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8/14/2019 Information System Approaches & Roles
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INFORMATION SYSTEM
APPROACHES
&
ROLES
Presented by:
Goutham.M (112)
Jayakanth.K (118)
Santosh Kumar.S (135)
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History Of Information System
• The history of information systems (IS) only spans fivedecades. Yet from its inception, IS has done more toexpand business and industry into global markets thanany other convention in history.
• By the mid-sixties IS was already forging its way intobusiness mainstream. The use of computer in businessand industry usually started off in the accountingdepartments.
• During the seventies more upper management levelsrecognized the importance of IS and the flexibility itbrought to business.
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INFORMATION-SYSTEM
• Information System handles the flow and maintenance of information that supports a business or some other operation.
• Information is derived from meaningful interpretation of data. Data consists of the raw facts representing eventsoccurring in the environment.
• An Information System can be defined technically as a set
of interrelated components that collect (or retrieve),process, store and distribute information to support decisionmaking and control in an organization.
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Definition of an Information system (by
Buckingham et al (1987b)) is :
A system which assembles, stores,
processes, and delivers information relevant to
an organization (or to a society), in such a way
that the information is accessible and useful to
those who wish to use it, including managers,staff, clients and citizens.
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3 major components of aSystem:
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Functions of Information System
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• Using information systems
effectively requires an
understanding of the
organization, management,and information technology
shaping the systems.• All information systems can
be described as organizational
and management solutions to
challenges posed by the
environment.
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APROACHES
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Technical Approach
It emphasizes mathematically based models to studyinformation systems, as well as the physical technology andformal capabilities of these systems.
The disciplines that contribute to the technical approach arecomputer science, management science, and operations
research.
• Computer science is concerned with establishing theories of computability,methods of computation, and methods of efficient data storage and access.
• Management science emphasizes the development of models for decision-making and management practices.
• Operations research focuses on mathematical techniques for optimizingselected parameters of organizations such as transportation, inventory control,and transaction costs.
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Behavioral ApproachIt concentrates on changes in attitudes, management and
organizational policy, and behavior.Issues such as strategic business integration, design,implementation, utilization, and management could beexplored usefully with the models used in this approach.
• Sociologists study information systems with an eye toward how groups andorganizations shape the development of systems and also how systemsaffect individuals, groups, and organizations.
• Psychologists study information systems with an interest in how humandecision makers perceive and use formal information.
• Economists study information systems with an interest in what impactsystems have on control and cost structures within the firm and withinmarkets.
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Sociotechnical Systems
In a sociotechnical perspective, the performance of asystem is optimized when both the technology and the
organization mutually adjust to one another until a
satisfactory fit is obtained.
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The New Role of Information Systems in
Organizations
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Widening scope of information
systems
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• Information systems
can reduce the number
of levels in an
organization by
providing managerswith information to
supervise larger
numbers of workers
and by giving lower-level employees more
decision-making
authority.
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Role of Information System
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1. Operational-level systems
– support operational managers by keeping trackof the elementary activities & transactions of the
org such as sales, receipts, cash deposits 2. Knowledge-level systems
– support the organization’s knowledge and dataworker.
- It help the company to discover, organize andintegrate new knowledge into business and tocontrol the flow of paperwork.
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3. Management-Level systems
- monitor, control, decision-making &administrative activities of middle managers
- controlling whether everything in company isworking well, whether actual costs exceed budgets
4. Strategic-Level systems
- help senior management tackle and addressstrategic issues and long-term trends, both in the
firm and the external environment
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Systems Example (Sales system)
Strategic level To forecast sales trends, buying
habits trends for next 5 years
Management
level
Tracks monthly sales figures, if
sales exceed or fall belowexpected figures
Knowledgelevel
To design promotional displaysfor firm’s products, i.e. to design
an attractive brochure
Operationallevel
To record daily sales figures, i.e.at the cashier machine
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Major Types of Information System
• Executive Support Systems (ESS)Executive Support Systems (ESS)
• Decision Support Systems (DSS)Decision Support Systems (DSS)
• Management Information Systems (MIS)Management Information Systems (MIS)• Knowledge Work Systems (KWS)Knowledge Work Systems (KWS)
• Office Automation Systems (OAS)Office Automation Systems (OAS)
• Transaction Processing Systems (TPS)Transaction Processing Systems (TPS)
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