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DOES TRAINING IMPROVE THE PULMONARY
FUNCTION AMONGST SRI LANKAN NATIONAL LEVEL
ATHLETES?
Wijayasiri K.D.C.U.1, Wimalasekera S. W.2, Thurairaja C3.
Colombo South Teaching Hospital, Kalubowila, Sri Lanka1. Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medical sciences, University of
Sri Jayewardenepura, Nugegoda, Sri Lanka2, Post Graduate Institute of Medicine, University of Colombo, Sri
Lanka3.
INTRODUCTION
The performance of an athlete mainly depends on the player’s physical fitness, mental fitness and correct technical training.
Our athletes performances at the international level are not up to the optimal standards.
Why?
INTRODUCTION cont…
Our players are always assessed by their training techniques but; do we assess them for their physical fitness?
NO
Physical fitness mainly depends on the optimal function of Respiratory system and Cardiovascular system.
Literature Review International studies
Mahotra and Shrestha, 2013- Nepal* Sen and Raveendran , 2013- India* Ghanbari et al, 2013 - Canada Kim & lee, 2012 – Korea* Illi at all, 2012- Switzerland West CR, 2012- UK Griffits et al, 2006- UK Wells et al, 2005- Canada Dereulla et al, 2005 Nourry , Deruelle, Guinhouya , et al, 2005 Mcconnel and romer, 2004- UK,USA Vincent et al, 2002- USA Ortega et al, 2001- Spain
No studies done in Sri Lanka on Pulmonary Functions amongst Athletes
Objective of the Study
To determine the Effects of Training on Pulmonary Function amongst Sri Lankan National Level Athletes in comparison to matched controls.
Methodology
A Descriptive cross sectional study
Sixty three (n= 63) National level Athletes engaged in different sports.
Endurance type athletes = 30
Resistance type athletes = 33
Control subjects(age, height, weight and gender
matched)= 63
Methodology cont….
Questionnaire : Socio-demographic data Medical examination of the athletes/
controls done. Pulmonary Function Tests were done
using Vitallograph spirometer. the player/ control was in standing
position the best volume curve of 3
consecutive blows was taken Data analyzed with SPSS-16 statistical
package.(Student t-Test and Pearson correlation)
Socio - Demographic dataMean value
Male Athletes(Mean ±SD)( n= 34)
Male controls(Mean ± SD)
Female Athletes(Mean ± SD)( n = 29)
Female controls (Mean ± SD)
p value
Age (yrs.)
22.8 ± 3.0
23.2 ± 2.0 23.2 ± 5.5
22.2 ± 2.1
p > 0.05
Height (Cm)
172.3±10.0
170.3 ± 5.6
160.0 ± 4.6
158.00±7.0
p > 0.05
Weight (Kg)
65.3 ± 13.0
65.6 ± 12.0
54.0 ± 15.3
53.22 ± 2.8
p > 0.05
BMI 22.3 ± 6.0
22.3 ± 6.0 21.0 ± 5.5 20.77 ± 2.8
p > 0.05
Socio - Demographic data
Gender ratio of the Athletes and Controls were similar.
Male : Female ratio –1.2 : 1 Mean duration of training
Male Athletes: 5 to 10 years.Female Athletes: 5 yrs
Mean Training Hours Male Athletes: 4hrs/ day Female Athletes: 4hrs/ day
Pulmonary Function Tests All Athletes – Male
Mean value
Male Athletes(n = 34)
Control group
p value
FVC (L) 3.7 ± 0.6* 3.3 ± 0.6 p < 0.05
FIVC (L) 3.6 ± 0.6* 3.1 ± 0.7 p < 0.05
FEV1 (L) 3.4 ± 0.5* 3.0 ± 0.5 p < 0.05
FEF25-75%
(L/min)
4.0 ± 0.9 4.3 ± 1.7 p > 0.05
PEFR(L/min)
533.6 ± 64.3 571.9 ± 262.2
p > 0.05
FEV1 / FVC 89.9 ± 4.8 90.1 ± 6.4 p > 0.05
Pulmonary Function Tests Male Athletes
Mean value
Control group
Endurance Athletes(n = 16)
Resistance Athletes(n = 18)
FVC (L) 3.3 ± 0.6 3.6 ± 0.6 4.1 ± 0.6*
FIVC (L) 3.1 ± 0.7 3.5± 0.5* 3.9 ± 0.6*
FEV1 (L) 3.0 ± 0.5 3.2 ± 0.5 3.6 ± 0.5
FEF25-75%
(L/min)
4.3 ± 1.7 3.8 ± 0.8 4.2 ± 0.7
PEFR(L/min)
572.0 ± 262.0
528.0 ± 54.4 551.3 ± 74.2
FEV1/FVC 90.1 ± 6.4 89.8 ± 5.1 88.6 ± 5.5
Training Duration and PFTsMale Athletes
Lung functions Pearson correlation
p value
FVC 0.14 p>0.05
FIVC 0.10 p>0.05
FEV1 0.10 p>0.05
FEF25%-75% -0.14 p>0.05
PEFR 0.88 p>0.05
FEV1/FVC -0.14 p>0.05
Pulmonary Function Tests All Athletes – Female
Mean value
Female Athletes(n = 29)
Control group
p value
FVC (L) 3.3 ± 0.3* 2.3 ± 0.4 p < 0.05
FIVC (L) 2.7 ± 0.3 2.3 ± 0.6 p > 0.05
FEV1 (L) 2.6 ± 0.5 2.1 ± 0.4 p < 0.05
FEF25-75%
(L/min)
3.4 ± 0.6 3.1 ± 1.1 p > 0.05
PEFR(L/min)
408.2 ± 99.9 439.0 ± 182.0
p > 0.05
FEV1 / FVC 90.0 ± 6.5 91.3 ± 7.0 p > 0.05
Pulmonary Function Tests Female Athletes
Mean value
Control group
Endurance Athletes(n = 14)
Resistance Athletes(n = 15)
FVC (L) 2.3 ± 0.4 2.6 ± 0.3* 2.6 ± 0.1*
FIVC (L) 2.3 ± 0.6 2.4 ± 0.3 2.5 ± 0.2
FEV1 (L) 2.1 ± 0.4 2.5 ± 0.1 2.4 ± 0.2
FEF25-75%
(L/min)
3.1 ± 1.1 3.7 ± 0.1 3.0 ± 0.5
PEFR(L/min)
439.0 ± 182.0
400.0 ± 58.0
370.0 ± 68.0
FEV1/FVC 91.1 ± 7.0 94.4 ± 6.3 88.6 ± 7.6
Training Duration and PFTsFemale Athletes
Lung functions Pearson correlation
p value
FVC 0.25 p>0.05
FIVC 0.13 p>0.05
FEV1 0.19 p>0.05
FEF25%-75% 0.75 p>0.05
PEFR 0.58 p>0.05
FEV1/FVC 0.45 p>0.05
Discussion
Only inspiratory Pulmonary Function parameters of the Male Athletes were significantly improved with training than the controls (p<0.05).
Endurance Athletes: FIVC Resistance Athletes: FVC, FIVC
Collectively : FVC, FIVC No significant improvement of PFTs
with duration of training.
Discussion cont….
Only inspiratory Pulmonary Function parameters of the Female Athletes were significantly improved with training than the controls (p<0.05).
Endurance Athletes: FVC Resistance Athletes: FVC
Collectively : FVC No significant improvement of PFTs
with duration of training
Specific inspiratory muscle training does not improve performance or VO2max levels in well trained Rowers (Riganas et al, 2008)
Inspiratory muscles alone does not limit the incremental exercise performance in healthy subjects (Rommer et al, 2007)
Literature…
Discussion cont….
PEFR, FEF25-75% , FEV1/ FVC% no significant improvement
No significant improvement of Expiratory Muscle Strength Small Airway functions in Athletes after training when compared to the Controls.
Conclusion
The results indicate the poor Respiratory Efficiency amongst Sri Lankan National level Athletes.
Recommendation The training programmes should be planned to
optimize the Respiratory Functions of the Sri Lankan national level athletes.
Respiratory Muscle Endurance Training (RMET) (Ghanbari et al, 2013/ Illi et al, 2012 ), Respiratory Muscle strength Training (RMST) (Illi et al, 2012).
Combined RMET and RMST is more superior method (Illi et al, 2012).
Core Muscles (including Deep Abdominal Muscles) training ( Kim & Lee, 2012) also has to be implemented in the training schedules of the Sri Lankan national level athletes to ensure the better Expiratory function.
Acknowledgement Sport Associations and the Players
Athletics, Badminton, Foot ball, Cricket and Rugby.
All the Academic staff and Non-Academic
staff Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Sri Jayawardenepura, Nugegoda, Sri Lanka.
All the Doctors and other staffSports Medicine Unit, Colombo South Teaching Hospital, Kalubowila, Colombo, Sri Lanka.
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