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I CAN:
• Define Motivation• Distinguish the 6 types of motivation (Drive,
Motive , Intrinsic Motivation , Extrinsic Motivation, Conscious Motivation, Unconscious Motivation)
• Describe a time overjustification interfered with your motivation
Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007
Motivation takes many forms, but all involve inferred mental processes that select
and direct our behavior
Motivation: What Makes Us Act as We Do?
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Motivation–Mental processes that select
and direct our behavior
Why We Do Things
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Office Space Clip
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Types of Motivation
• Drive• Motive • Intrinsic Motivation • Extrinsic Motivation• Conscious Motivation• Unconscious Motivation
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Drive• HungerHunger• Thirst Thirst • SexSex
Biologically instigated motivation
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Motive
• The desire to play video games • The Need for Achievement
The internal mechanism that selects and directs behavior
Urges that are mainly learned rather than biologically based
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Intrinsic Motivation
• This comes from ‘within’ the person
Desire to engage in an activity for its own sake
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Extrinsic Motivation Desire to engage in an activity to achieve an
external consequence…like a reward
The anticipation of a reward will continue to be a motivator even when the task holds little or no interest.
An extrinsically motivated student may have no interest in the subject, but the possibility of a good grade is enough to keep the student motivated
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Conscious Motivation
• Having the desire to engage in an activity and being aware of the desire
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Unconscious Motivation • Having a desire
to engage in an activity but being consciously unaware of the desire
Freud: repressed desires, impulses, memories influence motivation
A talented basketball player who plays poorly in a game could unconsciously be punishing an over-
demanding father or coach
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Theories of Motivation
1. Instinct Theory2. Drive Theory: aka Drive Reduction Theory
3. Cognitive Theory4. Psychodynamic Theory5. Maslows’s Humanistic Theory:
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1. Instinct Theory
• View that certain behaviors are determined by innate factors
Human actions such as ridiculing others can be thought to be akin to an animal attacking a younger animal of the same species to stop them from trying to become a leader in the pack.
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• Organism are born with a set of biologically based behaviors that promote their survival
Problems with instinctual theories:Can not explain all of human behavior
Example: jealousy, modesty, altruism, selfishness
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Fixed-Action Patterns
• The concept of fixed-action patterns has replaced the older
concept of ‘instincts’
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Fixed-Action Patterns • Genetically based behaviors, seen across a species,
that can be set off by a specific stimulus
Yawning, whether seen, heard or both, then serves as a releaser in nearby animals
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2. Drive Theory • Drive Reduction Theory
• View that a biological need (an imbalance that threatens survival) produces a drive
Fails to explain human actions that produced, rather than reduced, tension, such as rock climbing
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Homeostasis
Does not explain things like why people play, which is rewarding in
itself without satisfying a drive
Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007
3. Cognitive Theory
• Locus of Control An individual’s belief about their ability to control the events in our lives … internally or externally
People actively determine their own goals and how to achieve them
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Locus of Control • Internal LOC
• You control what happens to you
• If you study, you get a good grade
• External LOC • Outside influences
control what happen
• Good grades are due to luck or a biased teacher
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4. Psychodynamic Theory
1. Eros The desire for sex
• 2. Thanatos The aggressive,
destructive impulse.
Freud believed that humans have only two basic drives:
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• Virtually everything we do is based on one of these urges
• Since these urges are always building, we continuously need to find acceptable outlets for our sexual (artist creating art) and aggressive (sports) needs
Georgia O'Keefe
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5. Maslow’s Humanistic Theory• Hierarchy of Needs • The notion that needs
occur in priority order, with the biological needs as the most basic
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Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs
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Maslow’s Self-Actualization–State of self-fulfillment in which people realize their highest potential in their own unique way
Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007
Rewards
• Rewards don’t always interfere with intrinsic motivation
• For example, some people love their job and get paid for it
Airborne Toxic Event
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• As a result of the extrinsic incentive, the person views his or her actions as externally motivated rather than intrinsically appealing
• For example, when a child receives money for playing video games, they actually may play it less
Overjustification
CAN I?
• Define Motivation• Distinguish the 6 types of motivation (Drive,
Motive , Intrinsic Motivation , Extrinsic Motivation, Conscious Motivation, Unconscious Motivation)
• Describe a time overjustification interfered with your motivation
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