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Principal actions of insulinIts net effect is to promote the storage of
carbohydrate, protein and fat. It is therefore
appropriately called the “ hormone of
abundance”.
70 mg/dl 300 mg/dl
(Glucosurea)
Hormones of the pancreatic islets
Pancreas, Liver & Nutrient
Liver : the central organ in nutrient traffic
Endocrine regulation of carbohydrate metabolism
1. Insulin
2. Glucagon
3. Somatostatin --- inhibit the secretion of insulin & glucagon
4. Epinephrine --- cyclic AMP increased, [Ca+2] increased hepatic
glucose output increased.
5. thyroid hormone : (1) increases the absorption of glucose from the intestine
(2) cause hepatic glycogen depletion
(3) accelerate the degradation of insulin
6. glucocorticoids --- diabetogenic effect
7. growth hormones --- inhibition of glucose
phosphorylation decrease utilization
In Summary
Insulin• Is released by B-cells in
the Islets of Langerhans in the pancreas.
• Responds to high levels of blood sugar; is released when someone has a meal and needs to store extra energy.
• Lack of insulin or response to insulin leads to diabetes.
Glucagon• Is released by a-cells in
the Islets of Langerhans in the pancreas.
• Responds to low levels of blood sugar; is released when someone hasn’t eaten or requires extra energy
• Basically, glucagon is the opposite of insulin.
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