Introduction to Database. Today’s Lateral Thinking Puzzle “ A woman has incontrovertible proof...

Introduction to DatabaseIntroduction to Database

Today’s Lateral Thinking PuzzleToday’s Lateral Thinking Puzzle

“ “A woman has incontrovertible proof in A woman has incontrovertible proof in court that her husband was murdered by court that her husband was murdered by her sister. The judge declares, "This is the her sister. The judge declares, "This is the strangest case I've ever seen. Though it's strangest case I've ever seen. Though it's a cut-and-dried case, this woman cannot a cut-and-dried case, this woman cannot be punished."be punished."

IT Review OverviewIT Review Overview

IT ReviewIT Review

IT Review Teams 2 students each Send me email if you have a preference Teams announced in class next week

What is Data?What is Data?

The The “I”“I” in Information in Information Technology and Information Technology and Information

SystemsSystems

Do You Remember?Do You Remember?

Data Data represents a fact or statement of event represents a fact or statement of event without relation to other things.without relation to other things. Ex: It is raining.Ex: It is raining.

DefinitionDefinition ““Data is the elementary description of things, Data is the elementary description of things,

events, activities and transactions that are events, activities and transactions that are recorded, classified and stored but are not recorded, classified and stored but are not organized to convey any specific meaning.”organized to convey any specific meaning.”

Data vs. Information vs. KnowledgeData vs. Information vs. Knowledge

Do You Remember?Do You Remember?

InformationInformation embodies the understanding of embodies the understanding of a relationship of some sort, possibly cause a relationship of some sort, possibly cause and effect.and effect. Ex: The temperature dropped 15 degrees and Ex: The temperature dropped 15 degrees and

then it started raining.then it started raining.

DefinitionDefinition ““Information is Data organized so that they Information is Data organized so that they

have meaning and value to the recipient.”have meaning and value to the recipient.”

Data vs. Information vs. KnowledgeData vs. Information vs. Knowledge

Do You Remember?Do You Remember?

Data HierarchyData Hierarchy

BitBit (a binary digit): a circuit that is either (a binary digit): a circuit that is either on or off.on or off.

A group of 8 bits, representing a single group of 8 bits, representing a single character, is called a character, is called a ??

Do You Remember?Do You Remember?

Data Hierarchy (Continued)Data Hierarchy (Continued)

Field: Field: name, number, or characters that name, number, or characters that describe an aspect of a business object or describe an aspect of a business object or activity.activity.

Record: Record: collection of related data collection of related data fields.fields.

Table: Table: collection of related records.collection of related records.

Database:Database: a collection of integrated a collection of integrated and related tables.and related tables.

What is a Database?What is a Database?

TerminologyTerminology

Database:Database: A collection of tables with A collection of tables with relationships between the tables. relationships between the tables. bibliographic, statistical, business data, bibliographic, statistical, business data,

images, etc.images, etc.

Database management systemDatabase management system (DBMS) is a set (DBMS) is a set of programs that provide users with tools to add, of programs that provide users with tools to add, delete, access and analyze data stored in one delete, access and analyze data stored in one location.location.

Tables and DatabasesTables and Databases

Table:Table: A collection of records or documents A collection of records or documents dealing with one organization, person, area dealing with one organization, person, area or subjector subject Manual (paper) filesManual (paper) files Computer filesComputer files

From Files to DatabasesFrom Files to Databases

Problems with File SystemsProblems with File Systems Inconsistent DataInconsistent Data InflexibilityInflexibility Limited Data SharingLimited Data Sharing Poor enforcement of standardsPoor enforcement of standards Excessive program maintenanceExcessive program maintenance

IntermissionIntermission

Artwork © Jan’s Courtyard 1996-2005

Database and the EnterpriseDatabase and the Enterprise

DBMS AdvantagesDBMS AdvantagesMake it easier to store large Make it easier to store large

quantities of information quantities of information Make it easier to retrieve information Make it easier to retrieve information

quickly and flexibly quickly and flexibly Make it easy to organize and Make it easy to organize and

reorganize information reorganize information Make it easy to print and distribute Make it easy to print and distribute

information in a variety of ways information in a variety of ways

DBMS Advantages (cont.)DBMS Advantages (cont.)

Minimal Data RedundancyMinimal Data Redundancy Consistency of DataConsistency of Data Integration of Data Integration of Data Data Accessibility and ResponsivenessData Accessibility and Responsiveness Data IndependenceData Independence Ease of Application DevelopmentEase of Application Development Reduced Program MaintenanceReduced Program Maintenance Sharing of DataSharing of Data

Database OperationsDatabase Operations

Import: Import: receive data in the form of text filesreceive data in the form of text filesBrowse: Browse: navigate through informationnavigate through informationQuery: Query: find records that match specific criteriafind records that match specific criteriaSort: Sort: rearrange records (alphabetically or rearrange records (alphabetically or

numerically)numerically)Print reports, labels, and form letters: Print reports, labels, and form letters: A A

report is an ordered list of selected records and report is an ordered list of selected records and fields in an easy-to-read format. fields in an easy-to-read format.

The Many Faces of DatabasesThe Many Faces of Databases

Large databases often contain hundreds of Large databases often contain hundreds of interrelated tables. interrelated tables.

A DBMS can shield users from the complex A DBMS can shield users from the complex inner workings of the system, providing them inner workings of the system, providing them with only the information they need to get their with only the information they need to get their jobs done.jobs done.

Which of the following uses a Which of the following uses a database for electronic commerce?database for electronic commerce?

Databases in the Real World: Databases in the Real World: Electronic CommerceElectronic Commerce

IntermissionIntermission

Artwork © Jan’s Courtyard 1996-2005

In Pictures: In Pictures: Technology BillionairesTechnology Billionaires

http://www.forbes.com/2007/09/18/richlist07_Technology_slide_2.html?thisSpeed=4000

Special Report

The Forbes 40009.20.07

ONE BILLION DOLLARS IS NO ONE BILLION DOLLARS IS NO LONGER ENOUGH…LONGER ENOUGH…

ByteByte Kilobyte (KB)Kilobyte (KB) Megabytes (MB)Megabytes (MB) Gigabytes (GB)Gigabytes (GB) Terabytes (TB)Terabytes (TB) Petabytes (PB)Petabytes (PB)

= 8 bits= 8 bits

= 1 Thousand Bytes= 1 Thousand Bytes

= 1 Million Bytes= 1 Million Bytes

= 1 Billion Bytes= 1 Billion Bytes

= 1 Trillion Bytes= 1 Trillion Bytes

= 1000 Terabytes= 1000 Terabytes

How Big is BIG?How Big is BIG?

Do You Remember?Do You Remember?

How Big is BIG?How Big is BIG?

NSA Call TrackingNSA Call Tracking 96 gigabytes96 gigabytes

AT&T “Daytona” ProjectAT&T “Daytona” Project 312 terabytes 312 terabytes

Wal-MartWal-Mart 583 terabytes583 terabytes

Google EarthGoogle Earth Rumored at 1,000 terabytes (1 petabyte)Rumored at 1,000 terabytes (1 petabyte)

http://www.usatoday.com/money/industries/technology/maney/2006-05-16-nsa-privacy_x.htm

Types of Database SystemsTypes of Database Systems

PC DatabasesPC Databases

Client/Server DatabasesClient/Server Databases

Web-Based DatabasesWeb-Based Databases

PC DatabasesPC Databases

Client Server DatabasesClient Server Databases

Network

Client(Mac/Windows)

DatabaseServer

(Unix/Linux)

Client(Mac/Windows)

Client(Mac/Windows)

Databases and the WebDatabases and the Web

Information is available via a company’s Information is available via a company’s IntranetIntranet and the and the Internet.Internet.

HTMLHTML,, the language used to construct most the language used to construct most Web pages, wasn’t designed to build database Web pages, wasn’t designed to build database queries.queries.

XMLXML,, a newer, more powerful data a newer, more powerful data description language, is designed with description language, is designed with industrial-strength database access in mind. industrial-strength database access in mind.

Databases and the WebDatabases and the Web

Request (ex. get a price quote, place an order)

Response (ex. query results with HTML-formatted product price or order confirmation notice)

What Do You Know?What Do You Know?

1. A collection of related files, tables, and so on that stores data and the associations among them is _____

A) hardware

B) software

C) database

D) network

E) procedures

1. A collection of related files, tables, and so on that stores data and the associations among them is _____

A) hardware

B) software

C) database

D) network

E) procedures

2. It is very difficult to manage data for which of the following reasons?

A) amount of data increases exponentially over time

B) data are scattered throughout organizations

C) increasing amount of external data must be considered

D) data security is easily compromised

E) all of the above

2. It is very difficult to manage data for which of the following reasons?

A) amount of data increases exponentially over time

B) data are scattered throughout organizations

C) increasing amount of external data must be considered

D) data security is easily compromised

E) all of the above

3. Place the following members of the data hierarchy in the correct order:

A) bit – byte – field – record – database – table

B) bit – field – byte – record – table – database

C) byte – bit – record – field – database

D) bit – byte – field – record – table – database

3. Place the following members of the data hierarchy in the correct order:

A) bit – byte – field – record – database – table

B) bit – field – byte – record – table – database

C) byte – bit – record – field – database

D) bit – byte – field – record – table – database

4. Data are scattered throughout organizations.

A) True

B) False

4. Data are scattered throughout organizations.

A) True

B) False

5. The amount of data is increasing exponentially over time.

A) True

B) False

5. The amount of data is increasing exponentially over time.

A) True

B) False

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