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Japan. Japan. What I know about Japan. What I want to learn about Japan. What I learned about Japan. Refer to your Notes Packet. Geography. TTYN : What kind of land formation is Japan located on?. Archipelago. Montana – about the same size as Japan. - PowerPoint PPT Presentation
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Japan
Japan
What I know about Japan
What I want to learn about Japan
What I learned about Japan
Refer to your Notes Packet
Geography
Despite its size, Japan currently ranks 10th in population with an estimated 127M. Conversely, Montana ranks 38th with just under one million
TTYN: What kind of land formation is Japan located on?
Montana – about the same size as Japan
Archipelago
Geography
TTYN
Considering what we have already learned about Japan,
describe how geography and location affected AND
currently impacts Japans growth. Think about possible
advantages and disadvantages.
About the island of Japan
The affect of little farmland Access to waterMost people settle in valleys and the coastal plains Very little natural resources Cultural Diffusion opportunities The affects of the Ring of Fire
Protection and Isolation
Geography
Very mountainous and offers very little farmland
Mount Fuji; 3776
meters Japan lacks key natural resources such as metals and minerals
Before Japan was a Superpower: Early TraditionsClan Systems
Own chief or special god of goddess who viewed as the clan's original ancestor.Ahead of their time: Even women were clan leaders.
Yamato Clan
• About 500 A.D., the Yamato clan establishes sufficient ascendancy for its chieftain to be seen as emperor
Emperor Nintoku Tomb
• The Yamato claim as ancestor the Sun empress, who shines above all others in the heavens.
Before Japan was a Superpower: Early TraditionsTTYN: What is Shinto?
Shinto – • Indigenous religious beliefs and practices of Japan• Shinto has no founder• Has no official sacred scriptures• Has preserved its main beliefs and rituals throughout the ages.
Shinto – “way of the gods” or “way of kami”
One or more torii gates mark the approach and entrance to a shrine. They come in various colors and are made of various materials.
Shinto creation stories tell of the history and lives of the "Kami" (deities). Among them was a divine couple, Izanagi-no-mikoto and Izanami-no-mikoto, who gave birth to the Japanese islands. Their children became the deities of the various Japanese clans. The Sun Goddess was one of their daughters. She is the ancestress of the Imperial Family and is regarded as the chief deity. Her descendants unified the country. Her brother, Susano came down from heaven and roamed throughout the earth. He is famous for killing a great evil serpent.
The Kami are the Shinto deities. The word "Kami" is generally translated "god" or "gods." However, the Kami bear little resemblance to the gods of monotheistic religions.
Before Japan was a Superpower: Early Traditions
Shrine of the Sun Goddess
Shinto Your Choice
Small Group Activity: Shinto
Refer to your Notes Packet
Shinto Christianity
Refer to your Notes Packet
Believes in the Trinity (Father Son Spirit)... is ONE
Attempts to spread its religion all around the world
Uses a holy book, the Bible
Christians should only believe in Christianity
Believes in many natural spirits... and somewhat deify them
Since it isn't really a religion, and it is a native belief in Japan, it is somewhat locked inside Japan.
No apparent Holy Book
Shintoists are usually Zen Buddhists as well
Afterlife
Evil
Loving
Small Group Activity: Shinto
Nara and Heian Japan710-1185
China Moves East (but with a twist)
710, modeled after China, Nara
established as new capital of Japan
784, capital moved to
Nagaoka
794, finally moved
to Heian (Kyoto)
Nara and Heian Japan
Chinese Influence
Adoption of the higher civilization of China
Three stages
Japanese studied China – 7th century
Japanese implanted Chinese institutions – 8th
century
Adapted institutions to meet Japanese needs – by
11th century - Japanized
Official embassies to Tang court began in 607
Emperor Temmu began institutional changes
Used Chinese systems to consolidate power
“Heavenly emperor” replaces “great king”
Heian Period
The Heian period centered on the emperor and nobility,
in particular the powerful Fujiwara family, It ended with
the establishment of a military dictatorship.
9th Century, the decline of the Tang dynasty in China
Japan greatly reduced contacts with China
Native culture began to grow
The kana phonetic writing systems were created.
Heian Period
Heian Buddhism
Religion - changed in important ways during the Heian
period.
Earlier Nara Buddhism drew directly upon Chinese
traditions and catered to elites.
New Texts from China brings new Buddhist sects
Tendai and Shingon
Available to the common man
Shinto continues to be valued
Shinto and Buddhist Temples often built in close
proximity
Heian Period
Mid -tenth century local officials began to seize lands
for themselves
Reduced central government income and control.
Imperial authority was diminished by powerful
retired emperors and by regents of the Fujiwara
family ruling on behalf of child emperors.
Warrior leaders with their samurai followers began
to challenge for dominance.
Finally, in the Heike wars of 1180-85, the Minamoto
family defeated the Taira. Minamoto no Yoritomo (1147-
99) established the Shogunate with its distinctive
warrior culture.
During mid-Heian period
Nonofficial private bands of local warriors
System for next five centuries
Samurai – expensive
Horses, armor, weapons, training
Initial job – local order and tax collection
Confrontations between regional military coalitions
Conflict reaches Heian court in 1156
Rise of the Samurai
Heian Period
Heian Period
Heian Period
Small Group Activity
When
Why
What
Misc.
Heian Period
The Heike Wars, 1180-85
Minamoto family defeated the Taira. Minamoto no
Yoritomo
Established the Shogunate with its distinctive
warrior culture.
The end of Golden Age and beginning of Feudalism
Decline of the Heian Period
Heian Period
CAUSES
EFFECTS
FeudalismDo Now and
TTYN:
Describe Feudalism
Feudalism – A government system
(political, economical, and social), which
originated in Europe in the Middle Ages
with kings, nobles, knights, and peasants
with no social mobility. Additionally, a
system based on loyalty, the holding of
land, and military service.
FeudalismJapan developed a feudal system which had similarities to the European system.
The shogun (like the king) ruled the country through the
daimyo (like the nobles), who were the heads of the samurai
(like the knights).
Peasants farmed the land in exchange for protection by the
samurai, who operated under a code of conduct known
as Bushido (like chivalry).
Again, society was organized under a rigid class system with
no social mobility.
The Tokugawa Shoguns maintained an ethnocentric policy
toward the outside world. However, cultural influences from
China did migrate to Japan down the Korean Peninsula.
Feudalism
Fidelity
Politeness
Virility
Simplicity
Fidelity
Politeness
Virility
Simplicity
Code of BushidoSeppuku, (Sape-puu-kuu) the Japanese formal language term for ritual suicide (Hara-kiri (Har-rah-kee-ree) is the common language term.), was an integral aspect of feudal Japan (1192-1868). It developed as an integral part of the code of bushido and the discipline of the samurai warrior class.
Remembering ChinaTTYN: Do you recall something similar to the Code of Bushido during our China Unit?
Filial Piety
Feudal Period
The samurai were the warriors of pre-
modern Japan. They later made up the
ruling military class that eventually
became the highest ranking social caste
of the Edo Period (1603-1867).
Samurai employed a range of
weapons such as bows and arrows,
spears and guns, but their main weapon
and symbol was the sword.
The samurai
Feudal PeriodWomen
During the age
of the samurai,
the position of
women declined
steadily
From warriors
to child bearer
No Chivalry
here
TTYN: What is Chivalry?
The structure of feudal Japan
Feudalism
Zen Buddhism
Feudal Period
Zen Buddhism is a mixture of
Indian Mahayana Buddhism
and Taoism. It began in China,
spread to Korea and Japan, and
became very popular in the
West from the mid 20th
century. Reinforces the
Bushido values of mental and
self-discipline
Zen is something a person does. It's
not a concept that can be described in
words
Zen Buddhism
Feudal Period
The essence of Zen Buddhism is
that all human beings are Buddha,
and that all they have to do is to
discover that truth for themselves.
Zen sends us looking inside us for
enlightenment. There's no need to search
outside ourselves for the answers; we can
find the answers in the same place that
we found the questions.
Small Group Activity Clan
System
Heian Period
Feudalism
Attack from OutsidersThe Mongol Invasions of Japan
1274 & 1281
1274 Invasion
500-900 Ships
40,000 men
Driving wind and Heavy wind
Man to Man idea of fighting vs. a “mob” of Mongols
Mongols anchor ships further out into sea – 1/3 of
fleet destroyed when facing a Typhoon
Mongols retreat
Japan spared..at least for a while
Attack from OutsidersThe Mongol Invasions of Japan
1274 & 1281
1281 Invasion
140K men
Samurai's better prepared; knew what to expect
No more Man vs. Man tactics; mass attack met with mass
defense
Another Typhoon on the way
Kamikaze or “Devine Wind” once again saves Japan
The Mongols would not return; If it were not for two
"miraculous" appearances of a mighty typhoon, a
"Kamikaze" or "Divine Wind,"
during those two massive Mongol invasions by Kublai
Khan, Japan today might be part of China!
Era of Peace: Kamakura & Tokugawa GovernmentTokugawa Period (Edo Period 1603-1867)
Hello Tokyo
More land distribution…see a trend?
TTYN: Think of another area of study where land
distribution was a result of change in leadership.
Foreign Trade
Christianity Suppressed
Neo-Confucianism
Meiji Restoration
Open Door Policy – Japan’s version
Tokugawa Period
Welcomed Western Traders
Portuguese, Spanish, Dutch, and English
Acquired western firearms
Built castles modeled after Europe
TTYN: What advantage might new weapons afford the
Tokugawa Shoguns?
Allowed them to centralize power and impose order
The Global Age
Do Now & TTYN
Identify new technologies that made it possible for Europeans to make contact with Asian communities
Improvement in Cartography
Astrolabe
Caravel
Sextant
Ships
The Global Age
Early 17thCentury - Unlike the Chinese, the
Japanese welcomed their new friends.
New technologies
New weapons
The spread of Christianity and Closed Door Policy
Reaction to Spain and the Philippines
Push-Pull Factor: Christianity or Buddhism
Japanese Christians and allegiance to a foreign
power, the pope
By 1638, Japan closes the door and ports to Japan
and for next 200 years Japan maintains a policy of strict
isolation.
End of IsolationDo Now:Describe the tone and tenor of the following excerpt of letter written by President Fillmore. (refer to notes packet)
“GREAT and Good Friend: I send you this public letter by Commodore Matthew C. Perry, an officer of the highest rank in the navy of the United States, and commander of the squadron now visiting your imperial majesty's dominions.
I have directed Commodore Perry to assure your imperial majesty that I entertain the kindest feelings towards your majesty's person and government, and that I have no other object in sending him to Japan but to propose to your imperial majesty that the United States and Japan should live in friendship and have commercial intercourse with each other.”
End of Isolation
TTYN: Prediction – what will happen next?
In 1853, Perry sent on a mission by President Millard
Fillmore to establish trade with Japan
Perry leads a squadron of four ships into Tokyo Bay
and presented representatives of the Japanese Emperor
with the text of a proposed commercial and friendship
treaty.
The Japanese rejected Perry’s demands and Perry
withdrew.
1854, Perry returned to Japan This time he appears
with seven ships - four sailing ships, three steamers –
and one thousand, six hundred men.
End of Isolation After a standoff, Perry landed for peace and trade
talks on March 8, 1854, and began to negotiate with
the Japanese to establish a trade agreement.
On March 31, 1854, Perry signs the Treaty of
Kanagawa on behalf of the United States, which
established "permanent" friendship between the two
countries. The treaty guaranteed that the Japanese
would save shipwrecked Americans and provide fuel for
American ships, but also opened the opportunity for
trade between Japan and the United States. The signing
of this treaty signaled the end of Japanese isolation.
End of Isolation and the reason(s) behind discoveryDo Now & TTYN
Why Asia? Describe why trading with Asia was so important
The reasons behind Europe’s overseas expansion
during the Age of Discovery into four symptoms:
The acquisition of fame through discovery
The expansion of Christendom
The urgency for basic resources brought on by
population pressure
The desire for wealth and economic power.
Japan
What I know about Japan
What I want to learn about Japan
What I learned So far about Japan
Refer to your Notes Packet
ModernizationThe Cotton Gin – 1793The Steam Engine - 1775The Spinning Jenny- 1769The 1st Railway – 1825
Do Now & TTYN – what do the above listed inventions of the Industrial Revolution have in common with Japan in 1854?
The United States wins:
Extraterritoriality Rights
and a
“Most Favored Nation”
clause
Modernization 1853, Japan ends its centuries of isolation
TTYN: What advantages did Japan see for opening the
door to Westerners?
A defense mechanism – the best way to defend
against imperialism is to learn from the West. Result
– transforms Japan into a modern industrial power.
Modernization 1853, Japan ends its centuries of isolation
Tokugawa Shoguns control weakens
Isolation causes weakness
Shoguns control weakens
Corruption becomes commonplace
Societal discontent
Merchants – lost that taste of the good life when
trading was going good = discontent
Old is New – Gov’t attempt to revert back to the “old”
ways (farming over commerce)…doesn’t work....
Enter the……..
Meiji RestorationLooking Back
For 2 centuries Japan was in lockdown mode
Experienced a century of Civil Wars
By 1615 Feudalism hits its mark in Japan
200 years of peace leads to a pressure cooker
Social Hierarchy turned upside down
New Economy provides the lower order (merchants)
more power
Add this all up and Japan is about to explode
The Spark – U.S. and Commodore Perry
British, Russians, French, and Dutch quickly followed
Perry into Japan
Meiji Restoration
More than trouble at home
News of the Opium War…Are we Next???
Meiji Restoration
1867, The Discontented (Daimyo and Samurai) led a
revolt that unseated the shogun
Restored the emperor to power; a young emperor (15)
1868-1912
The Meiji Restoration – a turning point in Japanese
history
TTYN: What does Meiji mean?
Meiji Restoration
Big Picture Goal
Strengthen Japan against the West
TTYN: Interpret the following quote and images
“A rich country, a strong military”
Meiji Restoration
Western ____________ was adopted which allowed the
Japanese to fully ______________ in less than 50 years. By
the end of the Meiji Restoration, the Japanese no longer
feared that they would be _____________. Rather, they
set out to practice imperialism themselves to obtain
power and ________ __________. Japan was quickly
emerging as a world-class power using western
technology and methods while still maintaining its
___________ _________ values.
technology
industrialize
imperialized
Natural resources
Traditional cultural
This period was known as the??
Big Group Activity
Meiji Restoration
Reforms
Government
Strong central gov’t; German Model
Meiji Constitution
All citizens equal before the law, but…
Emperor help Autocratic power
One elected house and one appointed house…
powers were limited; Suffrage was limited
All men required to serve in the military (same as
Europe)
Meiji Restoration
Reforms
Economy
Encouraged Western Ideas and Methods
Banking System
Railroads
Improved Ports
Telegraph and postal system
Built factories and sold them to the rich and
developed further
Captains of Industry created (Zaibatsu)
Meiji Restoration
Social
End of legal distinctions between classes
Schools and Universities established
Class distinctions existed (just like the West)
Literacy
Women still second-class citizens
Meiji Restoration
Pushing Back & Looking Forward Xenophobic and anti-Western thought “Sonno-Joei” (Revere the Emperor, Expel the Barbarians Tension Rise and foreigners die Westerners respond with devastating force 1860, Japan plunges into its own Civil War Shogun defeated and return of Imperial Rule The Meiji or Enlightened Rule begins…almost Building a new nation from scratch. Remember Feudalism? What to do with the Samurai class? Conflict with the Samurai; the same Samurai that brought the Shogun to its knees Samurai relent – Ritual suicide With the Samurai gone, let the restoration move forward The Meiji Restoration Begins…Civilization Through Enlightenment
Problem – Isolation
Result
Solution or Response
Meiji Restoration
The Big Test
Feeding the new imperialist beast
Island Nation has needs
Nationalism grows
Modernized Military
Korea!!!
The better equipped and better prepared stuns
the world
1894, Japan thumps China
Gains treaty ports in China and rights to rule
Taiwan
Meiji Restoration
The Big Test, Part 2
Russo-Japanese War
1904, Japan takes down Russia in a fight over
Manchuria
A first – An Asian country defeats a Western Nation
1905, Treaty of Portsmouth
Full control of Korea
Parts of Manchuria
Ambition for more
Japan astutely joined Britain and France for WW1 and
took over German Chinese possessions as soon as
she could.
In 1915 Japan presented China with the 21 Demands,
taking even more power from China, and indirectly
depriving China of her best leader Yuan Shikai.
After WW1 Japan was not asked to return any Chinese
land, despite China supporting the British and French
in the war. This caused the May 4 riots in China 1919.
Japan and WWI
Notice the flags-
Japan,Manchukuo and
China.
TTYN: What is the
purpose of this poster?
Pan-Asianism
The Interwar Years
The Rise of Japanese Militarism
andPan-Asianism
Carving out a sphere of influence - After World
War I, Japan saw itself as the dominant power in
the East
Ambition - pursued policies that would increase
their territory and their influence in Asia – Pan
Asianism
Result - Outbreak of war in the Pacific (WWII)
The Interwar Years
Ambition and Motives for Expansion
Economics
Island Nation - Japan was in desperate need of natural
resources to fuel its industry and military
Nationalism
Many Japanese citizens believed that Japan was the
most superior country in Asia and therefore had the
right to rule everyone else
Acts by Western Powers
Several actions by Western powers were motivated by
the belief that Japan was not equal; these insults fueled
imperialistic desires in Japan
The Interwar Years
Growing Pains
The Mukden Incident
In 1931 Japan invaded the northern area of
China, Manchuria, which had huge
deposits of natural resources
such as coal
The League of Nations
does nothing
The Interwar Years
Map of Imperial Japan
Manchuria Ain’t Enough
1937, Japanese forces moved
south and invaded China
TTYN: Identify and describe two
reasons why Japan would attack
China
Rape of Nanking
During this invasion they took
control of the Chinese capital,
Nanking
Pan Asianism
The Rape of Nanking
Small Group Activity
Complete the following DBQ –styled question(s)
Pan Asianism
The Rape of Nanking, 1937
• During the invasion, the people of Nanking were
treated horribly by the Japanese soldiers
• http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=YoW2WYdOsvg
The Japanese Government
Though Japan had an
emperor, the military had
taken control of the
government by this time
Emperor Hirohito could not
stand up to the powerful
generals, but he was
worshipped by the people,
who often fought in his name
The military leader of Japan
was General Hideki Tojo
Japan
What I know about Japan
What I want to learn about Japan
What I learned about Japan
Refer to your Notes Packet
Concept Ladder
Topic: Pan-Asianism
Japanese Militarism
Small Group Activity
When
Why
Who
Where
WORLD WAR I GOVERNMENT ECONOMIC Misc.
The Rise of Japan
Western countries exploited Asia and demonstrated extreme prejudice against her peoples.
Sphere of Influence - Carving up of China had been a warning to Japan.
Japan realized that to retain her independence and national character she had to adopt some Western ideas, and quickly.
Japan copied Western military ideas, Western Government structure, and aggressively builds their economy…again, using the ideas adopted from the West
Pan-Asianism; China, Russia, and China again
Japan and WWII
The Emperor Hirohito 1926-1989 The Emperor Showa of Japan.
He had complete control over, and commanded complete loyalty from his subjects.
It was his responsibility for starting and ending the wars against China, USA, Britain etc.
He was protected from prosecution in 1945 by the US who needed him to keep Japan from collapsing.
Japan and WWII
General Hideki Tojo Prime Minister of Japan and
primary military leader. Rose to power in the Manchukuo
‘Kwantung’ army Nicknamed the ‘razor’ Keen on ultra nationalistic secret
societies. Responsible for 8m civilian deaths,
countless deaths and experiments on prisoners of war.
Commemorated at the Yasukuni Shrine.
Apologized for military atrocities on his death.
Executed for war crimes 1948
Japan and WWII
Japanese occupation of China.
By 1938 There were 1 million Japanese troops in China.
By 1941 2 million troops- but this was still not enough.
Japan could occupy only key areas and cities. Out of fear they adopted The ‘Three All Campaign’
(‘Kill all, burn all, destroy all’) She simply didn’t have enough soldiers however. By 1945 4 million Chinese people had died and 60
million had been displaced. Many Chinese cities lay in ruins.
TTYN: Can we consider the 1937 invasion of China and the subsequent sack of Nanking the ‘true’ start of WWII?
Japan and WWII
A baby caught up in the bombing of a Shanghai railway station
Japan and WWII
Imperial Japanese expansion up to
1941
Japan and WWII
The ‘zero’ fighter plane.
Japan and WWII
Japan and WWII
The two biggest battleships ever!
Japan and WWII
Soldiers
Soldiers, highly skilled
in attack, defense,
and jungle warfare…
Samurai Mindset
Highly motivated to
defend their Emperor
and their land to the
death….Nationalism!!!
Japan and WWII
Pearl Harbor
The major fleet base of the US navy in the Pacific. It was
home to all the major US warships in the Pacific.
Destruction of these ships would take out all the
resistance to Japanese expansion to the East and South.
Japan and WWII
December 7, 1941 ‘A date that will live in infamy’.
The Japanese launch a surprise attack.
The Japanese had been shown how to attack a harbour with planes by the British attack on the Italian fleet in
Taranto 11.11.1940. The US navy had chosen to regard the feat as a ‘fluke’.
Japan and WWII
Just a reminder
Extensive coverage of WWII will be examined during our WWII
Unit
Japan and WWII
Kamikaze
Kamikaze- ‘Divine Wind’.
It became obvious that the US possessed more and
better war technology
In desperation Japan ordered her young men to beat
the enemy by flying bombs into the enemy (and
dying in the process)
These suicide bombers flew planes, or manned suicide
torpedoes.
Japan and WWII
Japan and WWII
Japan and WWII
The US carrier St.Louis, attacked and sunk by Kamikaze.
Japan and WWII
US ships ablaze after kamikaze attacks
Japan and WWII
• The first Atomic bomb to be used in war… ‘little boy’.
• This bomb was shipped from the US a mere 4 hours after the ‘Trinity’ A-bomb test in the US.
• The actual radioactive material inside was the size of an orange.
The Atomic BombJapan and WWII
Japan and WWII
Nagasaki Aug 10 1945.
Atomic Bomb – ‘Fat boy’
Japan and WWII
Nagasaki.
Japan and WWII
The Soviet Union invades 1945
More on this during our WWII Unit
Japan and WWII
The Japanese surrender party onboard a US battleship in Tokyo Bay 15.9.1945.They are ‘enduring the unendurable’ at the Emperor’s request. The Emperor finally concedes that Japan cannot face US technology and survive.
Japan and WWII
VJ Day
Times Square
August 14 1945.
News has just
been released that
Japan has formally
surrendered.
World War two has
ended.
Japan and WWII
The Cost of War
Japan lost 2.5 million people in the war. China lost 10 million people. The Yasukuni shrine is still contentious. Hirohito
refused to visit in his last years due to rumours that it housed Japan’s war criminals. The present day prime Minister still visits.
The USA rebuilt Japan to enable it to recover as a source of American influence in Asia.
The Atom bomb was seen as the crucial symbol of political power. The USA was shortly to consider using it again- this time on China.
Japan and WWII
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