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Independence for the Middle East
Ottoman Empire to 1948
Middle East?
Ottoman Empire• Began in modern day Turkey
• Expanded territory 1451-1566
• Beg. of 20th century empire is very weak
• Joins with Germany & Austria-Hungary for WWI
Ottoman Empire Expansion 1451-1566
The Ottoman Empire Crumbles
• British & French defeat Ottoman Empire in 1918
• Ottoman Empire broken up by Paris peace settlement (Became Turkey in 1922)
• Armenian Genocide during World War I– Over 600,000 Armenians killed (Christians)
The 1920’s (after WWI)
• France and Britain retained strong control over most of Arab-speaking world
• Arabs grow increasingly disillusioned with European dominance
• Middle Easterners slowly take bigger role in colonial governments
1930’s: Nationalism and Oil
• Nationalism begins to increase in the 1930s– Saudi Arabia, Iran [formerly Persia] formed
• Oil becomes central to the economy of the Middle East – American companies discover oil in Iran, Iraq, Saudi
Arabia and Kuwait
Formed1932
Formed1935
Formed1923
Palestine• Controlled by the British
• 1917 British issues the Balfour Declaration– “view with favor the establishment in Palestine of a
national home for the Jewish people.”
• Population: Jews Arabs– 1880 24,000 475,000– 1919 60,000 640,000– 1939 429,000 1,000,000
End of World War II
• Britain turns the Palestine issue to the United Nations.
• Modern nation of Israel was born out of the 1947 United Nations Partition Plan
• The plan called for BOTH a Palestinian and a Jewish homeland.
United NationsPartition Plan
Formed1932
Formed1935
Formed1923
Formed1948
Maps of Middle East
• Page 762 & 770 Green History books
• Fill in ALL countries, bodies of water, etc..
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