View
3
Download
0
Category
Preview:
Citation preview
Jacksonian AmericaWEEK 9: UNIT 3
Questions on the mind of Americans
What will happen to America as it is growing?
What are the priorities of the country?
What is the greatest danger that the US is facing?
The Rise of Mass Politics
March 4, 1829: Jackson
Inaugurated
“Cheese Party”
“The reign of King ‘Mob’
seems triumphant”
Politics opened to all white
male citizens
“The Era of the Common
Man”
Expanding Democracy
1820s: States moving away from
property or tax requirements to
vote
Ohio and West first
All voters can hold office
Older states, dropped reqs too
Worried about losing people
South: Election laws favor planters
The Dorr Rebellion (1840)
Rhode Island
Thomas L. Dorr
“Peoples Party”
New constitution for RI
Overwhelmingly approved by the people
Set up new government
Existing gov. rejects legitimacy
Dorr and followers=rebels
The Dorr Rebellion: Failed
Forced a new constitution that expanded suffrage
Votes for Minorities?
Free Blacks: Not in South, some in
North
Women: Nowhere
No secret ballot
Spoken vote
Bribery/intimidation
Number of voters increased rapidly
Changes to the Pres. Election Process
1800: 10 states=Legislatures
choose electors, 6 States=
people choose
1828: Electors chosen by
people in all but South
Carolina
Voting Increases as a result
1824: 27%
1828: 58%
1840: 80%!
Democracy in America (1835)
1831: Alexis de Tocqueville
Study American Prisons (more humane than Europe)
Instead: Studies American Life
Politics of America
Daily life and culture of Americans
Their vision of democracy
Traditional Aristocracies fading in US
New elites can rise and fall regardless of backgrounds
Notes limits of Democracy
Few women can vote
Slavery, duh.
Spreads the idea of American Democracy in Europe
Political Parties Become Official
Party loyalties develop
Begins at State Level
“Bucktails”
New York, post War of 1812
Martin Van Buren
Whigs: Anti-Jackson Party
(1830s)
Democrats: Pro-Jackson
Party (Nation’s oldest
political party today)
The President of the Common Man
Government should offer “equal protection and equal benefits,” to all its white male citizens
Favor no region or class above another
Attack the “citadels of Eastern aristocracy”
Change Candidate Selection Process
1832: National Convention to Re-nominate Jackson
Power in the party comes from the people, not from the congressional caucus
The Spoils System
Jackson Targets
officeholders
Removes 1/5 existing
federal officeholders
Patronage: The process
of giving out jobs as
political rewards
Our Federal
Union
“MY ONLY REGRETS ARE THAT
I DIDN’T HANG HENRY CLAY AND I DIDN’T SHOOT JOHN
C. CALHOUN
Calhoun and Nullification
Calhoun strongly supports the Tariff of 1816
What was this?
By 1820s: The Tariff caused stagnation in South
Carolina
Real reason: exhaustion of Farmland
Tenth Amendment: Allows states to decide the
constitutionality of federal laws.
Nullification: A state can ignore federal laws it
deems unconstitutional.
Nullifies the Tariff of 1828
Martin Van Buren
Secretary of State (1829)
“Kitchen Cabinet”
The President’s unofficial circle of
political allies
Befriends Jackson, support’s Jackson’s
friend and his wife.
Ultimately chosen to succeed Jackson.
The Webster-Hayne Debate
(January 1830)
All land sales and surveys should be discontinued
Against: Robert Y. Hayne (South Carolina)
A way for the East to retain its political and economic power.
Daniel Webster (Massachusetts)
Attacks Hayne and Calhoun
An attack on integrity of the Union
Why is it so important that the US gov. sells western lands?
Hayne: States rights vs. National power
Webster: Defense of Nullification
At a Banquet…
Jackson: “Our Federal Union, it must be preserved.”
Calhoun: “The Union, next to our liberty most dear.”
The Nullification Crisis (1832)
South Carolina Nullifies the Tariffs of 1828 and 1832
Forbids the collection of the taxes within the state
Jackson: Nullification is TREASON
Strengthen forts
Sends warship to Charleston
1833: Force Bill
Authorized president to use military to see congress’ laws obeyed
S. Carolina on its own
Henry Clay’s Compromise
Tariff gradually lowered
1842=same as 1816
Compromise and Force bill both passed (March 1, 1833)
S. Carolina repeals nullification
Nullifies Force Act!
Lesson: No state can defy the federal government alone.
The Removal of
the Indians
JACKSON WANTS THE NATIVE
TRIBES OF THE EAST TO MOVE
WEST. HE HARBORS HOSTILITY TOWARDS THEM DUE TO THE
CREEK WAR AND HIS
EXPERIENCES IN FLORIDA
White Attitudes
“Nobel Savages” (18th Century)
“Savages” (19th Century)
Should be removed from East
of the Mississippi
Put an end to violence and
conflict in the west
Have valuable land
The Black Hawk War (1831-1832)
Fox Indians
Black Hawk felt tribal
land cession to US gov.
was illegal
Viciousness
White forces attacked
and slaughtered
fleeing and
surrendering natives.
The “Five Civilized Tribes”
Cherokee, Creek, Seminole,
Chickasaw, Choctaw
Appealed to Supreme Court to keep
land
Cherokee Nation v. Georgia
Worcester v. Georgia
State can not negotiate with tribes,
only Federal gov.
Supreme Court agrees
Jackson does not: “John Marshall has
made his decision. Now let him enforce
it.”
The Trail of Tears (Winter 1838)
General Winfield Scott: Army of
7,000
1,000 Cherokee to North Carolina
(Given reservation)
Approx. 16,000 forced to “Indian
Territory”
Up to ¼ died.
“The Trail Where They Cried”
The meaning of Removal
By 1840: all important tribes
removed to the West
100 Million acres seeded
Paid $68 Million and given 32
Acres of relatively
unhospitable land
(Oklahoma)
Whites believed that natives
could not be partners, they
were obstacles to be
removed and isolated
Jackson and the
Bank War
JACKSON OPPOSED USING THE GOVERNMENT’S POWER IN MANY WAYS. HE DID NOT WANT EXTRAVAGANT EXPENDITURE.
HE WAS AGAINST THE BANK OF THE US
The Bank of the United States
Monopoly on federal
deposits
Provides credit
Issues banknotes
Restrains less well-managed
state banks
Run by Nicholas Biddle
Opposition to the Bank
“Soft Money” Faction
State bankers and their allies
It restrains state banks from issuing
notes freely
Believe in Rapid economic growth
and speculation
“Hard Money” Faction
Coin is the only safe currency
All banks that issue banknotes are bad
Believe in “Public Virtue” are
suspicious of expansion and
speculation
Jackson is on this side
Jackson’s War
Jackson promises not to renew the
charter of the BoUS in 1836
Biddle begins granting favors to Daniel
Webster and Henry Clay
Apply for re-charter in 1832
Congress passes re-charter
Jackson Vetoes
The Bank War becomes the central
issue of the 1832 Election.
Clay runs against Jackson, but he loses.
The public supports Jackson’s views.
The “Monster” Destroyed
Jackson removes the government’s
deposits from the bank
Jackson selects Roger B. Taney as head of
Treasury
Taney puts deposits into state banks
Biddle calls in loans and raises interest
rates
Leads to a short recession
Jackson blames Biddle
Bank ultimately loses its charter
Jackson wins because Biddle’s actions
deepen the recession
The Taney Court
Roger B. Taney (1835: Supreme
Court Chief Justice)
Ally to Jackson
Charles River Bridge v. Warren Bridge
(1837)
Who can build a bridge over the Charles
River
One had a charter from the state (toll
bridge), the other asked to build a
competing (toll free) bridge.
Issuing a second charter is a breach of
contract?
Court reverses the Dartmouth College
ruling.
States can ignore contracts because the
object of government is to promote the
general happiness. This takes precedence
over the rights of property
Jacksonian Democracy
Popular participation is necessary
for democracy to function
All (white males) must be
permitted to participate
The key to democracy is an
expansion of economic
opportunity. This can not occur if
corporations can maintain
monopolies
The Changing
Face of
American
Politics
KING ANDREW I VS. THE
WHIGS
THE “SECOND PARTY
SYSTEM”
The Democrats
The Federal government should be limited
in power except to the degree that it
worked to eliminate social and economic
arrangements that entrenched privilege
and stifled opportunity.
Rights of states protected except when
state governments interfered with social
and economic mobility
“Honest Workers”, Simple Farmers,
Forthright Businessmen
Territorial expansion=more opportunities for
Americans
Irish and German Catholics
The Locofocos
Associated with the
Democrats
Fringe movement
Northeast
Violent assault on
monopoly in privilege.
The Whigs
Expansion of federal power
Industrial and commercial development
Westward expansion would produce instability
Increasing opportunities for all Americans
Entrepreneurs, Institutions that are pro-domestic growth
Wealthy Merchants in the Northeast
Wealthy planters in the South
Farmers and commercial class of the West
Evangelical protestants
The Anti-Masonry Movement
1820s
New York Whigs
Disappearance of William
Morgan
Against Freemasons
Jackson and VanBuren:
both Masons
Democrats connected
with antidemocratic
conspiracy
The “Great Triumvirate”
Henry Clay
Daniel Webster
John C. Calhoun
None of them were
truly Whigs, but all
were opposed to
Jackson
Politics after
Jackson
MARTIN VAN BUREN LACKS
JACKSON’S MAGNETISM. HE HAS MAJOR ECONOMIC
DIFFICULTIES TO DEAL WITH
The Panic of 1837 Begins
Prices rose from 1835-1837
Land Speculation ran rampant
Large federal budget, large treasury surplus
“Distribution” Act (1836)
Fed gov must pay surplus back to states 4
times a year as “loans” that would not be re-
paid
States spend money quickly on roads,
railroads, canals
Lack of federal funds strain state banks
Banks call in their loans
The “Specie Circular”
Jackson’s Executive
Order
In payment for public
lands, the government will
only accept gold, silver,
or backed currency.
Causes panic in first
months of Van Buren’s
presidency
The Panic Deepens
Banks, businesses fail
Unemployment high
Bread riots
Prices crash (land especially!)
State govs can’t pay off bonds or debts
5 year depression
Van Buren Fails to Respond
Borrowed money to pay government
debts
Accepted only Specie for payment of
taxes
THINGS GET WORSE!
“Pre-emption” Bill
Give settlers the right to by gov. land
near them before opened to public sale
Fails in congress
Establishes a 10 hour workday on all
federal products
“Independent Treasury” System
Gov. funds to
independent treasury in
Washington and other
cities
No private banks could
have the gov’s money
Passes in 1840
The Log Cabin Campaign
Penny Press” carries news to large
audiences
Sensationalists
1840: Whigs=party of the common
people
So are Democrats!
Both parties use the same techniques.
Log Cabins and Hard-Cider
Harrison wins an overwhelming
electoral college victory
53% of popular vote
Whig Frustration
John Tyler becomes president after WH Harrison dies
A former democrat
Against Jackson’s excessively egalitarian program
Abolishes independent-treasury system
Refuses to support a re-charter of the BoUS
Vetoes several Whig supported bills
Voted out of the Whig party
Entire cabinet member resigns (except Webster)
Replaces with Democrats, Webster resigns
The Conservative Revolt
Conservative Southern Whigs rejoin the Democrats
Aristocratic political ideas
Government has an obligation to protect and expand the institution of slavery
States rights
The Whig party will essentially cease to exist in the South
Whig Diplomacy
The Aroostook War
Small rebellion in Canada
US Caroline, sent to ship in supplies
British Authorities seize the ship
One American killed
1838: Americans move into region, brawl with Canadians
Lumberjacks
1839: Congress calls for 50,000 man army to prepare for war
General Winfield Scott arranges a truce, no war.
The Creole Incident (1841)
Slaves mutiny onboard
Land in British Bahamas
English declare slaves free
Southerners furious
The Webster-Ashburton Treaty of 1842
Agreement on Boundary
of Maine
Revises boundary
between US and Canada
all the way to the Rockies
UK promises no future
“officious interference”
with American ships
The Treaty of Wang Hya (1842)
First diplomatic relations with
China
Same trading privileges as the
English
Opens certain “Treaty ports”
Extraterritorial status to
Americans in China
Under control of own government
Don’t have to follow Chinese law
Can be tried and judged by home country
Sources
http://topic-images.chacha.com/ed73ea084f1e318cfaabb9309be45706c1e09ed3_listhttp://www.mentalfloss.com/blogs/wp-content/uploads/2011/03/big-block-of-cheese.jpg https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/0b/Jackson_inauguration_crop.jpghttp://41.media.tumblr.com/89aaf6a44a5c6ce8babd58ace6cc1319/tumblr_mwlabfORFc1qz5q5lo1_500.jpg http://www.newporthistory.org/wp-content/uploads/2013/08/Dorr-Broadside.jpg http://users.humboldt.edu/ogayle/hist110/ManhoodSuffrage.pnghttps://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/76/ElectoralCollege1828-Large.pnghttps://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/5e/Alexis_de_tocqueville_cropped.jpghttps://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/11/Clay44b.jpg/200px-Clay44b.jpghttps://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/43/In_memorium--our_civil_service_as_it_was.JPGhttp://a4.files.biography.com/image/upload/c_fit,cs_srgb,dpr_1.0,h_1200,q_80,w_1200/MTE4MDAzNDEwMTYyOTEwNzM0.jpghttp://totallyhistory.com/wp-content/uploads/2011/09/Martin-Van-Buren.pnghttp://e08595.medialib.glogster.com/media/ab/ab9de9952e013d1632e0de161252e5998af24d0ce96958f24624f2b9a690eb1e/webster-hayne-jpg.jpghttp://therightscoop.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/01/LincolnDavisMcClellanMapCartoon393x285.jpghttp://static.tvtropes.org/pmwiki/pub/images/Savage_3_450.png http://images.fineartamerica.com/images-medium-large/1-black-hawk-war-1832-granger.jpg https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f6/Five-Civilized-Tribes-Portraits.pnghttp://www.pbs.org/wgbh/aia/part4/images/4tear44b.jpg http://www.maxdstandley.com/trail_of_tears_series/i/forced_move.jpghttp://junoplay.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/07/bank-war-andrew-jackson-kayzrilh.jpghttp://a5.files.biography.com/image/upload/c_fill,cs_srgb,dpr_1.0,g_face,h_300,q_80,w_300/MTIwNjA4NjM0MjE1ODkyNDky.jpghttp://www.inpropriapersona.com/wp-content/uploads/2012/11/charles-river-bridge.jpg http://www.buzzle.com/img/articleImages/610645-12726-14.jpg https://yesteryearsnews.files.wordpress.com/2011/01/loco-foco-triumphal-honors.jpg http://www.ganino.com/_media/imagep001.pnghttps://c2.staticflickr.com/6/5248/5307975564_e493469113.jpghttps://mstartzman.pbworks.com/f/1256079900/gold.jpghttps://mstartzman.pbworks.com/f/species%20circular.jpg http://img11.deviantart.net/153b/i/2012/012/d/7/martin_van_buren_by_sebreg-d4m5ehh.jpg http://media.npr.org/assets/img/2010/11/22/king-andrew_custom-621653273e1c3d06e674b3981fdf6195cd327c9e-s6-c30.jpghttp://kentakepage.com/wp-content/uploads/2013/11/SlaveRevolt.jpg http://www.ohwy.com/history%20pictures/websashburn.gifhttp://www.gallery.je/wp-content/uploads/2013/04/China.jpg
Recommended