In-Text Citations

IN-TEXT CITATIONS

Using A.P.A. Style

Purpose

Show what information you have taken from sources

Show how to find further source information on the references page

Quotations

When should you use quotations?

Use Quotations When:

Taking four or more words from a source An author makes a particularly poignant

statement

Block Quotation

When should you use block style to set off a quotation?

Use a Block Quotation When: Quoting more than forty words from a

source

Example of a Block Quotation

…Robert Samboa (2003), general manager at Stamford’s Restaurant, agrees:

Setting goals reminds employees to strive for perfection and promotion. Without goals, a job can quickly become simply a paycheck, and a paycheck isn’t enough when a company is wants to achieve a high levels of job satisfaction and customer service. Managers should note the types of goals set by each employee to better understand what motivates each individual on their team (pp. 43-44). Jackson (2008) asserts …

Paraphrasing

When should you use paraphrasing?

Use Paraphrasing When:

Condensing source information by stating it in your own words

Citing Sources

Include in-text citations for both quoted and paraphrased material

In-Text Citations Should Include: The author’s name (or corporate author,

or an abbreviated version of the title) The year of publication The page number (for direct quotes from

print or PDF sources)

A.P.A. Conventions for In-Text Citations

Year of publication should follow or appear near the author’s name

According to Jackson (2007)In Jackson’s 2007 studyIn 2007, Jackson studied …aspect of retention (Jackson, 2007).

A.P.A. Conventions for In-Text Citations

Page numbers follow quoted material

According to Jackson (2007), “the right way is always the best way,” (p. 4) and she defines the right way as…

Multiple Authors

If five or fewer authors, list all five in the first in-text citation

According to McMillin, Cox, Edmonds, Wood, and Mason (2008) …

…(McMillin, Cox, Edmonds, Wood, & Mason, 2008).

Multiple Authors Cont.

In subsequent citations of five or fewer authors use et. al.

McMillin et. al. (2008) emphasize …

Indirect Quotations

Cite both the speaker of the quote and the author of the article

Gerber claims that “employees should be encouraged to…” (as cited in Walls & Willis, 2009, p.9).

Paraphrasing from Multiple Sources Cite all sources to give credit and

establish credibility

…(Loftus, 2004; Testerman, Kuegler, & Dowling, 2009; Smith, 2008).

Loftus (2004), Testerman, Kuegler, and Dowling (2009) and Smith (2008) all note that ….

My Convention for Direct Quotes Introduce the speaker of the quote

before giving the quoted material

According to Jackson (2007) “Employee retention…” (p. 8).

Corporate Author

How should you cite a source with a corporate author or an organization as author?

Corporate Author

Microsoft (2009) asserts… …(Microsoft, 2009).

No Author

How should you cite a source if no author was given?

No Author—Use Abbreviated Title In “A Short History” (2009) the author

says… …(“A Short History,” 2009).

Two Authors With Same Last Name How do you cite two authors with the

same last names?

Two Authors With Same Last Name J. Smith (2001) and K. Smith (2001)

disagree… …(J. Smith, 2001; K. Smith, 2001).

Two Sources Written by Same Author in Same Year

How do you cite articles written by the same author in the same year?

Add Letters to Year of Publication Berta (2009a) agrees … Berta (2009b) agrees… …(Berta, 2009a; Berta, 2009b).

Add letters to references page, as well.

In-Text Citation Resources

Your textbook pp.180-182 Purdue University Owl

http://owl.english.purdue.edu/ University Writing Center handout University Writing Center tutor

Problems With Word’s Citation Feature

Improper/incomplete in-text citations Citations drop out when you copy and

paste

Conclusion

Attention to detail=correct citations=credibility