restoran
qL2 = beban “D” dan “T” dari balok prategang
qL3 = beban pada lebar lebih dari 5,5 m
qu = daya dukung tanah
R = total beban dari struktur atas pondasi
Rm = beban akibat gaya rem
Vn = gaya geser pada konsol pendek
W = berat tanah timbunan
Wab = berat abutment
Wba = berat dari struktur atas
w = momen tahanan pada pondasi
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ABSTRACT
Bridges, generally defined as structural elements connecting two points
divided by rivers, rail or road ways or other obstacles, are widely known. The
aspects of its design however, is not as simple as its definition and requires the
knowledge of materials, system, dynamics of structures and the supporting Civil
Engineering Science. Among the important topics are primary bridge’s functions
including condition of location, land use, traffic data and esthetics.
The bridge is completely designed based on the standard, to obtain exact
dimensions and optimize the cost estimation and ready to build. The design
include upper structure, sub structure and foundation. The design is final that
support the aspiration of owner, designer, contructor as well as fulfilling the on
site constrains.
Keywords : bridge, design
xxvii
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