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Introduction to Biomedical Engineering
Reporter: AGNES PurwidyantriStudent ID no: D0228005
Biomedical Engineering Dept.
1. Evolution of the Modern Health Care System
The Ancient Health Care System
1. Sick child related to superstitious things2. Hyppocrates – 460 B.C
Systematic observations not superstition Ethical principle which form our current
ethical guidelines3. European
Florence Nightingale- health care of soldiers (Crimean War) Invention of microscope- van Leeuwenhoek (1670s) Pasteur (1860s) Semmelweis (1840s) – hand washing Lister (1860s) –antiseptics Koch (1870s) – microbe with disease Fleming (1920s) – penicillin
4. American first medical training 1756 College of Philadelphia (Univ. of Penn) 1768 King’s College (Columbia) Most trained in an apprenticeship process Process unregulated and unstructured
The Ancient Health Care System (Continued)
Cambridge Scientific Instrument Co. First ECG Machine Type (1911)
Health Care Nowadays
• Drug Delivery Device Development• Clinical Diagnostics and Life Science Instrumentation• Surgical and Interventional Devices• Wireless Medical Technology
2. What is Biomedical Engineering?Application of engineering technology to fields of
medicine and biology.Combines design and problem solving skills of
engineering with medical and biological sciencesImprove the quality of life by developing and
advancing medical care and technologyEmerging fieldInterdisciplinary – engineers, physicians, nurses,
therapists, biologists
Biomedical Engineeringintegrates physical, chemical, mathematical, and
computational sciences and engineering principles to study biology, medicine, behavior, and health.
advances fundamental concepts; creates knowledge from the molecular to the organ systems level; and develops innovative biologics, materials, processes, implants, devices and informatics approaches for the prevention, diagnosis, and treatment of disease, for patient rehabilitation, and for improving health.
Schematic Representation of Biomedical Engineering
BIOMEDICAL ENGINEERING
Diagnosis
Monitoring
Therapy
Advanced Healthcare
SystemEngineering
Medicine
Biology
HealthcarePurposes
Necessities
Human life quality improvement
The work field of biomedical engineers
• Field Service Engineer for Medical Device Company
• Clinical Engineer in Hospital • Research Engineer for Company • Management Position for Company • Self-Employed Biomedical Engineer for Consulting
Firm• Hospital Administrator with MBA for Hospital • The possibilities are endless
Terminology & Multidiscipline Involved
Biomedical Engineering Biotechnology Bioengineering Biomechatronics
Bioinstrumentation Biomaterials Biomechanics
Bionics Cellular, tissue, genetic engineering
Medical imaging Bionanotechnology
Chemical engineering Electrical engineering
Mechanical Engineering
3. Biomedical Engineering Special Fields
Biotechnology and Pharmaceuticals◦ Use “biological systems, living organisms, or derivatives
thereof.”◦ Tissue Engineering
Ability to take cells out of a person and keep them alive in culture for an extended period of time in order to create artificial organs
◦ Genetic Engineering Direct manipulation of an organism’s genes
◦ Pharmaceutical Engineering Development of pharmaceutical products such as drugs
Medical Devices
◦ Diagnosis, cure, mitigation, treatment, or prevention of disease
◦Medical imaging enables clinicians to directly or indirectly view things not visible in plain sight
MRI (Magnetic Resonance Imaging)
Projection radiography such as x-rays
and CT scans Ultrasound
MRI for Axial and coronal DTI measurements
◦Bioinstrumentation uses electronics (computers) and measurement principles: Nervous system: EMG-Muscle/ EEG-brain,
◦Cardiovascular: ECG- heart/blood pressure
The evolution of electrocardiograph
◦Artificial Organs and Implants are used to replace and act as a missing biological structure Pacemaker Artificial heart Corrective lenses Ocular prosthetics Cochlear implants Dental implants
Biomechanics◦Uses mechanics applied to biological or medical
problems Joint or limb replacements Design ergonomic devices
Study disease mechanisms
Challenges:•Linking to biological inputs•Sensory feedback•Complexity of biology (arm alone is controlled by >70 muscles•Controlled strength
• Neural Engineering Understand, repair, replace, enhance, or otherwise exploit the
properties of neural systems. Solve design problems at the interface of living neural tissue and
non-living constructs Neural imaging Neural networks Neural interfaces Brain computer interfaces Microsystems Microelectrode arrays Neural prostheses Neurorobotics Neural tissue regeneration Grafts Neural enhancement
Neural prostheses
• Chemical, electrical, and mechanical backgrounds• Restoring lost neurological function
Neural prostheses – A different approach
Targeted muscle reinnervation (TMR)
• Relocate nerves from arm to chest• Electrode picks up neuron firing in chest• Software analyzes firing and drives actuator
Clinical Engineering◦ Deals with actual implementation
of medical equipment and technologies in hospitals and other clinical settings
◦ Health care systems management◦ Overall hospital planning and
development◦ Safety and risk management
When Med.Doctors meet Engineers
What kind of R & D had been conducted so far? (areas, research team, market, funding, etc.)
What kind of cooperation was observed between medical doctors and engineers regarding the R & D?
What factors promoted or limited the cooperation? What measures were necessary for promoting
cooperation? What kind of cooperation did R & D have from firms? How did they evaluate government policy and
regulations?
Future OutlooksFood contents control Toxins Allergens Genetically Modified Organisms Nutritional Values
Pathogenic Species Identification
~ bacteria 16s rRNA sequencing chip ~ biomolecules detection
References Brozino, J. 2005. Introduction to Biomedical Engineering (2nd
Edition). A volume in Biomedical Engineering. Pp 1-29. Enderle, J., Blanchard, S., Bronzino, J. 2000. Introduction to
biomedical engineering. Academic Press. Morgan, B. J. 2004. Clinical Engineering Handbook. A
volume in Biomedical Engineering 2004 (69): 299-301. Linninger, A. A. 2012. Biomedical Systems Research-New
Perspective Opened by Quantitative Medical Imaging. Computers & Chemical Engineering 2012 (36): 1-9.
Yoda, T. 2009. Cooperation between medical doctors and engineers for developing advanced medical devices. Institute for Future Technology 2-6-11 Fukagawa, Koto-ku, Tokyo 135-8473 JAPAN.
http://www.ineedmd.com/public/ecg_evolution.html
Thank You
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