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INTRODUCTION
Is Fashion Popular Culture?
Semiotics and Tattoos
History of tattoos
Focus groups
Independent Research Project (what is it)?
Learning outcome 2: key terms and debates – identity and tattoos (and semiotics)
Learning outcome 4: level 6 research project
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IS FASHION POPULAR CULTURE
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• Fashion is not limited to popular culture
• but can be associated with culture as a way of life
• (Raymond Williams) See week 1 Power Point
SEMIOTICS AND TATTOOING
Evidence of tattooing in early civilisations
Marked group belonging, social status
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SYMBOLIC
Stories, key moments and developments
Tattoos speak to the world semiotically
Barthes Mythologies
Saussure – signs drawn from language
Signified and Signifiers
What they are not
Reader is important
Tattoo culture – past and present
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TATTOOING
Scars that speak
Maori Moko tattoos
Picts tattoos
Crusades
Cook- tattooing widespread
Tahiti – ta-tu
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Maori Tattoo
DISREPUTE
Lombroso (1835-1909) – tattooing as sign of inherent criminality
Circus/Carnival Era (1990s-1920s)
Viewing tattooed bodies
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SYMBOLIC ASSOCIATIONS
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Wisdom and eternity
strength Love and constancy
REBEL ERA
Disrepute (post WWII)
Rebel Era
Youth gangs and tattoos
Prisoners and tatttoos
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TATTOOING AROUND THE GLOBE
Japan
5th century BC to 5th century AD
Revised 13th century – marking criminals
Irezumi – underground practice
Russia
Prisoners tattoos, secret codes
Social and political significance
U.S.
60s tattooing denoted gang affiliations
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SYMBOLIC CONTEXTS
10 Russia – skull represented thief
NEW AGE ERA
1970s onwards
Tattooing as symbolic expression and statements of self
Group affiliation
80s onwards viewed more positively
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TATTOOS AS STORYTELLING
Designs may symbolise personal issues, interests, hobbies, fandom,
Magazines tend to have designs around
Religious iconography
Cinematic horror icons
cultural and historical figures
Popular culture
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WHAT TYPE OF SYMBOLIC ASSOCIATIONS?
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religious Horror icons Popular culture icons
Film, television and media
Consumer culture Celebrity tattoo artists
MEDIA
Series of documentary. Reality television shows 2005 onwards
Miami Ink, LA Ink, London Ink, NY Ink,
My Tattoo Addiction
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CONTEXT
Stable and lasting in unstable postmodern society
May be interpreted different to what the wearer intends
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CELEBRITIES AND TATTOOS
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FOCUS GROUPS
Group interaction and discussion about a topic
Equality and confidentiality assured
Moderator – must not get involved in discussion (neutral)
6-10 people about right
Recording (audio) and writing transcripts
Used in marketing, film, research companies (amongst others)
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VIRTUAL FOCUS GROUPS
Via Facebook
Not anonymous
Easier to record
Via Second Life
Can still be anonymous
Larger groups may be easier to manage
People might be more willing to give viewpoints
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WHAT IS THE INDEPENDENT RESEARCH PROJECT
The Research Proposal hopefully leads into the Independent Research Project
6000-7000 words
Extended essay or research based
Specific chapters and considerations
MECS3301 (1 semester)
MECS3302 (over 2 semesters)
Supervisor (different to academic tutor)
See examples
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SUMMARY
Take the quiz on Semiotics
Quiz about the Independent Research Project.
Tattoos can be linked to identity through personalisation and symbolism (attached or pre planned).
May have group symbolism related to tattoos
Focus groups are another research method that you can use
The second half of this module focuses on Research Methods in more detail and helps you to think about the Independent Research Project.
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BIBLIOGRAPHY
Barthes, R. (1993) Mythologies, London, Vintage.
Bignell, J. (2004) Media Semiotics. Manchester, Manchester University Press.
Atkinson, M. (2003) Tattooed: The Sociogenesis of a Body Art. Toronto, Toronto University Press.
Sanders, C. (2008)Customising the Body: The Art and Culture of Tattooing. Philadelphia, Temple University Press.
Stokes, J.(2013) How to do Media and Cultural Studies. London, Sage.
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