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TYPOLOGY
Introduction in LinguisticsTongji University November 11 2013Marjoleine Sloos
What to learn?
Language typology Language universals
Syntactic typology Phonological typology Dialect typology
Contents
Language typology Language Universals Syntactic typology: Word order Phonological typology: Segmental inventory
Dialect typology Chinese dialects: dialect tree Predictions Segmental inventory Syllable structure Tonal inventory Syntactic differences
The comparison of structural patterns between languages and language varieties.
What Is Language Typology?
Word order
Which languages do you know? What is the word-order in terms of
SVO?
Word order
English Annie drinks tea SVO
Chinese Anna he cha SVO
French Anne bois té SVO
Dutch Anne drinkt thee SVO
German Anne trinkt Tee SVO
Japanese
Anna ga cha o nomu
SOV
Word order
English Annie drinks Chinese tea
AN
Chinese Anna he zhong shi cha
AN
French Anne bois té Chinoise
NA
Dutch Anne drinkt Chinese thee
AN
German Anne trinkt chinesischen Tee
AN
Japanese
Anna ga chugoku cha o nomu
AN
Language Universals
Joseph Greenberg (1915-2001) supposed there are a number of universals in languages
Basic order SVO? AN? Others are derived from that? Or: language samples investigated are
biased? Large database: http://wals.info/
Universal implications
If a language has X, it also has Y E.g. If a language has X, it also has Y "If a language has primarily an SOV
order and the genitive follows the noun, then the adjective also follows the noun”
“If a language has gender specification, it must have number specification”
Phonological Typology
Segmental inventory Consonants Vowels
Tonal inventory Number of tones Tonal contours
Syllable construction C1V C1VC2 C1GV C1GVC2 Possible restrictions on C1 or C2 Co-occurrence restrictions
Anhui dialect Shaanxi dialect Shanghai dialect
Mandarin Shanghai dialect Fujian Dialect
Zhejiang dialect
Henan dialect
Chinese dialects
Anhui Shaanxi Mandarin Henan Zhejiang Wu Shanghai Fujian Min
Consonant Chart IPA
Vowel chart IPA
Chinese dialects: Consonant inventory Anhui Shaanxi Henan Zhejiang Shanghai Fujian
Chinese dialects: Vowel inventory Anhui Shaanxi Henan Zhejiang Shanghai Fujian
Chinese dialects: Typology of tone Anhui Shaanxi Henan Zhejiang Shanghai Fujian
Chinese dialects: Syllable construction Anhui Shaanxi Henan Zhejiang Shanghai Fujian
Typological analysis
Segmental inventory Mandarin Wu Min Between
Typological analysis
Segmental inventory Mandarin Wu Min Between
Typological analysis
Tonal Mandarin Wu Min Between
Typological analysis
Syllable Structure Mandarin Wu Min Between
What did we learn?
How to analyse languages and dialects typologically
Main topics in typology Syntax: Word order Morphology: Reduplication Phonology: Segmental inventory, tone,
syllable structure
Assignment
As a group: finish the typology of the Chinese dialects Compare the different dialect groups (Mandarin,
Wu, Min) with each other; are the differences smaller/larger than within the Wu and Mandarin groups?
Is the difference between Mandarin and Min larger than between Mandarin and Wu/Min and Wu? In which respects (not)?
Is Wu in between Mandarin and Min? In which respects (not)?
Is there a relation between geographical distance and typological difference?
Assignment
As a group: finish the typology of the Chinese dialects Write a paper in which
For each dialects you describe the sound inventory, tonal inventory, syllable structure
You describe the typological differences between the dialects and the dialect groups
You speculate about the relation between geographical distance and typological difference
Next week
Language acquisition
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