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• #1 – Reduce building load• Building orientation, construction, and integrated design
• #2 – Demand control ventilation• #3 – Net Energy Use (energy sharing)
• Recycle, reclaim, integrate• Example cooling to heating ventilation air or hot water
• #4 – Extend equipment life• #5 – Reduce cost of delivering Comfort• #6 – System efficiency not unit efficiency ratings
• Efficiency ratings are at static conditions• Not valid from one type of equipment to another• Test points versus applied efficiency
HVAC DESIGN GOALS
6
THE FIVE SYSTEM LOOPS
airsideloop
chilled-waterloop
refrigerationloop
heat rejectionloop
controlsloop
7
CHILLED WATER PRODUCTION
chilled-waterloop
refrigerationloop
heat rejectionloop
8
AIR-COOLED OR WATER-COOLED
0 tons[0 kW]
1,000 tons[3,517 kW]
2,000 tons[7,034 kW]
chiller capacity
1,500 tons[5,276 kW]
2,500 tons[8,793 kW]
500 tons[1,759 kW]
3,000 tons[10,551 kW]
air-cooled
water-cooled
COMPRESSOR TYPES
9
helical-rotary (screw)
centrifugal
scroll
10
ABSORPTION CHILLER TYPES
single-effectdouble-effect
direct-fired
11
WATERSIDE ECONOMIZER PLATE-AND-FRAME HEAT EXCHANGER
plate-and-frame heat exchanger
distribution pump
equal-capacity large chillers
bypass
condenser water loop
Ideal ApplicationsRegions with year round cooling load and low ambient temperatures.Relatively warm chilled fluid.Requirement to use a water-side economizer rather than an air-side economizer.
What is it?Fluid cooler integrated into the footprint of an Air-Cooled chiller
WATERSIDE ECONOMIZER WITH A/C CHILLERS
THERMAL STORAGE SYSTEMS
13
PARTIAL THERMAL STORAGE
14
0
25
50
75
cool
ing
load
, % o
f des
ign
100
midnight 6 a.m. noon 6 p.m. midnight
make ice
melt ice
chiller
Lower utility costsLower on-peak electrical consumption (kWh)Lower on-peak electrical demand (kW)
Smaller equipment sizeSmaller chillerSmaller electrical service (A)
Reduced installed costMay qualify for utility rebates or other incentives
15
THERMAL STORAGE SYSTEM
DEDICATED HEAT RECOVERY CHILLER
55F45F
120F
140F
Where to Apply
•VAV Reheat
•Domestic Hot Water
•Low Temperature Heating
Cooling Load
Heating Load
$0.75/Therm1.6 Kg CO2 per Therm
17
CHILLED WATER CONSUMPTION
airsideloop
Chilled Water produced as part of the HVAC system can also be concurrently used by other systems within a building, such as process cooling loads for Mfg.
• Chilled Water Air Handling Units• Chilled Water Terminal Units
• Fan Coil• Chilled Beams• Sensible Cooling VAV
• DOAS• Chilled Water VAV AHU
18
COMMON CHILLED WATER HVAC SYSTEMS
19
CHILLED-WATER AIR-HANDLING UNIT
air-handling units
water-cooled chiller
20
CHILLED-WATER TERMINAL SYSTEM
chilled-water terminal unit with reheat coils
dedicated outdoor air unit
21
CHILLED BEAMS
22
CENTRAL CHILLED-WATER VAV SYSTEM
chilled-waterair-handlers
VAV terminal units
cooling tower
boiler
system controls
chillerpumps
23
DEDICATED OUTDOOR-AIR SYSTEM
VAV terminal diffusers
chilled-water terminal units
dedicated outdoor air unit
• Robust Components built to last a long time• Overall System Controllability• Application Options• Wider Operating Envelope• Air Distribution Flexibility• Maintain vs. Replace
24
WHY CHILLED WATER
25
STABILITY OF CONTROL
setpointchilledwater
DX
DISTRIBUTION – PIPING ENERGY
Hydronic systems 15 times more efficient than refrigerant system
Hydronic systems 10 times more efficient than air systems
Distribution/Pumping Energy
0.0%
5.0%
10.0%
15.0%
20.0%
25.0%
30.0%
35.0%
0 100 200 300 400 500
Pipe/Duct Length
Perc
ent o
f C
ompr
esso
r Hor
sepo
wer
Hydronic Air (Low Pressure VVT) Air (Medium Pressure VAV) Refrigerant (VRF)
Chart1
0000
100100100100
200200200200
300300300300
400400400400
500500500500
Hydronic
Air (Low Pressure VVT)
Air (Medium Pressure VAV)
Refrigerant (VRF)
Pipe/Duct Length
Percent of Compressor Horsepower
Distribution/Pumping Energy
0
0
0
0.01
0.0035563973
0.0125671983
0.0439851939
0.06
0.0071127946
0.0251343965
0.0879703878
0.12
0.0106691919
0.0377015948
0.1319555817
0.18
0.0142255892
0.050268793
0.1759407756
0.24
0.0177819865
0.0628359913
0.2199259695
0.3
Definitions
Taco System Analysis
2/21/14
Definitions:
Building;
FL = Floor Length (ft)
FW = Floor Width (ft)
PW = Perimeter Width
= 20 ft (default)
FH = Floor Height (ft)
NF - Number of Floors
RA = Roof Area (sq ft)
= FL x FW
BA = Building Area (sq ft)
= FL x FW x NF
PA = Perimeter Area
= (2 x (FL + FW) x PW - (4 x PW x PW)) x NF
V = Building Volume (cu ft)
= A x FH x NF
IAC = Infliltration air chages per hour (user preference)
= 0.5 air changes/hr (default)
IA = Infiltration Airflow (cu ft/min)
= Building Volume (cu ft/air change) x IAC (air changes/hr) / 60 min/hr or Actual from Load Program
Heat Loss - Design
IHDT = Indoor Heating Design Temperature
= 75F (default)
HLT = Total Heat Loss (btu/hr)
HLV = Ventilation Heat Loss (btu/hr)
= Infiltration Airflow (cu ft/min) x
1.085 btu/hr/cu ft/min/deg F x (Indoor Heating Design Temperature -
Outdoor Design Heating Temperature (ASHRAE Average Annual Minimum DB deg F))
= IA x 1.085 x (IHDT - ASHRAE Average Annual Minimum DB deg F)
HLE = Envelope Heat Loss (btu/hr)
= Total Heat Loss - Ventilation Heat Loss
= HLT - HLV
HLR = Roof Heat Loss (btu/hr)
= Envelope Heat Loss x Roof Area (sq ft)/ Envelope Area (sq ft)
= HLE x RA / (RA + (2 x (FL + FW) x FH x NF))
HLW = Wall Heat Loss (btu/hr)
= Envelope Heat Loss (btu/hr) - Roof Heat Loss (btu/hr)
= HLE - HLR
HLTP = Perimeter Total Heat Loss
= Wall Heat Loss + Ventilation Heat Loss
= HLW + HLV
HLTI = Interior Total Heat Loss (btu/hr)
= Roof Heat Loss
= HLR
Heat Loss - Hourly
HHLT = Hourly Total Heat Loss (btu/hr)
HHLV = Hourly Ventilation Heat Loss (btu/hr)
= Ventilation Heat Loss x Heating Load Part Load Factor
= HLV x HLPLF
If Actual Envelope Loads are not Available from Load Program
HHLE = Envelope Heat Loss (btu/hr)
= Total Heat Loss - Ventilation Heat Loss
= HLT - HLV
HHLR = Hourly Roof Heat Loss (btu/hr)
= Roof Heat Loss x Heating Load Part Load Factor
= HLR x HLPLF
HHLW = Hourly Wall Heat Loss (btu/hr)
= Wall Heat Loss x Heating Load Part Load Factor
= HLW x HLPLF
HHLTP = Hourly Perimeter Total Heat Loss
= Hourly Wall Heat Loss + Hourly Ventilation Heat Loss
= HHLW + HHLV
HHLTI = Hourly Interior Total Heat Loss (btu/hr)
= Hourly Roof Heat Loss
= HHLR
If Actual Envelope Loads are Available from Load Program
HHLR = Hourly Roof Heat Loss (btu/hr)
= Hourly Roof Transmission Heat Loss from Load Program
HHLW = Hourly Wall Heat Loss (btu/hr)
= Hourly Wall Transmission Heat Loss from Load Program
HHLG = Hourly Glass Heat Loss (btu/hr)
= Hourly Glass Transmission Heat Loss from Load Program
HHLE = Hourly Envelope Heat Loss (btu/hr)
= Hourly Roof Transmission Heat Loss + Hourly Wall Transmission Heat Loss + Hourly Glass Transmission Heat Loss
HHLTP = Hourly Perimeter Total Heat Loss
= Hourly Wall Heat Loss + Hourly Infiltration Heat Loss
HHLTI = Hourly Interior Total Heat Loss (btu/hr)
= Hourly Roof Heat Loss
Heating Part Load Factor
HPLF = Heating Part Load Factor
= Hourly heat loss / Total heat loss
= HHLT / HLT
Heat Gain - Design
ICDT = Indoor Cooling Design Temperature
= 73F (default)
ILH = Indoor Latent Heat grw/lbda (Design)
= 4.4 grw/lbda (default at 73F DB and 40% RH)
HGT = Total Heat Gain (btu/hr)
HGVS = Ventilation Sensible Heat Gain (btu/hr)
= Infiltration Airflow (cu ft/min) x
1.085 btu/hr/cu ft/min/deg F x (Outdoor Design Cooling Temperature (ASHRAE Average Annual Maximum DB deg F) -
Indoor Cooling Design Temperature deg F)
= IA x 1.085 x (ASHRAE Average Annual Maximum DB deg F - ICDT)
= IA x 1.085 x (ASHRAE Average Annual Maximum DB deg F - 73)
HGVL = Ventilation Latent Heat Gain (btu/hr)
= IA cu ftda/min x 60 min/hr x
(Outdoor Latent Heat (ASHRAE 0.4% Specific Humidity) - Indoor Latent Heat) grw/cu ftda / 7000 grw/lbw x 1000 btu/lbw
= IA x 60 x (ASHRAE 0.4% MCWB - ILH) / 7000 x 1000
= IA x 8.57 x (ASHRAE 0.4% MCWB - 4.4)
= If ventilation latent heat gain is < 0 then set ventilation latent heat gain = 0
HGV = Ventilation Heat Gain
= Ventilation Sensible Heat Gain + Ventilation Latent Heat Gain
= HGVS + HGVL
HGPS = People Sensible Heat Gain (btu/hr)
= Building Area (sq ft) / 200 sq ft / person x 200 btu/hr/person
HGPL = People Latent Heat Gain (btu/hr)
= Building Area (sq ft) / 200 sq ft / person x 200 btu/hr/person
HGP = People Heat Gain
= People Sensible Heat Gain + People Latent Heat Gain
= HGPS + HGPL
HGL = Light Heat Gain (btu/hr)
= Building Area (sq ft) x 2 watts/sq ft x 3.4 btu/hr/watt
= A x 6.8
HGEQ = Equipment Heat Gain (btu/hr)
= Building Area (sq ft) x 1 watts/sq ft x 3.4 btu/hr/watt
= A x 3.4
HGE = Envelope Heat Gain (btu/hr)
= Total Heat Gain - Ventilation Heat Gain - People Heat Gain - Light Heat Gain - Equipment Heat Gain
= HGT - HGV - HGP - HGL - HGEQ
HGR = Roof Heat Gain (btu/hr)
= Envelope Heat Gain x Roof Area (sq ft) / Envelope Area (sq ft)
= HGE x RA / (RA + ((FL + FW) x FH x NF))
HGW = Wall Heat Gain (btu/hr)
= Envelope Heat Gain (btu/hr) - Roof Heat Gain (btu/hr)
= HGE - HGR
HGTP = Total Perimeter Heat Gain (btu/hr)
= Wall Heat Gain + Ventilation Heat Gain
= HGW + HGV
HGTIV = Total Interior Heat Gain Variable (btu/hr)
= Roof Heat Gain
= HGR
HGTIC = Total Interior Heat Gain Constant (btu/hr)
= People Heat Gain + Light Heat Gain + Equipment Heat Gain
= HGP + HGL + HGEQ
HGTI = Total Interior Heat Gain
= Total Interior Heat Gain Variable + Total Interior Heat Gain Constant
Heat Gain - Hourly
HHGT = Hourly Total Heat Gain (btu/hr)
HHGVS = Hourly Ventilation Sensible Heat Gain (btu/hr)
= HGVS (Ventilation Sensible Heat Gain) x Cooling Load Part Load Factor or Actual from Load Program if Occupied
= HGVS x CLPLF
= 0 if Unoccupied
HHGVL = Hourly Ventilation Latent Heat Gain (btu/hr)
= HGVL (Ventilation Latent Heat Gain) x Cooling Load Part Load Factor or Actual from Load Program if Occupied
= HGVL x CLPLF
= 0 if Unoccupied
HHGV = Hourly Ventilation Heat Gain
= Hourly Ventilation Sensible Heat Gain + Hourly Ventilation Latent Heat Gain
= HHGVS + HHGVL
HHGPS = Hourly People Sensible Heat Gain (btu/hr)
= HGPS (Heat Gain People Sensible) or Actual From Load Program if Occupied
= 0 if Unoccupied
HHGPL = Hourly People Latent Heat Gain (btu/hr)
= HGPL (Heat Gain People Latent) or Actual From Load Program if Occupied
= 0 if Unoccupied
HHGP = Hourly People Heat Gain
= Hourly People Sensible Heat Gain + Hourly People Latent Heat Gain
= HHGPS + HHGPL
HHGL = Hourly Light Heat Gain (btu/hr)
= HGL (Light Heat Gain) or Actual From Load Program if Occupied
= 0 if Unoccupied
HHGEQ = Hourly Equipment Heat Gain (btu/hr)
= HGEQ (Equipment Heat Gain) or Actual From Load Program if Occupied
= 0 if Unoccupied
If Actual Envelope Loads are not Available from Load Program
HHGE = Hourly Envelope Heat Gain (btu/hr)
= Hourly Total Heat Gain - Hourly Ventilation Heat Gain - Hourly People Heat Gain - Hourly Light Heat Gain - Hourly Equipment Heat Gain
= HHGT - HHGV - HHGP - HHGL - HHGEQ
HHGR = Hourly Roof Heat Gain (btu/hr)
= Roof Heat Gain x Cooling Load Part Load Factor
= HGR x CLPLF
HHGW = Hourly Wall Heat Gain (btu/hr)
= Wall Heat Gain x Cooling Load Part Load Factor
= HGW x CLPLF
HHGTP = Hourly Total Perimeter Heat Gain (btu/hr)
= Toal Perimeter Heat Gain x Cooling Load Part Load Factor
= HGTP x CLPLF
HHGTIV = Hourly Total Interior Heat Gain Variable (btu/hr)
= Roof Heat Gain x Cooling Load Part Load Factor
= HGR x CLPLF
HHGTIC = Hourly Total Interior Heat Gain Constant (btu/hr)
= Hourly People Heat Gain + Hourly Light Heat Gain + Hourly Equipment Heat Gain
= HHGP + HHGL + HHGEQ
HHGTI = Hourly Total Interior Heat Gain
= Hourly Total Interior Heat Gain Variable + Hourly Total Interior Heat Gain Constant
= HHGTIV + HHGTIC
If Actual Envelope Loads are Available from Load Program
HHGR = Hourly Roof Heat Gain (btu/hr)
= Hourly Roof Transmission Heat Gain + Hourly Roof Solar Heat Gain from Load Program
HHGW = Hourly Wall Heat Gain (btu/hr)
= Hourly Wall Transmission Heat Gain + Hourly Wall Solar Heat Gain from Load Program
HHGG = Hourly Glass Heat Gain (btu/hr)
= Hourly Glass Transmission Heat Gain + Hourly Glass Solar Heat Gain from Load Program
HHGE = Hourly Envelope Heat Gain (btu/hr)
= Hourly Roof Heat Gain + Hourly Wall Heat Gain + Hourly Glass Heat Gain
= HHGR +HHGW + HHGG
HHGTP = Hourly Total Perimeter Heat Gain (btu/hr)
= Hourly Wall Transmission Heat Gain + Hourly Wall Solar Heat Gain + Hourly Infiltration Heat Gain from Load Program
HHGTIV = Hourly Total Interior Heat Gain Variable (btu/hr)
= Hourly Roof Transmission Heat Gain + Hourly Roof Solar Heat Gain + Hourly Floor Heat Gain
HHGTI = Hourly Total Interior Heat Gain
= Hourly Total Interior Heat Gain Variable + Hourly Total Interior Heat Gain Constant
= HHGTIV + HHGTIC
Cooling Part Load Factor
CPLF = Cooling Part Load Factor
= Hourly heat Gain / Total heat gain
= HHGT / HGT
Load Hours
Define one weekly occupied schedule per job
HOF = Hourly Occupied Factor (1 if occupied and 0 if unoccupied)
AOF = Annual Occupied Factor
= Fraction of annual hours building is occupied
OH = Occupied Hours / Week (hr/wk)
= 12 hr/day x 5 days/wk (default)
= 60 (default)
UH = Unoccupied Hours / Week (hr/wk)
= 12 hr/day x 5 days/wk + 24 hr/day x 2 days/wk (default)
= 108 (default)
TH = Total Hours / Week (hr/wk)
= 24 hr/day x 7 days/wk (default)
= 168 (default)
Bin Hours
BH = Hours in Bin (1 for hourly calculation)
Heating Hours
HBH = Heating Bin Hours (hr) for Bins Below Balance Point of XX degrees (default = 65F)
Cooling Hours
CBH = Cooling Bin Hours (hr) for Bins Above Balance Point of XX (default = 65F)
Average Temperature
AHT = Average Heating Temperature (deg F)
= Sum for All Bins Σ (Average Temperature of XX Bin - Average Bin Temperature) (deg F) / (Total Heating Hours) x Hours for Bin
For XX = 65F
= Sum for All Bins below 65 Σ (62.5 - Average Bin Temperature) (deg F) / (Total Heating Hours) x Hours for Bin
Balance Point
BP = Outside temperature at which building can heat itself with internal heat gain
= 65F (default)
Flow:
Air
Constant Volume
Fan Horsepower Constant Volume = Flow x Static Pressure x Conversion Factor / Fan Efficiency /Motor Efficiency
= Flow (cfm) x S.P. (in. W.C.) x 6356 (cfm x in W.C. /hp) / Fan Efficiency / Motor Efficiency
Variable Volume
Cycle Constant Volume = Fan Horsepower Constant Volume x Equivalent Full Load Hours
Cooling Part Load Eff.
Cooling Part Load Efficiencies
2/21/14
Cooling Part Load Factor (CPLF)
Type of EquipmentConstant Speed CompressorVariable Speed CompressorVariable Speed Frictionless Compressor
Chillers
Water Cooled
Maximum Cooling Source Part Load COP Factor1.401.602.00
Increase in Part Load Factor at 100% Load0.00%0.00%0.00%
Increase in Part Load Factor at 75% Load50.00%40.00%40.00%
Increase in Part Load Factor at 50% Load100.00%100.00%100.00%
Increase in Part Load Factor at 25% Load90.00%90.00%90.00%
Air Cooled
Maximum Cooling Source Part Load COP Factor1.602.00
Increase in Part Load Factor at 100% Load0.00%0.00%
Increase in Part Load Factor at 75% Load50.00%40.00%
Increase in Part Load Factor at 50% Load100.00%100.00%
Increase in Part Load Factor at 25% Load90.00%90.00%
Condensing Units
Water Cooled
Maximum Cooling Source Part Load COP Factor1.30
Increase in Part Load Factor at 100% Load0.00%
Increase in Part Load Factor at 75% Load50.00%
Increase in Part Load Factor at 50% Load100.00%
Increase in Part Load Factor at 25% Load90.00%
Air Cooled
Maximum Cooling Source Part Load COP Factor1.50
Increase in Part Load Factor at 100% Load0.00%
Increase in Part Load Factor at 75% Load50.00%
Increase in Part Load Factor at 50% Load100.00%
Increase in Part Load Factor at 25% Load90.00%
VRF
Water Cooled
Maximum Cooling Source Part Load COP Factor1.80
Increase in Part Load Factor at 100% Load0.00%
Increase in Part Load Factor at 75% Load40.00%
Increase in Part Load Factor at 50% Load100.00%
Increase in Part Load Factor at 25% Load90.00%
Air Cooled
Maximum Cooling Source Part Load COP Factor1.90
Increase in Part Load Factor at 100% Load0.00%
Increase in Part Load Factor at 75% Load40.00%
Increase in Part Load Factor at 50% Load100.00%
Increase in Part Load Factor at 25% Load90.00%
Heat Pumps
Water Source
Maximum Cooling Source Part Load COP Factor1.501.70
Increase in Part Load Factor at 100% Load0.00%0.00%
Increase in Part Load Factor at 75% Load35.00%35.00%
Increase in Part Load Factor at 50% Load75.00%75.00%
Increase in Part Load Factor at 25% Load100.00%100.00%
Geothermal
Maximum Cooling Source Part Load COP Factor1.501.70
Increase in Part Load Factor at 100% Load0.00%0.00%
Increase in Part Load Factor at 75% Load35.00%35.00%
Increase in Part Load Factor at 50% Load75.00%75.00%
Increase in Part Load Factor at 25% Load100.00%100.00%
PTAC Units
Maximum Cooling Source Part Load COP Factor1.50
Increase in Part Load Factor at 100% Load0.00%
Increase in Part Load Factor at 75% Load50.00%
Increase in Part Load Factor at 50% Load100.00%
Increase in Part Load Factor at 25% Load90.00%
Pumps
Maximum Part Load COP Factor at 25% Load
Increase in Part Load Factor at 100% Load0.00%
Increase in Part Load Factor at 75% Load50.00%
Increase in Part Load Factor at 50% Load100.00%
Increase in Part Load Factor at 25% Load90.00%
Fans
Maximum Part Load COP Factor at 25% Load
Increase in Part Load Factor at 100% Load0.00%
Increase in Part Load Factor at 75% Load50.00%
Increase in Part Load Factor at 50% Load100.00%
Increase in Part Load Factor at 25% Load90.00%
Cooling Part Load Eff.
11
York
Curve Fit
Percent Load
Load Factor
Part Load Factor
1
1
Cooling Part Load Data
11
McQuay
Curve Fit
Percent Load
Load Factor
Part Load Factor
1
1
Air Srce Ht Pump Capacity Curve
Part Load Factors
Cooling Part Load Data
2/21/14
ChillersChillersChillersChillersWater Source Heat Pumps (Cooling)Water Source Heat Pumps (Cooling)Water Source Heat Pumps (Cooling)Water Source Heat Pumps (Cooling)Water Source Heat Pumps (Cooling)Water Source Heat Pumps (Cooling)Water Source Heat Pumps (Heating)Water Source Heat Pumps (Heating)Condensing UnitsRooftop UnitsPTAC UnitsVRFVRF
Water Cooled - Scroll Constant Speed Step UnloadingWater Cooled - Variable Speed CentrifugalAir Cooled - Constant Speed Scroll Step UnloadingAir Cooled - Variable Speed ScrewClosed Loop - Constant SpeedClosed Loop - Variable SpeedGeothermal Closed Loop - Constant SpeedGeothermal Closed Loop - Variable SpeedGeothermal Open Loop - Constant SpeedGeothermal Open Loop - Variable SpeedClosed Loop - Constant SpeedClosed Loop - Variable SpeedAir Cooled - Constant Speed Scroll Step UnloadingAir Cooled - Constant SpeedAir Cooled - Constant SpeedAir Cooled - Variable SpeedWater Cooled - Variable Speed
McQuay WGZ 045A (45 ton) Scroll (30 - 100 tons)Carrier Evergreen 23XXRMcQuay AGZ 045 (45 tons) Scroll (10 - 130 tons)York YVAA 200 tonsWaterFurnace NV036McQuay Inverter 036 (3 tons)McQuay Inverter 036 (3 tons)McQuay Invertor DrivenClimateMaster QE1860 (4 tons)ClimateMaster QE1860 (4 tons)McQuay Inverter 036 (3 tons)WaterFurnace NV036McQuay ACZ020B (20 tons) Scroll (10 to 40 tons)McQuay MPS026 (25 tons)McQuay PDAA 007 (7,000 btuh)Mitsubishi PURY -P96YKMU-A (-BS) Ducted 8 TonDaikin RWEYQ72PYDN Ducted 6 Ton Heat Recovery
Percent Load (PL)KW/TONEERCOPCooling Compressor Part Load COP FactorPercent Load (PL)KW/TONEERCOPCooling Compressor Part Load COP FactorPercent Load (PL)KW/TONEERCOPCooling Compressor Part Load COP FactorPercent Load (PL)KW/TONEERCOPCooling Compressor Part Load COP FactorPercent Load (PL)Entering Water TemperatureEERCOPCooling Compressor Part Load COP FactorPercent Load (PL)Entering Water TemperatureEERCOPCooling Compressor Part Load COP FactorPercent Load (PL)Entering Water TemperatureEERCOPCooling Compressor Part Load COP FactorPercent Load (PL)Entering Water TemperatureEERCOPCooling Compressor Part Load COP FactorPercent Load (PL)Entering Water TemperatureEERCOPCooling Compressor Part Load COP FactorPercent Load (PL)Entering Water TemperatureEERCOPCooling Compressor Part Load COP FactorPercent Load (PL)Entering Water TemperatureEERCOPCooling Compressor Part Load COP FactorPercent Load (PL)Entering Water TemperatureEERCOPCooling Compressor Part Load COP FactorPercent Load (PL)Entering Air TemperatureEERCOPCooling Compressor Part Load COP FactorPercent Load (PL)Entering Water TemperatureEERCOPCooling Compressor Part Load COP FactorPercent Load (PL)Entering Air TemperatureEERCOPCooling Compressor Part Load COP FactorPercent Load (PL)KW/TONEERCOPCooling Compressor Part Load COP FactorPercent Load (PL)KW/TONEERCOPCooling Compressor Part Load COP Factor
10015.24.451.001000.48025.07.321.001009.92.901.001001.00012.03.521.001008518.15.301.00(1)1008619.15.600.911007720.35.951.001007720.35.951.001005934.310.051.00(1)1005934.310.051.001007017.55.131.001007019.65.741.00(1)1009510.93.191.00(1)1009010.83.161.00(1)1009010.93.191.00(1)10012.23.571.00(1)100144.101.00
7517.85.221.17750.34035.310.341.417513.23.871.33750.73016.44.821.37757522.36.531.231008521.16.181.00757720.35.951.00757728.08.201.38755934.310.051.00755943.012.601.25757017.55.131.00757019.85.801.01758513.03.811.19758012.03.521.11758012.03.521.107515.004.391.237518.005.271.29
5020.35.951.34500.28042.912.561.715015.34.481.55500.55021.86.391.80506526.67.791.47(1)807731.29.141.48507720.35.951.00507742.012.312.07505934.310.051.00(1)505951.915.211.51507017.55.131.00507020.05.861.02(1)508014.64.281.34507013.53.961.25507013.53.961.245019.005.571.565023.006.741.64
2520.45.981.34250.25048.014.061.922515.84.631.60250.50024.07.032.00256526.67.791.47757530.08.791.42257720.35.951.00257750.014.652.46255934.310.051.00255951.915.211.51257017.55.131.00257020.25.921.03256514.64.281.34256013.53.961.25256013.53.961.242522.006.451.802526.007.621.86
020.45.981.3400.25048.014.061.92015.84.631.6000.50024.07.032.00026.67.791.47506534.09.961.61020.35.951.00050.014.652.46034.310.051.00051.915.211.51017.55.131.00020.25.921.03014.64.281.34013.53.961.25013.53.961.24022.006.451.80026.007.621.86
256534.09.961.61
Catalog IPLV19.2Calculated IPLV40.1Catalog IPLV14.5Calculated IPLV19.7Calculated IEER23.8034.09.961.61Calculated IEER20.3Calculated IEER33.9Calculated IEER34.3Calculated IEER46.1Calculated HSPFCalculated HSPFCatalog IPLV14.3Catalog IEER12.8Catalog IEERCatalog IEER(1)19.7Catalog IEER(1)24.1
Calculated IPLV19.2Catalog IPLV40.0Calculated IPLV14.4Calculated IEERCalculated IEERCalculated IEERCalculated IEERCalculated IEERCalculated IEERFor AHRI Climate Zone 417.5For AHRI Climate Zone 419.8Calculated IEERCalculated IEER12.8(1)Catalog Rating12.8Calculated IEER20.0Calculated IEER23.9
Calculated IEERCalculated IEERCalculated IEERw/5% for Chilled Waterw/5% for Condenser WaterCalculated IEER31.3w/5% for Condenser Waterw/5% for Condenser Waterw/5% for Condenser Waterw/5% for Condenser WaterCalculated IEERCalculated IEERw/5% for Evaporator(1)Catalog Rating(1)AHRI Rating(1)AHRI Rating
w/15% for Cooling Towerw/5% for Chilled Waterw/5% for Chilled WaterPump HP17.6Pump HP22.1Calculated IEERPump HP19.3Pump HP32.2Pump HP32.6Pump HP43.8w/5% for Condenser Waterw/5% for Condenser WaterFan HP12.2Calculated IEER17.6Calculated IEER19.8
Cond. and CW Pump HP15.9Pump HP32.7Pump HP13.3w/5% for Condenser Water(1)Catalog RatingPump HP16.6Pump HP18.9(1)Catalog Ratingw/12% for Pumping Energyw/17% for Pumping
Pump HP29.1and Cooling Tower Energy
(1)Catalog RatingGround loop condition per AHRI is 77F. Used 77F for ground loop ratings to be conservative.
Air Cooled - Constant Speed ScrollGeothermal Open Loop - Variable Speed
Water Cooled - Screw Constant Speed Continuous UnloadingWater Cooled - Variable Speed FrictionlessAir Cooled - Variable Speed ScrewGeothermal Closed Loop - Variable SpeedAir Cooled - Variable Speed
McQuay WGS 170 (170 ton) Screw (120 - 200 tons)Smardt 250 tonsCarrier (10 tons) -McQuay PathfinderClimateMaster QE1860 (4 tons)ClimateMaster QE1860 (4 tons)ClimateMaster QE1860 (4 tons)ClimateMaster QE1860 (4 tons)WaterFurnace NV036ClimateMaster QE1860 (4 tons)WaterFurnace NV036McQuay DPS 010 (10 tons) Invertor CompressorDaikin REYQ96PBYD Ducted 8 Ton Heat Recovery
Percent LoadKW/TONEERCOPCooling Compressor Part Load COP FactorPercent Load (PL)KW/TONEERCOPCooling Compressor Part Load COP FactorPercent Load (PL)KW/TONEERCOPCooling Compressor Part Load COP FactorPercent Load (PL)KW/TONEERCOPCooling Compressor Part Load COP FactorPercent Load (PL)Entering Water TemperatureEERCOPCooling Compressor Part Load COP FactorPercent Load (PL)Entering Water TemperatureEERCOPCooling Compressor Part Load COP FactorPercent Load (PL)Entering Water TemperatureEERCOPCooling Compressor Part Load COP FactorPercent Load (PL)Entering Water TemperatureEERCOPCooling Compressor Part Load COP FactorWaterFurnace NV036Percent Load (PL)Entering Water TemperatureEERCOPCooling Compressor Part Load COP FactorWaterFurnace NV036Percent Load (PL)Entering Water TemperatureEERCOPCooling Compressor Part Load COP FactorPercent Load (PL)Entering Water TemperatureEERCOPCooling Compressor Part Load COP FactorPercent Load (PL)Entering Water TemperatureEERCOPCooling Compressor Part Load COP FactorPercent Load (PL)KW/TONEERCOPCooling Compressor Part Load COP Factor
1000.71516.84.921.001000.60020.05.861.0010010.53.081.001001.00012.03.521.00(2)1008621.66.330.97(2)1008621.66.331.02(2)1008621.66.331.00(2)1008621.66.330.771005928.98.471.00Percent Load (PL)Entering Water TemperatureEERCOPCooling Compressor Part Load COP Factor1007012.23.571.001004015.04.391.00(1)1009012.53.661.00(1)10012.13.551.00
750.58020.76.061.23750.45026.77.811.337513.203.871.26750.73016.44.821.371008519.05.571.001008519.05.571.00(1)807721.66.331.00(1)1007721.66.331.00755928.98.471.00(1)1005929.08.501.00757012.23.571.00754014.54.250.97758016.04.691.487515.004.391.24
500.50024.07.031.43500.33036.410.651.825016.234.761.55500.55021.86.391.82(1)807721.66.331.14(1)807721.66.331.14757721.66.331.00757730.08.791.39505928.98.471.00755931.49.201.08507012.23.571.00504014.04.100.93507022.06.452.045019.005.571.56
250.52622.86.681.36250.30040.011.722.002518.295.361.74250.50024.07.032.00757526.07.621.37757525.07.321.32507721.66.331.00(1)507740.211.781.86255928.98.471.00(1)505933.19.701.14257012.23.571.00254014.04.100.93256022.06.452.042522.006.451.80
00.52622.86.681.3600.30040.011.722.00018.295.361.7400.50024.07.032.00506532.09.381.68506548.014.062.53257721.66.331.00257740.211.781.86028.98.471.00255934.09.961.17012.23.571.00014.04.100.93022.06.452.04022.006.451.80
(1)256532.09.381.68256548.014.062.53021.66.331.00040.211.781.86034.09.961.17
Catalog IPLV0.53622.4Calculated IPLV32.6Catalog IPLV14.5Calculated IPLV19.7(1)205934.310.051.81(1)205951.915.212.73Calculated IEER28.9Calculated HSPFCalculated HSPFCatalog IEER19.4Catalog IEER(1)19.7
Calculated IPLV22.4Catalog IPLVCalculated IPLV15.1Catalog IPLV19.6034.310.051.81051.915.212.73Calculated IEER21.6Calculated IEER33.5Calculated IEERCalculated IEER32.1For AHRI Climate Zone 412.2For AHRI Climate Zone 414.6Calculated IEER19.4Calculated IEER20.0
Calculated IEERCalculated IEERCalculated IEERCalculated IEERCalculated IEERCalculated IEERw/5% for Condenser WaterCalculated IEERCalculated IEERCalculated IEER(1)Catalog Rating(1)AHRI Rating
w/15% for Cooling Towerw/15% for Cooling Towerw/5% for Chilled Waterw/5% for Chilled WaterCalculated IEER28.0Calculated IEER33.2w/5% for Condenser Waterw/5% for Condenser WaterPump HP27.5w/5% for Condenser Waterw/5% for Condenser Waterw/5% for Condenser WaterCalculated IEER17.6
Cond. and CW Pump HP18.4(1)Cond. and CW Pump HP25.9Pump HP13.8Pump HP17.6Calculated IEERCalculated IEERPump HP20.5Pump HP31.9Pump HP30.5Pump HP11.6Pump HP13.6w/12% for Pumping Energy
w/5% for Condenser Waterw/5% for Condenser Water(1)Catalog Rating(1)Catalog Rating(1)Catalog Rating
Catalog RatingPump HP26.1Pump HP30.9(2)Catalog rating appears to be incorrect as published on website. Website lists gound loop rating conditions at 86F. This is water source loop rating conditions.
(1)Catalog Rating(1)Catalog RatingGround loop condition per AHRI is 77F. Used 77F for ground loop ratings to be conservative.
(2)Catalog rating appears to be incorrect as published on website. Website lists gound loop rating conditions at 86F. This is water source loop rating conditions.(2)Catalog rating appears to be incorrect as published on website. Website lists gound loop rating conditions at 86F. This is water source loop rating conditions.(2)Catalog rating appears to be incorrect as published on website. Website lists gound loop rating conditions at 86F. This is water source loop rating conditions.
Ground loop condition per AHRI is 77F. Used 77F for ground loop ratings to be conservative.Ground loop condition per AHRI is 77F. Used 77F for ground loop ratings to be conservative.Ground loop condition per AHRI is 77F. Used 77F for ground loop ratings to be conservative.
Water Source Heat Pumps (Heating)
Water Cooled - Centrifugal Constant Speed Continuous UnloadingAir Cooled - Constant Speed Screw Continous UnloadingAir Cooled - Variable Speed FrictionlessGeothermal Open Loop - Variable Speed
McQuay WPV 280 (280 tons) Centrifugal (200 - 400 tons)McQuay WMC (Frictionless) 150 tonsMcQuay AGS 440 (440 tons) Screw (230 - 475 tons)Airedale TurbochillWaterFurnace NV036WaterFurnace NV036WaterFurnace NV036WaterFurnace NV036WaterFurnace NV036
Percent LoadKW/TONEERCOPCooling Compressor Part Load COP FactorPercent Load (PL)KW/TONEERCOPCooling Compressor Part Load COP FactorPercent Load (PL)KW/TONEERCOPCooling Compressor Part Load COP FactorPercent Load (PL)KW/TONEERCOPCooling Compressor Part Load COP FactorPercent Load (PL)Entering Water TemperatureEERCOPCooling Compressor Part Load COP FactorPercent Load (PL)Entering Water TemperatureEERCOPCooling Compressor Part Load COP FactorPercent Load (PL)Entering Water TemperatureEERCOPCooling Compressor Part Load COP FactorPercent Load (PL)Entering Water TemperatureEERCOPCooling Compressor Part Load COP FactorPercent Load (PL)Entering Water TemperatureEERCOPCooling Compressor Part Load COP Factor
1000.62019.45.671.001000.68017.65.171.00(1)10010.43.051.001001.111.33.301.00(1)1008518.15.301.001007721.06.151.00(1)1007721.06.151.001007019.65.741.001005016.24.751.00
750.53022.66.631.17750.51023.56.891.337512.43.631.19750.814.74.301.22757525.07.321.38757721.06.151.00757722.26.501.06757019.65.741.00755015.64.570.96
500.51523.36.831.20500.37032.49.501.845014.94.371.43500.618.85.501.56(1)506529.58.641.63507721.06.151.00(1)507723.06.741.10507019.65.741.00505014.94.370.92
250.51023.56.891.22250.34035.310.342.002516.04.691.54250.525.67.502.13256529.58.641.63257721.06.151.00257724.07.031.14257019.65.741.00255014.94.370.92
00.51023.56.891.2200.34035.310.342.00016.04.691.5400.525.67.502.13029.58.641.63021.06.151.00024.07.031.14019.65.741.00014.94.370.92
Calculated IPLV0.52223.0Catalog IPLV0.41229.1(1)Catalog IPLV13.9Calculated IPLV17.8Calculated IEER26.5Calculated IEER21.0Calculated IEER22.6Calculated HSPFCalculated HSPF
Catalog IPLV0.520Calculated IPLV0.41528.9Calculated IPLV13.9Catalog IPLVCalculated IEERCalculated IEERCalculated IEERFor AHRI Climate Zone 419.6For AHRI Climate Zone 415.6
Calculated IEERCalculated IEERCalculated IEERCalculated IEERw/5% for Condenser Waterw/5% for Condenser Waterw/5% for Condenser WaterCalculated IEERCalculated IEER
w/15% for Cooling Towerw/15% for Cooling Towerw/5% for Chilled Waterw/5% for Chilled WaterPump HP24.6Pump HP20.0Pump HP21.5w/5% for Condenser Waterw/5% for Condenser Water
and CW Pump HP19.4Cond. and CW Pump HP23.0Pump HP12.7Pump HP16.1(1)Catalog Rating(1)Catalog RatingPump HP18.6Pump HP14.6
(1)Catalog Rating
Water Cooled - Centrifugal Constant Speed Continuous UnloadingAir Cooled - Constant Speed Screw Continous UnloadingGeothermal Closed Loop - Constant Speed
McQuay WDC Dual Compressor Centrifugal (400 - 2500 tons)McQuay Pathfinder Screw (170 - 550 tons)WaterFurnace NV036
Percent LoadKW/TONEERCOPCooling Compressor Part Load COP FactorPercent Load (PL)KW/TONEERCOPCooling Compressor Part Load COP FactorPercent Load (PL)Entering Water TemperatureEERCOPCooling Compressor Part Load COP Factor
1000.51023.56.891.0010012.23.571.001004015.04.391.00AHRI Climate Zone 4Bin%Bin Hours
750.42028.68.371.217514.04.101.35754015.04.391.00620.132
500.38031.69.251.345017.04.981.63504015.04.391.00570.111
250.38031.69.251.342520.05.861.92254015.04.391.00520.103
00.38031.69.251.34020.05.861.92015.04.391.00100% Load0.346
470.093
Calculated IPLV0.39830.2Catalog IPLV16.2Calculated HSPF420.100
(1)Catalog IPLV0.52030.0Calculated IPLV16.1For AHRI Climate Zone 415.0370.109
Calculated IEERCalculated IEERCalculated IEER320.126
w/15% for Cooling Towerw/5% for Chilled Waterw/5% for Condenser Water75% Load0.428
and CW Pump HP25.1Pump HP14.7Pump HP14.3270.087
220.055
(1)Catalog Rating170.036
120.026
50% Load0.204
70.013
20.006
Geothermal Open Loop - Constant Speed-30.002
-80.001
WaterFurnace NV03625% Load0.022
Percent Load (PL)Entering Water TemperatureEERCOPCooling Compressor Part Load COP Factor
1005016.24.751.00
755016.24.751.00
505016.24.751.00
255016.24.751.00
016.24.751.00
Calculated HSPF
For AHRI Climate Zone 416.2
Calculated IEER
w/5% for Condenser Water
Pump HP15.4
AHRI Climate Zone 4Bin%Bin Hours
620.132
570.111
520.103
100% Load0.346
470.093
420.100
370.109
320.126
75% Load0.428
270.087
220.055
170.036
120.026
50% Load0.204
70.013
20.006
-30.002
-80.001
25% Load0.022
Air Srce Ht Pump Capacity Curve
Percent Load
COP Load Factor
Part Load COP Factor
y = -6E-05x2 + 0.0023x + 1.3378
Air Srce Ht Pump COP Curve Fit
Percent Load
COP Load Factor
Part Load COP Factor
y = -8E-05x2 + 0.005x + 1.3405
VRF Heating Part Load
Percent Load
Load Factor
Part Load Factor
Pump Part Load Eff.
Percent Load
COP Load Factor
Part Load COP Factor
y = -6E-05x2 + 0.0002x + 1.5508
Pumping Energy
1
Percent Load
Load Factor
Part Load Factor
y = -7E-05x2 - 0.0009x + 1.7644
1
Pumping Energy1
Percent Load
Load Factor
Part Load Factor
y = -9E-05x2 - 1E-04x + 1.8661
Central Plant Sources
Percent Load
Load Factor
Part Load Factor
y = -6E-05x2 - 0.0025x + 1.8375
Distribution Systems
Percent Load
COP Load Factor
Part Load COP Factor
y = -6E-05x2 + 0.0002x + 1.5508
Terminal Units
Percent Load
Load Factor
Part Load Factor
y = -9E-05x2 - 1E-04x + 1.8661
Consolidated
Percent Load
Load Factor
Part Load Factor
y = -9E-05x2 - 1E-04x + 1.8661
Percent Load
Load Factor
Part Load Factor
y = -9E-05x2 - 1E-04x + 1.8661
Percent Load
Load Factor
Part Load Factor
y = -7E-05x2 - 0.0009x + 1.7644
Percent Load
Load Factor
Part Load Factor
y = -9E-05x2 - 1E-04x + 1.8661
Percent Load
Load Factor
Part Load Factor
y = -9E-05x2 - 1E-04x + 1.8661
Percent Load
Load Factor
Part Load Factor
y = -9E-05x2 - 1E-04x + 1.8661
Percent Load
Load Factor
Part Load Factor
y = -9E-05x2 - 1E-04x + 1.8661
1
Percent Load
Load Factor
Part Load Factor
y = -9E-05x2 - 1E-04x + 1.8661
1
1
Percent Load
Load Factor
Part Load Factor
y = -7E-05x2 - 0.0009x + 1.7644
1
Percent Load
Load Factor
Part Load Factor
y = -9E-05x2 - 1E-04x + 1.8661
Percent Load
Load Factor
Part Load Factor
y = -9E-05x2 - 1E-04x + 1.8661
Percent Load
COP Load Factor
Part Load COP Factor
y = -6E-05x2 + 0.0002x + 1.5508
Percent Load
Load Factor
Part Load Factor
y = -9E-05x2 - 1E-04x + 1.8661
Percent Load
Load Factor
Part Load Factor
Percent Load
Load Factor
Part Load Factor
Percent Load
Load Factor
Part Load Factor
Percent Load
Load Factor
Part Load Factor
y = -9E-05x2 - 1E-04x + 1.8661
Percent Load
Load Factor
Part Load Factor
y = -9E-05x2 - 1E-04x + 1.8661
1
Percent Load
Load Factor
Part Load Factor
y = -9E-05x2 - 1E-04x + 1.8661
1
1
Percent Load
Load Factor
Part Load Factor
y = -9E-05x2 - 1E-04x + 1.8661
1
1
Percent Load
Load Factor
Part Load Factor
y = -9E-05x2 - 1E-04x + 1.8661
1
1
Percent Load
Load Factor
Part Load Factor
y = -9E-05x2 - 1E-04x + 1.8661
1
1
Percent Load
Load Factor
Part Load Factor
y = -9E-05x2 - 1E-04x + 1.8661
1
Percent Load
Load Factor
Part Load Factor
y = -9E-05x2 - 1E-04x + 1.8661
Percent Load
Load Factor
Part Load Factor
y = -9E-05x2 - 1E-04x + 1.8661
Percent Load
Load Factor
Part Load Factor
y = -9E-05x2 - 1E-04x + 1.8661
Percent Load
Load Factor
Part Load Factor
y = -9E-05x2 - 1E-04x + 1.8661
Percent Load
Load Factor
Part Load Factor
y = -9E-05x2 - 1E-04x + 1.8661
Percent Load
Load Factor
Part Load Factor
y = -9E-05x2 - 1E-04x + 1.8661
Percent Load
COP Load Factor
Part Load COP Factor
Percent Load
Load Factor
Part Load Factor
y = -6E-05x2 - 0.0025x + 1.8375
Percent Load
Load Factor
Part Load Factor
y = -8E-05x2 - 0.001x + 1.8837
Percent Load
Load Factor
Part Load Factor
y = -9E-05x2 - 1E-04x + 1.8661
Percent Load
Load Factor
Part Load Factor
y = -9E-05x2 - 1E-04x + 1.8661
Percent Load
Load Factor
Part Load Factor
y = -7E-05x2 - 0.0009x + 1.7644
Percent Load
Load Factor
Part Load Factor
y = -7E-05x2 - 0.0009x + 1.7644
Percent Load
Load Factor
Part Load Factor
y = -9E-05x2 - 1E-04x + 1.8661
Percent Load
Load Factor
Part Load Factor
y = -9E-05x2 - 1E-04x + 1.8661
Percent Load
Load Factor
Part Load Factor
y = -9E-05x2 - 1E-04x + 1.8661
Percent Load
Load Factor
Part Load Factor
y = -9E-05x2 - 1E-04x + 1.8661
Percent Load
Load Factor
Part Load Factor
y = -7E-05x2 - 0.0009x + 1.7644
Percent Load
Load Factor
Part Load Factor
y = -7E-05x2 - 0.0009x + 1.7644
Percent Load
Load Factor
Part Load Factor
y = -9E-05x2 - 1E-04x + 1.8661
Air Source Heat Pump
2/21/14
Heat Pump Heating CapacityHeating Consumption for
Century (Nominal 36,000 Cooling Capacity)TotalHeating COPHeating CapacityHeating Load (BTUH)Electrical DemandHeat EnergyBackup HeatBackup EnergyWeighted AverageWeighted AverageEquivalent Full
Ambient AirHeating(BTUH) for NominalDesign =100,000(KW)(BTU)(BTUH)(BTU)Temperature byTemperature byLoad Heating Hours
TemperatureCapacityCooling Capacity =36,000Bin HoursBin Hours
(Deg. F)(Btuh)Mid-ptsDB (F)Hrs(65-Bin Temp)(Bin Temp)
-10179506564 to 662633.5847,08803.90000.02.60
0182006362 to 642613.5146,0082,9413.8767,647000.12.58
10189006160 to 623023.4444,9283,0303.8915,152000.22.818
20196005958 to 601973.3743,8488,8243.81,738,235000.21.717
30213505756 to 583063.3042,76811,7653.83,600,000000.42.636
40262505554 to 564653.2341,68814,7063.86,838,235000.73.814
50392005352 to 542953.1640,60817,6473.85,205,882000.52.352
60490005150 to 523053.0939,52820,5883.86,279,412000.62.363
70539004948 to 502973.0238,44823,5293.76,988,235000.72.270
4746 to 483152.9537,36826,4713.78,338,235000.92.283
Comfortmaker (Nominal 36,000 Btuh Cooling Capacity)4544 to 463422.8836,28829,4123.710,058,824001.02.3101
Ambient AirHeating4342 to 443162.8135,20832,3533.710,223,529001.02.0102
TemperatureCapacity4140 to 422002.7434,12835,2943.77,058,8241,166233,2240.71.271
(Deg. F)(Btuh)3938 to 403282.6733,04838,2353.612,541,1765,1871,701,4321.31.9125
-103736 to 384532.6031,96841,1763.618,652,9419,2084,171,4371.92.5187
0140003534 to 363452.5330,88844,1183.615,220,58813,2304,564,2281.61.8152
10172003332 to 343322.4629,80847,0593.615,623,52917,2515,727,2731.61.6156
20210003130 to 322262.3928,72850,0003.511,300,00021,2724,807,4721.21.1113
30266002928 to 302002.3227,64852,9413.510,588,23525,2935,058,6351.10.9106
40321002726 to 281922.2526,56855,8823.510,729,41229,3145,628,3561.10.8107
50378002524 to 261352.1825,48858,8243.47,941,17633,3364,500,2960.80.579
60433002322 to 24912.1124,40861,7653.45,620,58837,3573,399,4600.60.356
70490002120 to 22802.0423,32864,7063.45,176,47141,3783,310,2310.50.352
Heating Capacity Equation (Normalized for Nominal Cooling Capacity)m = slopeb = x-axis intersection1918 to 201121.9722,24867,6473.37,576,47145,3995,084,6950.80.376
Trane (Nominal 36,000 Btuh Cooling Capacity)y = (mx + b) / Nominal Cooling Capacity= rise / run= 120001716 to 18721.9021,16870,5883.35,082,35349,4203,558,2570.50.251
Ambient AirHeatingCapacity = (m * (Ambient Air) + b) / Nominal Cooling Capacity= (45000 - 10000) / (60 - (-5))1514 to 16641.8320,08873,5293.24,705,88253,4413,420,2500.50.147
TemperatureCapacity= (538 * Ambient Air + 12000) / 36000= 35000 / 651312 to 14621.7619,00876,4713.24,741,17657,4633,562,6800.50.147
(Deg. F)(Btuh)= .015 * Ambient Air + .333= 5381110 to 12561.6917,92879,4123.14,447,05961,4843,443,0910.50.144
-10600098 to 10251.6216,84882,3533.12,058,82465,5051,637,6240.20.021
010900Heating Capacity Equation76 to 841.5515,76885,2943.0341,17669,526278,1040.00.03
1016400Heating Capacity = (.015* Ambient Air + .333) * Nominal Cooling Capacity54 to 631.4814,68888,2352.9264,70673,547220,6420.00.03
202060032 to 471.4113,60891,1762.8638,23577,568542,9790.10.06
302660010 to 261.3412,52894,1182.7564,70681,590489,5380.10.06
4032600-1-2 to 011.2711,44897,0592.797,05985,61185,6110.0-0.01
5039000-3-4 to -211.2010,368100,0002.5100,00089,63289,6320.0-0.01
6045700Total6,659212,023,97565,515,1480.02,074
7052600Average Heating Temperature21.740.7
Total Backup Energy by Formula = Total Heat Loss (btu/hr) - Average Heat Pump Capacity (btu/hr) x EFLHH65
=(Total Heat Loss (btu/hr) - ((0.015 x AHT + 0.333) x Heat Pump Nominal Cooling Capacity)) x EFLHH65
=136,971,510
-10-10-10
000
101010
202020
303030
404040
505050
606060
707070
Century
Comfortmaker
Trane
Ambient Air Temperarure (0F)
Heating Capacity (Btuh)
Air Source Heat Pump COP
17950
6000
18200
14000
10900
18900
17200
16400
19600
21000
20600
21350
26600
26600
26250
32100
32600
39200
37800
39000
49000
43300
45700
53900
49000
52600
Air Source Heat Pump
2/21/14
Average Heating COP
Century
Ambient AirHeating
TemperatureCOP
(Deg. F)
-101.89
01.92
101.98
202.01
302.1
402.43
503.24
604.02
704.35
Comfortmaker
Ambient AirHeating
TemperatureCOP
(Deg. F)
-101.1
01.49
101.78
202.09
302.42
402.76
503.1
603.38
704.35
COP Equationm = slopeb = x-axis intersection
Traney = mx + b= rise / run= 1.3
Ambient AirHeatingCOP = m * (Ambient Air) + b= (3.6 - 0.8) / (70 - (-10))
TemperatureCOP= .035 * Ambient Air + 1.3= 2.8 / 80
(Deg. F)= .035
-101
01.3
101.78
202.05
302.46
402.82
503.16
603.46
703.73
Heating Capacity Curve Fit
Comfortmaker
Trane
Ambient Air Temperarure
Heating COP
Air Source Heat Pump Heating COP
VRF Part Load Factors
Heating Part Load Data
2/21/14
VRF
Air Cooled - Variable Speed
Mitsubishi - PUHY-P120YHMU (page 60 of Mitsubishi catalog)
Ambient Temperature (F)Percent CapacityHeating Capacity (btuh)Heating Capacity (watts)Percent Power InputPower Input (watts)COPAHRI COP at 47FAHRI COP
100.012000035.29.33.43
6064.07680022.542.03.95.793.92
5064.07680022.548.04.45.063.43
4064.07680022.556.05.24.342.94
3064.07680022.568.06.33.572.42
2064.07680022.585.07.92.861.94
1064.07680022.5105.09.72.311.57
052.06240018.3103.09.51.921.30
-1010.0120003.5102.09.40.370.25
Calculated IEER62.2
AHRI Rating
Calculated IEER52.9
w/15% for Pumping Energy
Heating COP Curve Fit
Ambient Temperature (F)
Heating Capacity (Btuh)
Heating Capacity
Ambient Temperature (F)
COP
Heating COP
Sensorless Pump DatabaseOriginal DB
Pump:KV1506AE2HCB098MRev 14/9/13
FlowDesignDelta PPipePumpPumpDrive:
FlowPercent ofHeadHeadHeadEfficiencyEfficiency
gpmDesignft.ft.ft.%FactorVFD HzTYPEUnitsCondition 1Condition 2Condition 3Condition 4Condition 5Condition 6Condition 7Condition 8Condition 9Condition 10
62 HzHeadft42.54343.49443.37542.01139.61435.22528.62521.63412.4054.063
Delta TFlowgpm0.00011.30524.70035.21444.59555.95667.71777.96089.93899.045
0.00.00VFD PowerHP0.4640.5730.7030.8070.8940.9911.0711.1301.1861.216
12.50.2534.00.02.149.6%1.00Motor Speedrpm
25.00.5034.00.08.549.6%1.00Efficiencypercent0.0%21.7%38.5%46.3%49.9%50.2%45.7%37.7%23.8%8.4%
37.50.7534.00.019.149.6%1.00Shutoff HP % of BEP HP46.8%
50.01.0034.00.034.049.6%1.00
VFD HzTYPEUnitsCondition 1Condition 2Condition 3Condition 4Condition 5Condition 6Condition 7Condition 8Condition 9Condition 10
Delta P = 25% of Design60 HzHeadft39.93440.75740.72839.42236.73432.77926.60519.93012.0633.719
0.00.00Flowgpm0.00011.38322.93433.92244.44654.52365.93376.01386.39995.957
12.50.2534.08.510.126.0%0.52VFD PowerHP0.4290.5320.6340.7380.8320.9120.9881.0411.0831.115
25.00.5034.08.514.939.0%0.79Motor Speedrpm0.022.037.245.849.649.544.836.724.38.1
37.50.7534.08.522.846.0%0.93Efficiencypercent0.0%22.0%37.2%45.8%49.6%49.5%44.8%36.7%24.3%8.1%
50.01.0034.08.534.049.6%1.00Shutoff HP % of BEP HP47.0%
Delta P = 50% of DesignVFD HzTYPEUnitsCondition 1Condition 2Condition 3Condition 4Condition 5Condition 6Condition 7Condition 8Condition 9Condition 10
0.00.0050 HzHeadft27.61728.19728.18527.40525.39023.03218.80412.9258.0772.462
12.50.2534.017.018.128.0%0.56Flowgpm0.00010.12618.61727.10036.98244.29354.16164.70872.58879.991
25.00.5034.017.021.340.0%0.81VFD PowerHP0.2770.3280.3810.4360.4980.5380.5840.6210.6440.662
37.50.7534.017.026.646.5%0.94Motor Speedrpm
50.01.0034.017.034.049.6%1.00Efficiencypercent0.0%22.0%34.8%43.0%47.6%47.9%44.0%34.0%23.0%7.5%
Pump Part Load Efficiency Factor (PPLEF)Shutoff HP % of BEP HP51.5%
Delta P = 75% of DesignDelta P
0.00.00PPLEF = 1.4882 x PLF(3) - 3.3493 x PLF(2) + 2.8111 x PLF + .0496VFD HzTYPEUnitsCondition 1Condition 2Condition 3Condition 4Condition 5Condition 6Condition 7Condition 8Condition 9Condition 10
12.50.2534.025.526.030.0%0.60Delta T40 HzHeadft17.67017.99818.01017.32416.39414.59111.6638.9205.1401.575
25.00.5034.025.527.642.0%0.85PPLEF = 1Flowgpm0.0008.54915.53923.55128.85535.99144.15750.47858.05563.952
37.50.7534.025.530.347.0%0.95VFD PowerHP0.1500.1850.2150.2470.2680.2930.3160.3310.3440.354
50.01.0034.025.534.049.6%1.00Motor Speedrpm
Efficiencypercent0.0%21.0%32.9%41.7%44.6%45.3%41.2%34.4%21.9%7.2%
Delta P = 90% of DesignFlow (Load)DesignDelta PPipePumpPumpPumpShutoff HP % of BEP HP51.2%
0.00.00Fraction ofHeadHeadHeadHeadEfficiencyHP
12.50.3334.0030.030.332.0%0.65DesignFactorVFD HzTYPEUnitsCondition 1Condition 2Condition 3Condition 4Condition 5Condition 6Condition 7Condition 8Condition 9Condition 10
25.00.6734.0030.031.040.0%0.8130 Hz HeadHeadft9.8089.99410.0109.7699.0517.9806.4204.8182.7960.766
37.51.0034.0030.032.348.0%0.97Delta P = 25% of DesignFlowgpm0.0005.82911.46916.22522.01527.51233.18138.07843.55848.093
50.01.3334.0030.034.049.6%1.000.051.000.250.000.250.180.07VFD PowerHP0.0760.0890.1030.1140.1270.1380.1470.1530.1580.162
0.251.000.250.050.300.570.13Motor Speedrpm
Delta P = 100% of Design0.501.000.250.190.440.800.27Efficiencypercent0.0%16.5%28.1%35.1%39.6%40.2%36.6%30.3%19.5%5.7%
0.00.000.751.000.250.420.670.900.56Shutoff HP % of BEP HP55.1%
12.50.2534.034.034.028.0%0.561.001.000.250.751.001.001.00
25.00.5034.034.034.040.0%0.81VFD HzTYPEUnitsCondition 1Condition 2Condition 3Condition 4Condition 5Condition 6Condition 7Condition 8Condition 9Condition 10
37.50.7534.034.034.047.0%0.95Delta P = 50% of Design20 HzHeadft4.1994.2814.2774.1373.8483.4642.8132.2891.2150.197
50.01.0034.034.034.049.6%1.000.051.000.500.000.500.180.14Flowgpm0.0005.8487.65311.83015.20418.19121.86124.27728.60132.303
0.251.000.500.030.530.570.23VFD PowerHP0.0370.0420.0450.0490.0520.0550.0570.0590.0610.063
SAT Program Pump Efficiency Factor (PEF) Curve0.501.000.500.130.630.800.39Motor Speedrpm0.015.118.425.228.428.927.223.814.42.6
0.00.000.050.751.000.500.280.780.900.65Efficiencypercent0.0%15.1%18.4%25.2%28.4%28.9%27.2%23.8%14.4%2.6%
12.50.2534.034.034.028.0%0.561.001.000.500.501.001.001.00Shutoff HP % of BEP HP67.3%
25.00.5034.034.034.040.0%0.81
37.50.7534.034.034.047.0%0.90Delta P = 75% of Design
50.01.0034.034.034.049.6%1.000.051.000.750.000.750.180.21
0.251.000.750.020.770.570.34
0.501.000.750.060.810.800.51
0.751.000.750.140.890.900.74
Fraction1.001.000.750.251.001.001.00
Shutoff
ShutoffDesignHeadShutoffShutoffFractionDelta P = 100% of Design
HeadHeadof BEPHPHPShutoff HP0.051.001.000.001.000.180.27
ftftHeadof BEP HP0.251.001.000.001.000.570.44
0.501.001.000.001.000.800.62
4.235.000.120.0371.00.040.751.001.000.001.000.900.83
9.835.000.280.0761.00.081.001.001.000.001.001.001.00
17.735.000.500.1501.00.15
27.635.000.790.2771.00.28Delta T
39.935.001.140.4291.00.430.051.000.000.000.000.180.00
0.251.000.000.060.060.570.03
0.501.000.000.250.250.800.16
0.751.000.000.560.560.900.47
1.001.000.001.001.001.001.00
Minimum Shutoff Pump Horsepower = 0.1105 x (Delta P % of Design Head)(2) + 0.2515 x (Delta P % of Design Head) + .001
Percent Shutoff HP of BEP HP
Percent Shutoff Head (Delta P) of BEP (Design) Head
Percent Shutoff HP of BEP (Design) HP
Percent Shutoff HP of BEP HP (Minimum Shutoff Pump Horsepower)
y = 0.1105x2 + 0.2515x + 0.001
Delta P = 25% of Design Head
Delta P = 50% of Design Head
Delta P = 75% of Design Head
Delta P = 90% of Design
Delta P = 100% of Design Head
Delta T
Pump Efficiency Factor Curve
(Heating or Cooling) Part Load Factor
Pump Part Load Efficiency Factor
Pump Part Load Efficiency Factor for Different Delta P
y = 1.4882x3 - 3.3493x2 + 2.8111x + 0.0496
Pumping Horsepower
2/21/14
Heat Gain
= 200' x 200' x 25 btuh/sq. ft.1000000btuhDistribution/Pumping Energy Percent of Compressor Horsepower
83tonsPipe/Duct Length0100200300400500
FlowsHydronic (Conventional)Hydronic (2 Pipe)2.4%2.7%3.1%3.5%3.8%4.2%
Hydronic (Conventional) = Heat Gain / 500 / 10F delta T200gpmHydronic (Chilled Beam/LOFlo)Hydronic (1 Pipe)1.5%1.7%1.9%2.1%2.3%2.5%
Hydronic (Heat Pump) = Heat Gain / 500 / 10F delta T *1.25 (heat of rejection)250gpmAir (Fan Coil)Air (Low Pressure Rooftop)6.8%8.0%9.3%10.5%11.8%13.1%
Hydronic (1 pipe LOFlo Primary) = Heat Gain / 500 / 18F delta T111Air (VAV)Air (Medium Pressure VAV)15.5%19.9%24.3%28.7%33.1%37.5%
Hydronic (1 pipe LOFlo Secondary) = Heat Gain / 500 / 5F delta T400gpmRefrigerant (VRF - AHRI)VRF1.0%6.0%12.0%18.0%24.0%30.0%
Air = Heat Gain / 1.085 / 25F delta T36866cfm
Efficiencies
Pump80%
Fan65%
Motor90%
Compressor Horsepower
EER (btuh/watt)13
COP = EER (/ 3.4133.8
Compressor Horsepower
= Heat Gain (btuh) / COP / 3.413 (btuh/watt)
/ 1,000 (watts/kw) / .75 (kw/hp)103hp
Pipe Pressure Drop
Pipe Length (ft)0100200300400500
Hydronic (Conventional)
Pipe Length (ft)0100200300400500
Head (ft)
Fixed
Chiller Evaporator101010101010
Pump Accessories555555
Cooling coil555555
Control Valve101010101010
Balance Valve555555
Subtotal353535353535
Variable Pipe Friction
= 4' / 100' x pipe length x 1.3 equivalent length0510162126
Total354045515661
Pump Horsepower
= Flow x Head / 3960 / Pump Efficiency / Motor Efficiency2.462.823.183.553.914.28
Hydronic (Chilled Beam LOFlo Primary)
Pipe Length (ft)0100200300400500
Head (ft)
Fixed
Chiller Evaporator101010101010
Pump Accessories555555
Subtotal151515151515
Variable Pipe Friction
= 4' / 100' x pipe length x 1.3 equivalent length0510162126
Total152025313641
Pump Horsepower
= Flow x Head / 3960 / Pump Efficiency / Motor Efficiency0.580.790.991.191.401.60
Hydronic (Chilled Beam LOFlo Secondary)
Pipe Length (ft)0100200300400500
Head (ft)
Fixed
Cooling coil555555
Control Valve000000
Balance Valve000000
Subtotal555555
Variable Pipe Friction
= 4' / 100' x 30' pipe length x 1.3 equivalent length222222
Total777777
Pump Horsepower
= Flow x Head / 3960 / Pump Efficiency / Motor Efficiency0.920.920.920.920.920.92
Hydronic (Chilled Beam LOFlo Total)
Pump Horsepower (Total)1.501.711.912.112.322.52
Air (Rooftop)
Duct Length (ft)0100200300400500
Static Pressure
Fixed
Unit Casing0.050.050.050.050.050.05
Cooling coil0.250.250.250.250.250.25
Filter0.200.200.200.200.200.20
Balance Damper0.100.100.100.100.100.10
Grille0.100.100.100.100.100.10
Subtotal0.700.700.700.700.700.70
Variable Duct Friction
= 0.1" / 100' x duct length x 1.3 equivalent length0.000.130.260.390.520.65
Total0.700.830.961.091.221.35
Fan Horsepower
= Flow x Static Pressure / 6356 / Fan Efficiency / Motor Efficiency6.948.239.5210.8112.1013.39
Air (VAV)
Duct Length (ft)0100200300400500
Static Pressure
Fixed
Unit Casing0.100.100.100.100.100.10
Cooling coil0.750.750.750.750.750.75
Filter0.500.500.500.500.500.50
VAV Box Damper0.250.250.250.250.250.25
Balancing Damper0.100.100.100.100.100.10
Grille0.100.100.100.100.100.10
Subtotal1.601.601.601.601.601.60
Variable Duct Friction
= 0.35" / 100' x duct length x 1.3 equivalent length0.000.460.911.371.822.28
Total1.602.062.512.973.423.88
Fan Horsepower
= Flow x Static Pressure / 6356 / Fan Efficiency / Motor Efficiency15.8620.3824.8929.4033.9138.42
Refrigerant (VRF)
Compressor capacity pipe length correction factor
Pipe length (ft)0100200300400500
Equivalent pipe length = pipe length x 1.3 (ft)0150300450600750
Equivalent pipe length = pipe length x 1.3 (m)04691137183229
Sources
Daikin (equivalent pipe length)1.0000.9300.8600.8100.7800.760
Mitsubishi (equivalent pipe length)1.0000.9300.8650.8100.7500.700
AHRI (pipe length)0.9900.9400.8800.8200.7600.700
ASHRAE Guide1.0000.9850.9650.9500.9300.920
Daikin (equivalent length)Mitsubishi (equivalent length)AHRI Standard 1230-2013 (pipe length)ASHRAE Guide
Hydronic (1 Pipe)
Hydronic (2 Pipe)
Air (Low Pressure Rooftop)
Air (Medium Pressure VAV)
VRF
Pipe Length
Percent of Compressor Horsepower
Distribution/Pumping Energy
Pumping Horsepower
2/21/14
Heat Gain
= 200' x 200' x 25 btuh/sq. ft.1000000btuhDistribution/Pumping Energy Percent of Compressor Horsepower
83tonsPipe/Duct Length0100200300400500
FlowsHydronicHydronic0.0%0.4%0.7%1.1%1.4%1.8%
Hydronic (Conventional) = Heat Gain / 500 / 10F delta T200gpmAir (Low Pressure VVT)Air (Low Pressure VVT)0.0%1.3%2.5%3.8%5.0%6.3%
Hydronic (Heat Pump) = Heat Gain / 500 / 10F delta T *1.25 (heat of rejection)250gpmAir (Medium Pressure VAV)Air (Medium Pressure VAV)0.0%4.4%8.8%13.2%17.6%22.0%
Hydronic (1 pipe LOFlo Primary) = Heat Gain / 500 / 18F delta T111Refrigerant (VRF - AHRI))Refrigerant (VRF)1.0%6.0%12.0%18.0%24.0%30.0%
Hydronic (1 pipe LOFlo Secondary) = Heat Gain / 500 / 5F delta T400gpm
Air = Heat Gain / 1.085 / 25F delta T36866cfm
Efficiencies
Pump80%
Fan65%
Motor90%
Compressor Horsepower
EER (btuh/watt)13
COP = EER (/ 3.4133.8
Compressor Horsepower
= Heat Gain (btuh) / COP / 3.413 (btuh/watt)
/ 1,000 (watts/kw) / .75 (kw/hp)103hp
Hydronic System Horsepower
Pipe Length (ft)0100200300400500
Head (ft)
Pipe Friction
= 4' / 100' x pipe length x 1.3 equivalent length0510162126
Pump Horsepower
= Flow x Head / 3960 / Pump Efficiency / Motor Efficiency0.000.360.731.091.461.82
Air (Low Pressure VVT) Horsepower
Duct Length (ft)0100200300400500
Static Pressure
Duct Friction
= 0.1" / 100' x duct length x 1.3 equivalent length0.000.130.260.390.520.65
Fan Horsepower
= Flow x Static Pressure / 6356 / Fan Efficiency / Motor Efficiency0.001.292.583.875.166.44
Air (Medium Pressure VAV) Horsepower
Duct Length (ft)0100200300400500
Static Pressure
Variable Duct Friction
= 0.35" / 100' x duct length x 1.3 equivalent length0.000.460.911.371.822.28
Fan Horsepower
= Flow x Static Pressure / 6356 / Fan Efficiency / Motor Efficiency0.004.519.0213.5318.0522.56
Refrigerant (VRF) Horsepower
Compressor capacity pipe length correction factor
Pipe length (ft)0100200300400500
Equivalent pipe length = pipe length x 1.3 (ft)0150300450600750
Equivalent pipe length = pipe length x 1.3 (m)04691137183229
Sources
Daikin (equivalent pipe length)1.0000.9300.8600.8100.7800.760
Mitsubishi (equivalent pipe length)1.0000.9300.8650.8100.7500.700
AHRI (pipe length)0.9900.9400.8800.8200.7600.700
ASHRAE Guide1.0000.9850.9650.9500.9300.920
AHRI Standard 1230-2013 (pipe length)
Daikin (equivalent length)Mitsubishi (equivalent length)
Hydronic
Air (Low Pressure VVT)
Air (Medium Pressure VAV)
Refrigerant (VRF)
Pipe/Duct Length
Percent of Compressor Horsepower
Distribution/Pumping Energy
Taco System Analysis
2/21/14
ParameterCentral Plant Heating and Cooling Sources
Heating SourceCooling Source
BoilerFurnaceElectric Resistance HeatingPTACPackaged RooftopVariable Refrigerant FlowHeat PumpChillerSplit System Condensing UnitVariable Refrigerant FlowHeat PumpPTACPackaged Rooftop
Air SourceWater SourceGeothermal Water to AirClosed LoopGeothermal Water to AirOpen LoopGeothermal Water to AirStanding ColumnAir SourceWater SourceWater Source Condenser Water Heat OnlyGeothermal Water to AirClosed LoopGeothermal Water to AirOpen LoopGeothermal Water to AirStanding ColumnGeothermal Water to WaterClosed LoopGeothermal Water to WaterOpen LoopGeothermal Water to WaterStanding ColumnWater Cooled ElectricScroll CompressorWater Cooled ElectricScrew CompressorWater Cooled ElectricCentrifugal CompressorWater Cooled ElectricFrictionless CompressorWater Cooled AbsorptionAir Cooled Electric Scroll CompressorAir Cooled Electric Screw CompressorAir Cooled Electric Centrifugal CompressorAir Cooled Electric Frictionless CompressorAir Cooled AbsorptionCondensing Unit, Evaporative CooledCondensing Unit, Air CooledAir SourceWater SourceGeothermal Water to AirClosed LoopGeothermal Water to AirOpen LoopGeothermal Water to AirStanding ColumnAir SourceWater SourceWater Source Condenser Water Heat OnlyGeothermal Water to AirClosed LoopGeothermal Water to AirOpen LoopGeothermal Water to AirStanding ColumnGeothermal Water to WaterClosed LoopGeothermal Water to WaterOpen LoopGeothermal Water to WaterStanding Column
Constant SpeedVariable SpeedConstant SpeedVariable SpeedConstant SpeedVariable SpeedConstant SpeedVariable SpeedConstant SpeedVariable SpeedConstant SpeedVariable SpeedConstant SpeedVariable SpeedConstant SpeedVariable SpeedConstant SpeedVariable SpeedConstant SpeedVariable SpeedConstant SpeedVariable SpeedConstant SpeedVariable SpeedConstant SpeedVariable SpeedConstant SpeedVariable SpeedConstant SpeedVariable SpeedConstant SpeedVariable SpeedConstant SpeedVariable SpeedConstant SpeedVariable SpeedConstant SpeedVariable SpeedConstant SpeedVariable SpeedConstant SpeedVariable SpeedConstant SpeedVariable SpeedConstant SpeedVariable SpeedConstant SpeedVariable SpeedConstant SpeedVariable SpeedConstant SpeedVariable SpeedConstant SpeedVariable SpeedConstant SpeedVariable Speed
Central Plant
Electrical Demand (kw)
Pump Electrical Demand (Primary and Secondary)
Heating Pump Horsepower
CPHPHB = Central Plant Heating Pump Head, Boiler (ft head)
= Central Plant Heating Pump Head, Boiler (ft head), Primary Only5
= Central Plant Heating Pump Head, Boiler (ft head), Primary for Primary/Secondary5
= Central Plant Heating Pump Head, Boiler (ft head), Secondary for Primary/Secondary0
CPHPHHC = Central Plant Heating Pump Head, Heating Coil (ft head) (one of 3 following equations)
= Central Plant Heating Pump Head, Heating Coil (ft head), Primary Only
= Central Plant Heating Pump Head, Heating Coil (ft head), Primary for Primary/Secondary
= Central Plant Heating Pump Head, Heating Coil (ft head), Secondary for Primary/Secondary
CPHPHCV = Central Plant Heating Pump Head, Control Valve (ft head) (one of 3 following equations)
= Central Plant Heating Pump Head, Control Valve (ft head), Primary Only
= Central Plant Heating Pump Head, Control Valve (ft head), Primary for Primary/Secondary
= Central Plant Heating Pump Head, Control Valve (ft head), Secondary for Primary/Secondary
CPHPHPA = Central Plant Heating Pump Head, Pump Accessories (ft head)
CPHPHBV = Central Plant Heating Pump Head, Balance Valve (ft head)
PDPD = Pipe Design Pressure Drop (user preference)
= 4 ft / 100 ft (Default)
1P2PLR = 1 Pipe to 2 pipe system pipe length ratioSee PumpsSee PumpsSee PumpsSee PumpsSee PumpsSee PumpsSee PumpsSee PumpsSee Pumps
= 0.7 (default)See PumpsSee PumpsSee PumpsSee PumpsSee PumpsSee PumpsSee PumpsSee PumpsSee Pumps
HPML = Hydronic Pipe Maximum Length (ft pipe)
CPHPHDSS = Central Plant Heating Pump Head, Distribution System Secondary (ft head) (one of 2 following equations)
CPHPHDSS = PDPD / 100 (ft pipe) x (Building Perimeter (ft pipe) or Hydronic Pipe Maximum Length (ft pipe)) x 1.5 Equivalent Length x 1P2PLR, (Single pipe)
= PDPD / 100 x (2 x (FL + FW + (NF x FH)) or HPML) x 1.5 x 1P2PLR
CPHPHDSS = PDPD / 100 (ft pipe) x (Building Perimeter (ft pipe) or Hydronic Pipe Maximum Length (ft pipe)) x 1.5 Equivalent Length (2 pipe)
= PDPD / 100 x (2 x ((FL + FW + (NF x FH)) or HPML) x 1.5
CPHPHDSP = Central Plant Heating Pump Head, Distribution System Primary (ft head)
= PDPD / 100 (ft pipe) x Mechanical Room (50 ft pipe) x 1.5 Equivalent Length
= PDPD / 100 x 50 x 1.5
CPHPHPP = Central Plant Heating Pump Head, Piping (ft head) Primary (varies with load as square of flow or load)
= (CPHPHB + CPHPHPA + CPHPHDSP + CPHPHDSS (0 for Primary/Secondary)) x HPLF2
CPHPHPS = Central Plant Heating Pump Head, Piping (ft head) Secondary (varies with load as square of flow or load)
= (CPHPHB + CPHPHPA + CPHPHDSS) x HPLF2
CPHPHTU = Central Plant Heating Pump Head, Terminal Unit (ft head) (one of following 2 equations)
CPHPHTU = Central Plant Heating Pump Head, Terminal Unit (ft head) (varies with load as square of flow or load for Delta T control)
= (CPHPHC + CPHPCV + CPHPHBV) x HPLF2
CPHPHTU = Central Plant Heating Pump Head, Terminal Unit (ft head) (constant, does not vary with load, Delta P for Delta P control)
= CPHPHC + CPHPCV + CPHPHBV
HHTDP = Hydronic Heating Temperature Difference Primary (user preference)
= Default
HHTDS = Hydronic Heating Temperature Difference Secondary (user preference)
= Default
HHTTS = Hydronic Heating Temperature Difference Terminal Unit (user preference)
= Default
CPHPF(P/S) = Central Plant Heating Pump Flow Primary or Secondary (gpm)
= Hourly Total Heat Loss (btu/hr) / 60 min/hr / 8.33 lb/gal / 1btu/lb/deg F /
Hydronic Heating Temperature Difference Primary or Secondary (deg F)
= HHLT / 500 / HHTD(P/S)
CPFLPE(P/S) = Central Plant Full Load Pump Efficiency Primary or Secondary (user preference)
= 70% (default)
CPFLME(P/S) = Central Plant Full Load Motor Efficiency Primary or Secondary (user preference)
= 90% (default)
CPHPHPCV = Central Plant Heating Pump Horsepower Conversion Factor
= 1 / Central Plant Full Load Pump Efficiency (bhp/hp) / Heating Pump Part Load Efficiency Factor / 3960 (gpm x ft head / hp) / Central Plant Motor Efficiency
= 1 / CPFLPE / HPPLEF / 3960 / CPME
CPHPPHP= Central Plant Heating Primary Pump Horsepower (hp)
= Heating Flow (gpm) x (Central Plant Heating Pump Head, Piping (ft head) Primary + Central Plant Heating Pump Head, Terminal Unit (ft head)) x Central Plant Heating Pump Horsepower Conversion Factor
(Minimum Heating Flow (gpm) = 25% for lubrication of seals)
= CPHPF x (CPHPHPP + CPHPHPTU (0 if Primary/Secondary)) x CPHPHPCV
CPHPSHP= Central Plant Heating Secondary Pump Horsepower (hp)
= Heating Flow (gpm) x (Central Plant Heating Pump Head, Piping (ft head) Secondary + Central Plant Heating Pump Head, Terminal Unit (ft head)) x Central Plant Heating Pump Horsepower Conversion Factor
(Minimum Heating Flow (gpm) = 25% for lubrication of seals)
= (CPHPF x (CPHPHPS + CPHPHPTU) x CPHPHPCV) (0 if Primary Only)
Heating Pump Demand (kw)
HPC = .746 killowatts/horsepower
CPHPD = Central Plant Heating Pump Demand (kw)
= Central Plant Heating Pump Horsepower (hp) x HPC (kilowatts/horsepower)
= CPHPHP x HPC
MHDF = Monthly Heating Demand Factor
= (Balance Point - Monthly Minimum) / (Balance Point - Average Annual Minimum) (=1 if > 1 and 0 if 1 and 0 if 1 and 0 if 1 and 0 if 1 and 0 if 1 and 0 if 1 and 0 if 1 and 0 if 1 and 0 if 1 and 0 if 1 and 0 if 1 and 0 if 1 and 0 if 1 and 0 if 1 and 0 if 1 and 0 if
HYDRONICS ARE SAFE AND SUSTAINABLE
Chart1
0000
50505050
100100100100
150150150150
200200200200
250250250250
Refrigerant (Split System)
Refrigerant (VRF)
Hydronic (Electric Chiller and Heat Pump)
Hydronic (Absorption Chiller and Heat Pump)
Tons of Cooling
Pounds of Refrigerant
Refrigerant Charge
0
0
0
0
242.8571428571
225
50
0
485.7142857143
450
100
0
728.5714285714
675
150
0
971.4285714286
900
200
0
1214.2857142857
1125
250
0
Sheet1
Refrigerant Charge
1/7/14
SystemRefrigerant ChargeRange(lbs/ton)Refrigerant ChargeUsed(lbs/ton)Refrigerant Charge
RefrigerantTons of Cooling050100150200250
DX Split System (See calculation below)Refrigerant Split SystemRefrigerant (Split System)02434867299711214
Total Charge for 35 feet of Refrigerant Pipe (Charlotte HVAC Guide)2 - 43.0000Rerfrigerant VRFRefrigerant (VRF)02254506759001125
Condensing Unit (McQuay AGZ 10 - 30 tons)1.5 - 2.02.0000Hydronic Electirc Chiller and Heat PumpsHydronic (Electric Chiller and Heat Pump)050100150200250
Pipe Charge (per foot)0.0286Hydronic Absorption ChillersHydronic (Absorption Chiller and Heat Pump)000000
Total Charge for 100 feet of refrigerant line4.8571
VRF (Applying VRF - Don't Overlook Standard 15 - ASHRAE 2012-7)3 - 64.5000
Hydronic System
Air Cooled Chiller (Daikin/McQuay ALS Rotary Screw 120-210 tons)0.9 - 1.11.0000
Water Cooled Chiller (Trane Series R 80-250 tons)0.8 - 1.11.0000
Water Cooled Heat Pump (McQuay Large Water Source Heat Pumps 6 - 25 tons)0.8 - 1.21.0000
Absorption Chillers00.0000
Sheet1
Refrigerant (Split System)
Refrigerant (VRF)
Hydronic (Electric Chiller and Heat Pump)
Hydronic (Absorption Chiller and Heat Pump)
Tons of Cooling
Pounds of Refrigerant
Refrigerant Charge
Sheet2
Sheet3
NET ENERGY – SYSTEM VS. UNIT EFFICIENCY
Two buildings have the same load – but the Hydronic System always wins due to reduced energy use. Why?
LOWEST OPERATING COST, PLUS:SIMULTANEOUS HEAT RECLAIM – Lowest cost, when applied to the whole building design for increased opportunity to share energyCYCLICAL – Better practice, heating and cooling offset each other but do not have to occur simultaneously
Available only with hydronic systemsSTORAGE – Best practice based on cost
Available only with hydronic systems
OTHER CONSIDERATIONS
Preference of building ownerAvailable construction budgetSize and shape of buildingFunction of building (comfort requirements)Architectural limitationsLife-cycle costEase of operation and maintenanceTime available for construction
Good Reasons to use DX
Tom LennonRegional Manager AAON, Inc.
Good reasons to use DX
1. It can be cheaper to own and operate.a. Frequently less first cost as both field labor and equipment cost can be
significantly less. No pumps, little piping, no dedicated machine rooms in many instances.
b. Energy costs may be significantly less utilizing air source or water source heat pump systems as well as eliminating pumping cost. Larger units are available with Evap condensing to reduce lift to below most water cooled chillers.
c. Self contained controls that are BACnet ready provide an inexpensive way to offer even smaller facilities big system BAS benefits.
Good reasons to use DX
Frequently less first cost as both field labor and equipment cost can be significantly less. No pumps, little piping, no dedicated machine rooms in many instances.
Good reasons to use DX
Energy costs may be significantly less utilizing air source or water source heat pump systems as well as eliminating pumping cost. Larger units are available with Evapcondensing to reduce lift to below most water cooled chillers.
Good reasons to use DX
Self contained controls that are BACnet ready provide an cost effective way to offer even smaller facilities big system BAS benefits.
Relative Humidity +/- 5%
DB Temperature+/- 1/2° F
Good reasons to use DX
2. Better comforta. Variable Capacity Compressors (Digital, Variable
Speed, and 2-step) can provide stable LAT with precise humidity control
Modulating Hot Gas Reheat allows precise RH control for even high OSA percentage units.
Full Load Air Handler Psychrometrics
Outside Air700 CFM95° F DB75° F WB
Mixed Air80.2° F DB66.1° F WB
Coil L/A52.9° F DB52.1° F WB Supply Air 2695 CFM
54.7° F DB
Room Load60,000 Btu/hr
Sensible15,000 Btu/hr Latent
Room Conditions75° F DB50 % RH
O/A M/A
R/A
S/A
E/AExhaust Air700 CFM
Supply Fan Unit Gross Cap.TSP = 2.5 in. wg. Tot = 111,964 Btu/hrBHP = 1.93 Sensible = 80,634 Btu/hr Latent = 31,330 Btu/hr
Design Conditions
9.3 Tons
Part Load Psychrometrics
Outside Air700 CFM95° F DB75° F WB
Mixed Air85.4° F DB70.4° F WB
Coil L/A54.3° F DB
523.5° F WB
Supply Air 1343 CFM54.7° F DB
Room Load30,000 Btu/hr
Sensible15,000 Btu/hr Latent
Room Conditions75° F DB
58.4 % RH
O/A M/A
R/A
S/A
E/AExhaust Air700 CFM
Supply Fan Unit Gross Cap.TSP = 0.62 in. wg. Tot = 72,028 Btu/hrBHP = 0.24 Sensible = 46,032 Btu/hr Latent = 25,996 Btu/hr
Reduced Sensible Load
6.0 Tons
Increase in RH %
Part Load Psychrometrics
Outside Air700 CFM95° F DB75° F WB
Mixed Air95.0° F DB75.0° F WB
Coil L/A54.6° F DB53.7° F WB Supply Air 700 CFM
54.7° F DB
Room Load15,000 Btu/hr
Sensible15,000 Btu/hr Latent
Room Conditions74.1° F DB72.2 % RH
O/A M/A
R/A
S/A
E/AExhaust Air700 CFM
Supply Fan Unit Gross Cap.TSP = 0.17 in. wg. Tot = 49,772 Btu/hrBHP = 0.03 Sensible = 31,265 Btu/hr Latent = 18,506 Btu/hr
Loss of Temp ControlLost of Humidity Control
Further Reduction in Sensible Load
Minimum airflow
Modulating Hot Gas Reheat
Control Board
Modulating Valve
Outside Air700 CFM95° F DB75° F WB
Mixed Air80.2° F DB66.1° F WB
Coil L/A52.9° F DB52.1° F WB Supply Air 2695 CFM
54.7° F DB
Room Load60,000 Btu/hr
Sensible15,000 Btu/hr Latent
Room Conditions75° F DB50 % RH
O/A M/A
R/A
S/A
E/AExhaust Air700 CFM
Supply Fan Unit Gross Cap.TSP = 2.65 in. wg. Tot = 111,964 Btu/hrBHP = 2.29 Sensible = 80,634 Btu/hr Latent = 31,330 Btu/hr
Mod Gas Reheat
0 Btu/hr, .15” APD
Design Conditions
9.3 Tons
Full Load Air Handler PsychrometricsWith MHGRH
BHP increase 18.6%
VAV System Psychrometrics with Modulating Hot Gas Reheat
Outside Air700 CFM95° F DB75° F WB
Mixed Air85.4° F DB69.4° F WB
Coil L/A48.8° F DB48.1° F WB Supply Air 1347 CFM
54.7° F DB
Room Load30,000 Btu/hr
Sensible15,000 Btu/hr Latent
Room Conditions75° F DB50 % RH
O/A M/A
R/A
S/A
E/AExhaust Air700 CFM
Supply Fan Unit Gross Cap.TSP = .62 in. wg. Tot = 85,342 Btu/hrBHP = 0.24 Sensible = 54,026 Btu/hr Latent = 31,315 Btu/hr
Mod Gas Reheat
8037 Btu/hr
Reduced Sensible Load
7.1Tons an increase due to humidity controlBHP reduced 87.5%
No increase in RH %
VAV System Psychrometrics with Modulating Hot Gas Reheat
Outside Air700 CFM95° F DB75° F WB
Mixed Air89.6° F DB72.0° F WB
Coil L/A45.0° F DB44.3° F WB Supply Air 956 CFM
60.7° F DB
Room Load15,000 Btu/hr
Sensible15,000 Btu/hr Latent
Room Conditions75° F DB50 % RH
O/A M/A
R/A
S/A
E/AExhaust Air700 CFM
Supply Fan Unit Gross Cap.TSP = .31 in. wg. Tot = 78,129 Btu/hrBHP = 0.09 Sensible = 46,813 Btu/hr Latent = 31,316 Btu/hr
Mod Gas Reheat
15232 Btu/hr
6.5 TonsBHP reduced 95.3%
No increase in RH %
Further Reduction in Sensible Load
DOAS Units
DX is typically the only viable solution for a DOAS unit.
1. Chilled water systems may require glycol which penalizes not only all heat exchangers, but all supply air fans as well due to thicker coils with more FPI.
2. Preheat will not allow for close humidity control – reheat is essential and prohibited by many codes unless utilizing Hot Gas.
3. Suitably low DEW point supply air would take lower water temps then typically practical. With DX saturated air at as low as 41 F is usually available.
4. Air source or water source heat pumps give close heating control without overheating in shoulder months utilizing gas or electric heat only in colder conditions.
5. Variable capacity compressors as part of a DOAS unit utilizing heat pumps operation and modulating heat makes VAV DOAS a true option.
DOAS Units
Thank You!
ASHRAE DX vs Chilled Water Debate :VRF Overview
Zack Koch
©2013 Mitsubishi Electric & Electronics USA, Inc.
VRF is a combination of traditional
systems
Basic System (1 to 1)
Common Uses Individual room School office Server room Additions Problem areas
Condensing Unit Indoor Unit
Refrigerant Piping
Refrigerant Piping
Refrigerant Piping
Commercial System
Condensing Unit Indoor Units
Heat Pump
Up to 50 indoor units per system
All in cooling mode
Commercial System
Condensing Unit Indoor Units
Heat Pump
Up to 50 indoor units per system
Refrigerant Piping
All in heating mode
Commercial SystemHeat Pump
Restaurants
Lobbies
Churches
Apartments
Large open areas
Zones with similar load profiles
Commercial System
Condensing Unit Indoor Units
Heat Pump with Heat Recovery (2 Pipe)
Refrigerant Piping
Up to 50 indoor units per system
Branch CircuitController
Cooling
HeatingSimultaneous
2 Pipes
2 Pipes
Commercial System
Condensing Unit Indoor Units
Heat Pump with Heat Recovery (3 Pipe)
Refrigerant Piping Changeover Box
Cooling
HeatingSimultaneous
Commercial SystemSimultaneous Heating and Cooling Applications
Many zones with different load profiles
Multi-family Senior living centers Schools Student housing Hotels Offices Medical facilities
30Hz
On
60Hz
0Hz
Set Point Temp.
Compressor Energy Consumption
Precise Temperature Control & Energy Efficiency Inverter-driven Compressor
80°F
77°F
75°F
73°F150Hz
Modular and compact designLocation flexibility – often spread around the property
MaintenanceITEM Traditional VRF
Water treatment XCooling tower X
Pump seals X
10 year overhaul X
Boiler analysis X
Chiller maintenance X
Tube brushing X
Belt changes X
Strainer cleaning X
Filter changes X
Condenser cleaning X
X
X
Controllability
Energy
LEED
Maintenance
CostExpandabilit
yWarranty 1 yr. 10 yr.
• Many zones• Sound sensitive• Limited space for ductwork• Owner requirement Cost conscious Energy conscious Maximize USF (usable square footage)
• Multi-family• Schools• Senior living centers• Student housing• Hotels• Churches• Retrofit application
Quiz
1. What system type can take advantage of a water side economizer?
2. True or False:• Heat recovery can only be utilized in a chilled
water system.
3. DX systems with digital and variable speed compressors offer precise humidity control.
Quiz
4. Up to how many indoor unit can be connected to a VRF condensing unit?
5. Which system(s) offer the lowest first costs?
Chilled Water�vs.�Direct Expansion (DX)�vs.�VRF��Panel DiscussionChilled Water System�Industry ExpertsDirect Expansion System�Industry ExpertVRF System�Industry ExpertsHVAC Design GoalsThe five system loopsChilled Water ProductionAir-cooled or water-cooledCompressor typesAbsorption Chiller typesWaterside economizer �plate-and-frame heat exchangerSlide Number 12Thermal Storage Systems Partial Thermal StorageThermal Storage SystemDedicated Heat Recovery ChillerChilled Water ConsumptionCommon Chilled Water HVAC SystemsChilled-water air-handling unitChilled-water terminal systemChilled beamsCentral chilled-water vav systemDedicated outdoor-air systemWhy Chilled WaterStability of controlDISTRIBUTION – PIPING ENERGYHYDRONICS ARE SAFE AND SUSTAINABLENet Energy – System vS. unit efficiencyOther ConsiderationsGood Reasons to use DXGood reasons to use DXGood reasons to use DXGood reasons to use DXGood reasons to use DXGood reasons to use DXFull Load Air Handler Psychrometrics Part Load Psychrometrics Part Load Psychrometrics Modulating Hot Gas ReheatSlide Number 40VAV System Psychrometrics with Modulating Hot Gas ReheatVAV System Psychrometrics with Modulating Hot Gas ReheatSlide Number 43Slide Number 44Slide Number 45ASHRAE DX vs Chilled Water Debate :� VRF OverviewVRF is a � combination of traditional systemsBasic System (1 to 1)Commercial SystemCommercial SystemCommercial SystemCommercial SystemCommercial SystemCommercial SystemPrecise Temperature Control & Energy Efficiency Modular and compact designMaintenanceSlide Number 58Slide Number 59Slide Number 60Slide Number 61
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