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Unit 9. Industrialism (1865-1900). Causes. Post Reconstruction Politics (1876-1896). Characterized by: Political corruption led by “bosses” Need for reform Constant debates over tariffs Weak / nonexistent leadership. Presidential Impact on…. Presidential Impact on…. The railroad. 1804 - PowerPoint PPT Presentation
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Unit 9
Characterized by: Political corruption led by “bosses” Need for reform Constant debates over tariffs Weak / nonexistent leadership
President Politics IndustrialismGarfield
Arthur
President Politics IndustrialismCleveland
Harrison
1804
1890s
May 10, 1869: Transcontinental railroad completed…
By 1890: Almost 200,000 miles of track Major companies developed:
Union Pacific; Credit Mobilier; Central Pacific Numerous government actions taken:
Millions of acres given in land grants and financial loans for development
Created the Interstate Commerce Commission
How did railroads impact the following?Steel…
How did railroads impact the following?Lumber
How did railroads impact the following?Raw materials and agricultural goods
Railroads impact on…Communication:
Travel:
Business:
Politics:
American living:
(1876) Bell’s telephone
(1879) Edison’s light bulb
(1903) Wright brother’s airplane
You decide?
Scottish immigrant; found Carnegie steel in 1889
Secret to Success:1.Always looked for new techniques to
improve products2.Hire the best employees3.Vertical integration:
buy out suppliers4.Horizontal consolidation:
buy out competition Sold the company to Morgan for 480 million
1870: Founded the Standard Oil Company 1890: Controlled 90% of the oil business
Offered lower prices to drive out competition Raised prices after competition quit
1911: Forced to break up the company because it was a monopoly
Worth 1.4 billion in 1937… 190 billion today
Carnegie , Rockefeller and Morgan all for either trusts or monopolies to control industries
Many believed in the Gospel of wealth Many became philanthropists
Carnegie over 350 million Rockefeller over 500 million
Many believed that the poor were just lazy and weren’t working hard enough
Many made millions at the expense of the poor
You decide?
1890: Congress passed the Sherman Antitrust Act
Any attempt to interfere with free trade by forming a trust would be illegal Made monopolies illegal
Difficult to enforce…trust was to vague
Poor working conditions…16 hour shifts & little pay
Treated like slaves Forced to sign yellow dog contracts Rebellious workers were put on black lists Dangerous machines that caused injury or
death Toxic materials caused many diseases Women & children were excellent
employees
1870s-1890s: Fewer than 1% of the workforce is a
union workerWages do not support standards of
living
The Gilder Lehrman Institute. Modules on American Historyhttp://www.gilderlehrman.org/teachers/module_pop_resource.php?module_id=342&resource_id=690
Screen clipping taken: 2/7/2011, 4:22 PM
Remaining: $116 $34 $153
1886: Samuel Gompers helps to form the American
Federation of Labor (AFL)1894 Eugene V. Debs helps to create the American
Railway Union (ARU)1903 Teamsters formed as a craft union dedicated
to delivery drivers
What causes people to unionize?
Labor Unions in the United States | Economic History Serviceshttp://eh.net/encyclopedia/article/friedman.unions.usScreen clipping taken: 2/7/2011, 4:15 PM
Unions fight for better wages and working conditions
Employees look upon employers as the enemy
Use strikes to achieve goals Achieve:
a shorter work day Restrictions on child labor Minimum wage laws Better working conditions
The Gilder Lehrman Institute. Modules on American History
http://www.gilderlehrman.org/teachers/module_pop_resource.php?module_id=342&resource_id=689
Screen clipping taken: 2/7/2011, 4:32 PM
Were they successful?
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