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Major Findings(1) Impact of the irrigation project
The irrigation project transformed rice farming from traditional style to high input
–high return system, resulting to higher and more stable rice income of irrigated
farmers than their counter factual rainfed farmers.�Yield of irrigated rice farmers is about twice as high as that of rainfed rice farmers
(2.4 t/ha/season vs. 1.2 t/ha/season of dry paddy).
� Irrigated rice farmers use about 1.5 times more chemical fertilizer than rainfed
farmers do and have started using hybrid varieties
� Irrigated rice farmers achieved about 2.4 times higher rice income than that of the
rainfed rice farmers.
�Risk against drought was reduced. Irrigated rice farmers’ income did not go down
in the drought season (2009November - 2010April) as much as rainfed rice
farmers suffered. However, in the project area, irrigated farmers suffered a
negative shock of flood (2010November – 2011April).
� Irrigated rice farmers achieved higher and more stable income (except in the flood
season), which contributed to faster growth of household assets.
�Rainfed rice farmers have non-agricultural sources of income and earn higher
from these sources compared to irrigated rice farmers, which made the income
gap among the two groups smaller.
Impact of Bohol Irrigation
System Project Phase 2
(BIS II) on Rice Farming
Conclusion�The Bohol Irrigation Project (Phase 2) substantially improved the livelihood of the
beneficiary farmers by enabling them to earn higher and more stable income from
rice production than the counterfactual rainfed farmers.
�To achieve equitable outcomes within the system, role of IAs and TSAs for
equitable water rotation are crucially important.
(2) Equitable water access and project outcomes among irrigated farmers
Results from comparison in differences in water access as well as differences in
project outcomes between different groups of farmers are as follows (This attempt
is an examination of ex-post equity which does not necessarily indicate wether changes
are equal between groups):�There is no statistical difference in water access as well as key outcomes (i.e. yield,
income, asset value, etc) along the main canal. The main canal is properly design
and constructed to the extent of irrigating a current service area of about 2,600
hectares and NIA has properly handled maintenance and management of the
facilities.
�We find no strong evidence of differences in water access, and outcomes against
small landholders, asset non-rich farmers, non-owner cultivators, and female-headed
households.
�There are disadvantages in water access and yield in the rice farmers on from the
downstream portion of the lateral (secondary) canals. Stricter water rotation by IA is
crucial.
�Upstream parcels within a TSA achieve higher rice income per hectare by taking
advantage of hydrological privilege, particularly in a drought season. Stricter water
rotation by TSA is crucial.
�There is possible disadvantage against land reform beneficiaries due to their weak
social position relative to their ex-landlords who sometimes try to acquire water as
their vested interest. Further study can be made to investigate this matter.
IntroductionThis project evaluates the impact of Bohol Irrigation Project (Phase 2) and draws
implications for a greater and sustainable impact for the future. The irrigation system is a
gravity irrigation system consisting of a reservoir dam (Bayongan dam), a main canal,
secondary canals or laterals, turnouts, and farm ditches. Different from other ordinary
systems in the country, all canals and laterals are lined, every turnout has a concrete
structure, and most of the turnouts have a steel spindle gate in this system. Similar to the
other systems, farm ditches are earth canals.
Objectives of the study(1) To evaluate the impact of a Bohol irrigated system irrigation development project on rice
farmers and;
(2) To compare differences in water access as well as differences in project outcomes
between different groups of farmers
MethodologyProject data was collected through a series of household-level and TSA-level surveys (the
later collected only in irrigated area) The project covered four periods and one baseline
period for irrigated rice farmers (note: period 2 was drought and period 4 was flood).
6000
8000
10000
12000
14000
total_asset_cap
1 2 3 4Period
Irrigated SE
Rainfed Inside FS SE
Total asset per cap
6000
8000
10000
12000
14000
hh_income_cap
1 2 3 4Period
Irrigated SE
Rainfed Inside FS SE
Household income per cap
drought fl
ood
Nov2008-
Apr2009
Nov2008-
Apr2009
Nov2008-
Apr2009
May2009-
Octr2010
May2010-
Octr2010
irrigation season
Bayongan dam Spindle gates along main canalsLateral (secondary) canal
typical rainfed rice farm irrigated rice fields
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
3000
yield
0 1 2 3 4Period
Irrigated SE
Rainfed Inside FS SE
yield
30
40
50
60
kgnha
1 2 3 4Period
Irrigated SE
Rainfed Inside FS SE
Kilogram of nitrogen per hectare
IRRI Bohol Project Team: Kei Kajisa, Shigeki Yokoyama,
Pie Moya, Ed Mendez, Lolit Garcia, Shiela Valencia, Vicky
Rodr i g u ez , E lmer S uñaz & Nea l e P agu i r ig an
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