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Phenomenology
Cartesian background Advantage: Looks at appearances as
appearances of objects. Result: An investigation of human
experience as it is had.
Central Concept: Intentionality Nothing to do with intending to act. About knowledge, not action Gives awareness ‘objects of awareness’ Examples: awareness of pain, itch and the
apple over there. Mind is directed toward objects.
Response to the egocentric predicament
Descriptions of the predicament: pages 9-11.
Mind and world are correlated; p. 12. Mind becomes public; acts in the open, is an
agent of truth. Different kinds of intentionality
• Intentionality is highly differentiated.• Appearances are real; they belong to being.
Appearances
Things have ways of appearing In part, investigate this through
investigating structures of intentionality
Perception of a cube “The presently visible sides are surrounded by a
halo of potentially visible but actually absent sides”.
Object permanence - we aren’t surprised by different views of objects.
Blend: “What is given to me when I see a cube is a blend of sides that are present and sides that are absent but cointended.”
My activity is also a mixture of parts. What parts?
Sides, etc.
In addition to the sides there are Aspects - ways in which the side is given A profile: a temporally individuated
presentation of an object. Thus two people who get the same
aspect will get different profiles.
Synthesis of the Manifold
Sides, aspect and profiles: in them all, one and the same cube is being presented.
The cube is not the sum of these
First formal structure:
Parts and Wholes: Pieces and moments Concreta and abstrata
Mind is a moment See Soul, p. 26
Simple ideas: from Hume This division is into simple and complex.
Simple perceptions, or impressions and ideas, are such as admit of no distinction nor separation. The complex are the contrary to these, and may be distinguished into parts. Though a particular colour, taste, and smell, are qualities all united together in this apple, it is easy to perceive they are not the same, but are at least distinguishable from each other.
Second formal structure
Identity in manifolds Distinction between things and the manifold
of its appearances The identity is not a member of the manifold
P. 31: phenomenological analysis Self-identity and manifold: p. 32
Third formal structure
Presences and absences: filled and empty intentions
Phenomenological account: includes blends of presences and absences, p. 35. Identity not just in presence
Two kinds of fulfillment: cumulative and additive
Natural Attitude
2 singularities The world The self
The default condition is one of belief Egocentric predicament again: p. 46
Phenomenological attitude It is “all or nothing” Looks at and describes, analyticallly, all the
particular intentionalities and the correslates, and world belief as well, with the world as its correlative.
Bracketing - We bracket the world and all the things in the world
Focus not just on subjective side and intentionalities. Also focus on objects as appearing to us in our natural attitude
Phenomenological Reduction
Two ways: Ontological Cartesian
Ontological: scientific, rigorous Cartesian: frightening, not genuine doubt,
but attempt to doubt
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