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A Comprehensive primary health care approach to ICE, alcohol and other
drugs
John BoffaJohn BoffaChief Medical Officer Public HealthChief Medical Officer Public Health
Assoc Prof., NDRIAssoc Prof., NDRI
Introduction
1. The Epidemiology of metamphetamines in the NT
2. ICE and Alcohol – the need for a combined approach
3. The neuroscience of Addiction
4. The 3 streams of care in effective treatment
5. The social determinants of addiction and Early Childhood
ICE and Alcohol
Methamphetamine, including ICE, dependence is currently a very big problem for a small number of people and their families.
Alcohol dependence is a very big problem for a large number of people and their families and of much greater harm to the community as a whole
There is a common approach to both treatment and primary prevention so we need to address both together
Focus on illicit drugs puts Australia’s drinking problem on ice
June 2015 The ConversationBut another – largely unremarked on – negative outcome of the strong focus on ice is that it takes the spotlight away from the harms of excessive alcohol use, which is actually a bigger problem in Australia. A reported 2.1% of Australians have used some form of methamphetamine in the last 12 months while 15.6% of people aged 12 or older have consumed 11 or more standard drinks on a single drinking occasion in the same period.
Focus on illicit drugs puts Australia’s drinking problem on ice
June 2015 The Conversation
Of the 1,565 solved homicides in Australia between 2000 and 2006, 729 (47%) were classified as alcohol-related. Both people had consumed alcohol in 60% of these cases, only the offender in 21%, and only the victim in 19%. Of the homicides involving an intimate partner relationship, between 2000 and 2006, 44% were related to alcohol.
Figure 1 Wholesale PAC Supply – Tennant Creek
0
10,000
20,000
30,000
40,000
50,000
60,000
70,000
2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014
PA
C (
Lit
re)
Total Total Wine Total Spirits Total Beer Cider
Many people still see drug & alcohol
addiction as a moral problem to be
handled through the criminal justice
system rather than through a health lens.
THE NEUROSCIENCES REVOLUTION OF THE NEUROSCIENCES REVOLUTION OF
THE LAST 20 YEARS HAS GIVEN US THE LAST 20 YEARS HAS GIVEN US
EXTENSIVE NEW INSIGHTS INTO THE EXTENSIVE NEW INSIGHTS INTO THE
PATHOPHYSIOLOGY OF ADDICTIONPATHOPHYSIOLOGY OF ADDICTION
Science must replace ideology as the
foundation for the treatment of drug
addiction: AMT????
A KEY PRINCIPLE IN
UNDERSTANDING
ADDICTION
Drug use is a voluntary, preventable behaviour….
but...
Drug addictionaddiction is not just
“a lot of drug use”.
Drug Addiction
Compulsive drug seeking and use, even knowing the negative health and social
consequences
ADDICTED RAT
“even knowing the negative
consequences”
Exercise
The Rat Park Experiment
Virtually all drugs of abuse
“hijack” the dopaminergic
mesolimbic reward system in
the brain
• Ventral tegmental area• Nucleus accumbens• Limbic system• Orbitofrontal cortex
Le Foll, B. et al. CMAJ 2007;177:1373-1380
IN ADDITION, A NUMBER OF THE BRAIN’S IN ADDITION, A NUMBER OF THE BRAIN’S OTHER CHEMICAL MESSENGER SYSTEMS OTHER CHEMICAL MESSENGER SYSTEMS
ARE AFFECTED BY THESE DRUGSARE AFFECTED BY THESE DRUGS
EACH DRUG
Drug recept
or
Drug addiction is a Drug addiction is a chronic relapsing chronic relapsing
brainbrain disease disease
Drug addiction is a Drug addiction is a chronic relapsing chronic relapsing
brainbrain disease disease
The addicted brain is distinctly, biologically different from the non-addicted brain, including:
• Receptor function and availability
• Metabolic activity
• Responsiveness to environmental cues
• Gene expression
Dopamine D2 Receptors are Lower in Addiction
DA
D2
Rec
epto
r A
vaila
bili
ty
control addicted
Ice & Cocaine
Heroin
Alcohol
DA
DA
DA
DA DA DA
DA
Reward Circuits
DA DA DA DA
DA
Reward Circuits
DA
DA
DA
DA DA
DA
Drug Abuser
Non-Drug Abuser
Patchy, reduced brain blood flow in heroin patient = less brain
activity
NORMAL HEROIN
ALCOHOLALCOHOL
METHAMPHETAMINEMETHAMPHETAMINE
NORMAL
NORMAL
Drug users have increased brain responses to drug related images
NORMALALCOHOLIC
NORMAL ADDICTEDNORMAL
The addicted brain shows distinct changes which do improve with which do improve with
continued cessation of drug usecontinued cessation of drug use
NORMALNORMAL ACTIVE ACTIVE HEROIN USEHEROIN USE
1 YEAR 1 YEAR DRUG FREEDRUG FREE
METHAMPHETAMINEMETHAMPHETAMINE
The principles for treating
drug addiction are the
same as for treating other
chronic relapsing illnesseschronic relapsing illnesses
such as asthma, diabetes,
arthritis or multiple
sclerosis.
The principles for treating
drug addiction are the
same as for treating other
chronic relapsing illnesseschronic relapsing illnesses
such as asthma, diabetes,
arthritis or multiple
sclerosis.
• Rapid induction of remission
• Supportive maintenance of
remission
• Expectant observation
• Rapid, non judgmental re-treatment of relapse if or when necessary
Treating drug addiction is not like fixing a
ruptured appendix or a broken bone
ONE OPERATION
WILL NOT CURE IT !!
A good treatment outcome is: A good treatment outcome is:
• A significant decrease in drug or alcohol use
• Long periods of abstinence with only occasional relapses
Drug addiction is aBRAINBRAIN disease that is expressed in BEHAVIORALBEHAVIORAL ways and which occurs in a SOCIALSOCIAL context
Service delivery model: 3-stream approach with care coordination and case management
Extended Abstinence is Predictive of Sustained Recovery
It takes a year of abstinence
before less than half relapse
Dennis et al, Eval Rev, 2007
After 5 years – if you are sober, you probably will stay that way.
SOCIAL CONTEXTSOCIAL CONTEXT
Australian Early Development Index
% of children in Normal IQ Range (>84) % of children in Normal IQ Range (>84) by Ageby Age (longitudinal analysis) (longitudinal analysis)
Martin, Ramey, & Ramey. 1990. American Journal of Public Health
CONGRESS CHILD CARE EARLY LEARNING STUDY
Collette Tayler
Isabel Brookes
Preliminary analysis – Language Development
• Preliminary analysis of completed follow-up language assessments show an average language development gain of 7 months in a 3.5 month period.
Preliminary analysis – Language Development
Conclusions
1. ICE is a problem which is not out of control, is very treatable and is nowhere near the problem of alcohol
2. There is a common way of treating ICE, Alcohol and other drugs and this works
3. The social context of drug addictions is key to understanding the differential effects of drugs on different population
4. Early Childhood programs are key to the primary prevention of addictions
`THANK
YOU
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