HUMAN DEVELOPMENT AND AWARENESS. Physical Development

HUMAN DEVELOPMENT AND AWARENESS

Physical Development

Developmental Psychology

Study in how an individual’s social, physical, emotional, moral, and intellectual development occurs throughout life Continuity vs Stages of Development Stability vs Change Nature vs Nurture

Newborns

Grasping Reflex Response to a touch on the palm of the

hand Rooting Reflex

Newborns move their mouth toward the source of a touch

Physical Development

Maturation 3 months- lifts head 4 months- smiles 6 months- rolling over 8-10 months- crawling 1 year- walking

People are internally programmed to grow

Language

Some argue that language is a reinforced behavior

Telegraphic Speech- toddlers leave words out but still get the message across

Babies- begin babbling 2 year old- 50 word vocabulary

Emotional Development

Cognitive Development

Intelligence develops as a child grows

Schemas- mental representations of the world

Assimilation- fit new objects into a schema

Accommodation- changing schemas to fit a new object

Cognitive Development

Object Permanence Things exist even though they cannot be

seen or touched Representational Thought

Picture things in your mind

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=DmggsuJvxuI

Cognitive Development

Conservation A given quantity does not change when

its appearance is change Egocentric

Seeing and thinking of the world from your own standpoint and having difficulty understanding someone else's viewpoint

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=YtLEWVu815o

Cognitive Development

Piaget’s Stages of Development Sensorimotor- use schemas that involve

body and sensations Preoperational- use mental images or

symbols to understand things Concrete- understanding is limited to

concrete objects or problems Formal Operations- solve abstract problems

Piaget believed that intelligence develops as a child grows

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=TRF27F2bn-A

Emotional Development

Imprinting (Konrad Lorenz) Responses displayed by newborns

animals when they encounter new stimuli in the environment

Critical Period- time in development when certain skills/abilities are most easily learned

Emotional Development

Human Infants There is a critical period when infants

become attached to their caregivers (stranger anxiety, separation anxiety)

Mary Ainsworth Attachment

Harry Harlow Surrogate parents

Monkey

Adolescence

Theories

Transition from beast to human Period of growth (not

disconnected with childhood) Challenges in mastering

developmental tasks

Physical Development/ Behavior Puberty Sexual Development Behavior

# of suicides increase Behave unpredictably Need for belonging

Personal & Social Development

Social Development

Freud’s Theory of Psychosexual Development Belief that children are born with powerful

sexual and aggressive urges Oral Stage Anal Stage Phallic Stage Latency Stage Genital Stage

Social Development

Erikson’s Theory of Psychosocial Development Believes in a child’s needs for social

approval Trust vs Mistrust Autonomy vs Shame & Doubt (praise) Initiative vs Guilt Industry vs Inferiority Identity vs Role Confusion Intimacy vs Isolation Ego Integrity vs Despair

As we age, we face many crises

Social Development

Kohlberg’s Stages of Moral Development Obedience & Punishment (egocentric) Instrumental Relativist Good Boy/ Nice Girl (social approval) Law & Order Social Contract (Golden Rule) Universal Ethics Principle

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=5czp9S4u26M

Moral Development

Kohlberg Most people never get beyond

Stage 4 (are actions sanctioned by an established authority)

Stage 5- become concerned with whether a law is fair and just

Cognitive Development

Problems developed during adolescence Finding fault with authority figures Argumentativeness Indecisiveness Self-consciousness Invulnerability

Cognitive Development

Formal operations Idea that, during adolescence, thinking

patterns characteristic of adults emerge Rationalization

Explain an emotion or behavior in a way that will preserve your self esteem

Identity Development

Erikson’s Theory of Identity Crisis Time of inner conflict during which

adolescence worry about their identities

Who am I?Identity

Role of Peers

CliquesConformity

Copying behavior of peersPeer groups can pose a threat to parental authority

Difficulties

Illusion of invulnerability Depression

Teens appear angry Suicide Eating Disorders

Gender Roles

Gender Roles & Differences

Gender identity- physical and biological makeup

Gender Role- defined by society Gender stereotypes- oversimplified

or prejudiced opinions or attitudes Gender differences in personality

StageBasic Conflict

Important Events

Outcome

Infancy (birth to 18 months)

Trust vs. Mistrust Attachment

Children develop a sense of trust when caregivers provide reliable care and affection. A lack of this will lead to mistrust.

Toddlerhood (1 to 3)

Autonomy vs. Shame and Doubt

Toilet Training

Children need to develop a sense of personal control over physical skills and a sense of independence. Success leads to feelings of autonomy, failure results in feelings of shame and doubt.

Preschool (3 to 6)

Initiative vs. Guilt Exploration

Children need to begin asserting control and power over the environment. Success in this stage leads to a sense of purpose. Children who try to exert too much power experience disapproval, resulting in a sense of guilt.

School Age (6 to puberty)

Industry vs. Inferiority School

Children need to cope with new social and academic demands. Success leads to a sense of competence, while failure results in feelings of inferiority.

Adolescence (teens into 20s)

Identity vs. Role Confusion

Social Relationships

Teens need to develop a sense of self and personal identity. Success leads to an ability to stay true to yourself, while failure leads to role confusion and a weak sense of self.

Young Adulthood (20s to early 40s)

Intimacy vs. Isolation Relationships

Young adults need to form intimate, loving relationships with other people. Success leads to strong relationships, while failure results in loneliness and isolation.

Middle Adulthood (40s to 60s

Generativity vs. Stagnation

Work and Parenthood

Adults need to create or nurture things that will outlast them, often by having children or creating a positive change that benefits other people. Success leads to feelings of usefulness and accomplishment, while failure results in shallow involvement in the world.

Late Adulthood(60s to death)

Ego Integrity vs. Despair

Reflection on Life

Older adults need to look back on life and feel a sense of fulfillment. Success at this stage leads to feelings of wisdom, while failure results in regret, bitterness, and despair.

Sensation

Sensation & Threshold

Sensation Occurs anytime a stimulus activates a

receptor Perception

Organization of sensory information into meaningful experiences

Sensation & Threshold

Threshold How much of a stimulus in

necessary for a person to sense it at all

Absolute Threshold Weakest amount of a stimulus a

person can detect ½ of the time

Sensation & Threshold

Light A candle flame at 30 miles on a dark, clear night.

Sound The tick of a mechanical watch under quiet

conditions at 20 feet. Taste

One teaspoon of sugar in two gallons of water. Smell

One drop of perfume diffused into the entire volume of a three-bedroom apartment.

Touch The wing of a bee falling on your cheek from a

distance of one centimeter.

Sensory Differences & Adaptation Difference Threshold

Minimum amount of difference a person can detect between 2 stimuli

Think about when you are watching TV and a commercial comes on.

Just Noticeable Difference Smallest increase or decrease in the

intensity of a stimulus a person can detect

Sensory Differences & Adaptation Sensory adaptation

the diminishing responsiveness of our sensory systems to prolonged stimulation.

Unless it is quite intense or painful, stimulation that persists without change in intensity usually shifts to the background of our awareness.

Sensory Differences & Adaptation Signal Detection

Relations between motivation, sensitivity, and decision making in the presence or absence of a stimulus

Senses

Vision

Light enters eye through the pupil Lens focuses light Retina contains rods & cones

Receives an inverted image Color Deficient- when cones don’t

function properly Retinal disparity

Hearing

Vibrations in the air Loudness of sound= amplitude Decibels- strength of sound-

wave pressure Pitch- rate of vibration

Hearing

Deafness Conduction deafness- anything hinders

physical motion through the ear Sensorineural- damage to cochlea, hair

cells, auditory nerve Balance

Vestibular system- located in the inner ear

Smell, Taste

Chemical senses Smell- olfactory nerve Taste

Sour, salty, bitter, sweet Combining of smell, taste, and tactile

sensation= flavor

Skin & Body Senses

Skin provides brain with 4 types of information about the environment Pressure Warmth Cold Pain

Skin & Body Senses

Pain results from many stimuli 2 types- sharp and dull Gate control theory of pain

Kinesthesis Sense of movement and body

position

Perception

Organization

Gestalt Principles Organizing bits and pieces of information

into meaningful wholes Figure-Ground

Distinguishing a figure and its background Perceptual Inference

Filling in gaps with our senses Perceptual Constancy

Perceive objects as the same size (near or far)

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Learning to Perceive

Perceiving is something that people learn

Previous experiences influence what we see.

Subliminal Messages

What Would You Do…..Bike

Depth Perception

Ability to recognize distances and three-dimensionality

Monocular Clues 1 eye Size, height, light and shadow

Binocular Clues convergence

Illusions

Incorrect perceptions Our brains cannot correctly interpret space,

size, shape, and depth