INTERHANDS/SOUTHCOM October 2000 Jim Kunder THE INTERNATIONAL HUMANITARIAN COMMUNITY (“Who Are...

INTERHANDS/SOUTHCOM October 2000Jim Kunder

THE INTERNATIONAL HUMANITARIAN

COMMUNITY(“Who Are These Guys? And, What Do

They Want From Me?”)

Kunder/Reali Associates

Presentation Outline

• Who Shows Up During “Complex Emergencies?” Know Your Partners!

• What Are All These Folks Doing?

• The Coordination Mechanisms

• Avoiding The Common Mistakes

• What Does The Future Hold?

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“Complex Emergency”

• A humanitarian crisis in a country or region where there is a total or considerable BREAKDOWN of authority resulting from internal and/or external conflict, which requires an international response that goes beyond the mandate or capacity of any single agency. The crisis may be worsened by natural disasters.

• SUCH A CRISIS OFTEN ENTAILS SIGNIFICANT SECURITY RISKS BOTH TO THE POPULACE AND TO RESPONDING ORGANIZATIONS.

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Useful Definitions

“NGOs” Non-governmental Organizations

“PVOs” Private Voluntary Organizations

“IOs” International Organizations

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Deprivation due to family impoverishment…

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…injury, illness, disability

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…separation from families

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…displacement from home

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value distortion…

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Missed schooling…

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…torture, arrest and detention,sexual and physical abuse,psychosocial distress,abduction and slavery, recruitment…

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Death…

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Complex Emergencies• Afghanistan• Angola• Balkans• Caucasus (Armenia;

Azerbaijan; Georgia)• Central African Republic• Congo• DPR Korea• East Timor• Eritrea/Ethiopia• Great Lakes Region

• Guinea-Bissau• Horn of Africa Drought• Indonesia (Maluku;

Timor)• Iraq• Liberia• Russian Fed. (Chechnya)• Sierra Leone• Somalia• Sudan• Tajikistan

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The International Humanitarian Community• UNITED NATIONS HUMANITARIAN AGENCIES

(OCHA, UNICEF, UNHCR, WFP, AND MANY OTHERS)

• INTERNATIONAL ORGANIZATIONS (IOs)(ICRC, IFRC/C, IOM, AND MANY OTHERS)

• PVOs AND NGOs [PROGRAM DELIVERY](CARE, SAVE THE CHILDREN, WORLD VISION, CATHOLIC RELIEF SERVICES, AND MANY, MANY OTHERS)

• PVOS AND NGOS [ADVOCACY](AMNESTY INTERNATIONAL, HUMAN RIGHTS WATCH, AND MANY OTHERS)

• DONOR AGENCIES(OFDA, ECHO, AND MANY OTHERS)

• HOST GOVERNMENTS AND AGENCIES

• MILITARY FORCES

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Characteristics of Relief Agencies

• DIVERSE

• INDEPENDENT• IMPARTIAL AND NEUTRAL• GRASSROOTS FOCUSED•FLEXIBLE•WILLING TO OPERATE IN HIGH-RISK

AREAS

•EMPHASIS ON SUSTAINABILITY

DEPENDENT ON FUNDRAISING FOR RESPONSE

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NGO Culture Contrasted With Military Culture

• Independent

• Decentralized Authority

• “C3A”• Cooperation• Coordination• Consensus• Assessment

• On-The-Job Training

• Few Field Manuals

• Long-term Perspective

• Field Experience

• Highly Disciplined

• Hierarchical Command

• C3I• Command• Control• Communications• Intelligence

• Extensive Branch Training

• Doctrinal Publications

• “End-State” Approach

• Combat Experience

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Roles of Humanitarian Agencies

Traditional:• Distribution of food and non-food relief supplies• Primary and emergency health care• Water and sanitation• Shelter and housing• Camp management and refugee services• Logistics and warehousing

Evolving:• Land mine awareness and training• Reintegration services for former fighters• Conflict management and resolution• Human rights monitoring• Rebuilding "civil society"

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In-Country Coordination

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INTERNATIONAL RELATIONSHIPS DURING DISASTERS“The Fog of Relief”

UN Coord and

AgenciesUNICEF

WFPUNDP NGO

UNHCR

NGO

NGO

USG

Red Cross

ICRC

Affected Country Requirements

NGO

Donor

OtherDonors

NGO

Donor

NGONGO

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Field-Based Humanitarian Coordination

The Embassy "Country Team" Other USG Agencies (OFDA "DART") UN Coordination Entities

Humanitarian Operations Center (HOC)

On-site Operations Coordination Center (OSOCC)

NGO-Only Coordination Bodies Host Government Ministries/Authorities U.S. Military Structures

Civil-Military Operations Center (CMOC)

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CMOC Services Requested By Humanitarian Agencies

• Daily Security Briefings -- "The Big Picture"

• Convoy Support

• Guidance for Firearms/Local Security

• "911" Services

• Joint Assessment!!!!!!!!!

• Sectoral Planning and Coordination

• Technical Assistance – Communications/Vehicle Repair/Construction Materials

• Access to Areas "Behind the Wire" – Ports

– Airfields

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Avoiding the Common Mistakes in Humanitarian Response

Intelligence/information exchange

Sustainability

Proportionality

Target populations

“Warlord photo ops”

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What Does The Future Hold?

• Debates on Impartiality

• Hard Choices on Intervention

• Risks to Relief Workers

• “Mid-Range Peacebuilding”• Demobilizing fighters…

• Relocating displaced populations…

• New concepts of “safe zones”…

• Rebuilding the security and justice apparatus…

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Useful Civilian Disaster Web Sites• Centers for Disease Control www.cdc.gov• ECHO (European Community Humanitarian Office) http://europa.eu.int/comm/echo• ICRC (Int'l Committee of the Red Cross) www.icrc.ch/• IFRC (Int'l Federation of Red Cross/Crescent) www.ifrc.org/• Individual NGOs:

– International Medical Corps www.imc-la.com/– Doctors without Borders www.msf.org/

• InterAction www.interaction.org• OFDA (Office of U.S. Foreign Disaster Assistance) www.info.usaid.gov/hum_response/ofda• OCHA (Office/Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs) www.reliefweb.int/dha_ol/• PAHO (Pan-American Health Organization) www.paho.org• Relief Web www.reliefweb.int• UNICEF www.unicef.org• UNHCR (High Commissioner for Refugees) www.unhcr.ch/• World Health Organization www.who.int

INTERHANDS/SOUTHCOMOctober 2000Jim KunderE-mail: jimkunder@hotmail.com

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