Immigration, Integration. WWI: « native » troops recruited into French army Temporary...

Week Three: AlgeriaImmigration, Integration

WWI: « native » troops recruited into French army

Temporary immigrationAlgeria major settler colonyLand expropriation

France and Algeria

Prior to independence (1962) French nationals

Subjects, not citizens100,000 in 1924Mining, iron, steel, car manufacture

Marseilles, Lyons, St Etienne, Strasbourg, Paris

France and Algeria

Stage 1: temporary, economic support to families

WWII: Statute of Algeria (1947): full citizenship for Algerian men

Unregulated passage between Algeria and France

Français-musulmans d’Algérie

France and Algeria

Stage 2: post-19471956: 300,000 Algerians in France

Poor living conditions, shanty towns.

France and Algeria

Algerian War of Independence (1954-62)

FLN (Front de Libération Nationale) funded through taxes on Algerians in France.

Represssive reaction in France

Reinforced support for FLN

France and Algeria

Maurice Papon 1958: organised repression of FLN

October 1961: curfewPeaceful demonstrations attacked

Over 50 Algerians killed by security forces

France and Algeria

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=csZNUHNg-VM

1962: Accord d’Evian – Algerian Independence

1965: 500,000 Algerian nationals in France

Restrictions introduced in 1970s – end of Les Trente Glorieuses

Algerian presence temporary?

France and Algeria

Public housing restrictionsSegregated accommodation« Overseeing » of Algerian community by former colonial police

France and Algeria

1975-85: 2nd generation Algerians

Stereotyping of young males and women

Spatial dynamics: public housing estates and banlieues

Exhortation to « integrate »

France and Algeria

Ambiguity over nationalityBeurs = arabe = a-ra-be = beur

Islamic counter-cultureBeurgoisie

France and Algeria

HarkisFled Algeria in 1962Interned in camps in rural France

France and Algeria

http://www.histoire-immigration.fr/histoire-de-l-immigration/le-film

Mid 19th Century: 2.5% foreigners (Savoyards)

1901: 4% (80% Italians)Construction, manual work (glove-making)

1921: 7.7%1931: 18% (national average 7%)

Grenoble: a multicultural city

St Laurent – rue Chenoise - Rue Très Cloître

Drop after 1931 1946: 8,2%St Laurent: 90% Italian

82% Manual or skilled workers

Grenoble: a multicultural city

Shift in population: Portugueses, Spanish, North African

Progression southwards, Echirolles, Villeneuve

Largest English-speaking population outside Paris

2010: 15.6% foreigners (5.8% North Africans)

Grenoble: a multicultural city

http://www.tres-cloitres.org/?page_id=18

Grenoble: a multicultural city

Grenoble: a multicultural city

Grenoble: a multicultural city

Grenoble: a multicultural city

Grenoble: a multicultural city

No recognition of individuals according to racial criteria

Nationals ≠non-nationalsRemain foreign, become French

Immigration, integration

Filiation = droit du sangNo droit du solFrench if one parent born in France = double droit du sol

Algeria: French if one parent born in Algeria before independence

Nationality Legislation

Foreign born children can become French if parents naturalized

Residency in France for more than 5 years

4 years of marriage

Nationality Legislation

2011: applicants justify assimilation into French community

Test of assimilation, sign charter

Nationality Legislation

Immigration Figures

Immigration Figures

Immigration Figures

Immigration Figures