How to Teach Your Child to Count and Use Numbers

Ziggurat Math Series Book 1:

by Stephan Fassmann

To contact Stephan Fassmann please email him at:stephan.fassmann@gmail.com

Or visithttp://www.zigguratmath.com

To Lisa

Martha&

Abigail

Table of Contents

Gratitude � 5

Math is a Foundation Stone of Success � 6

Am I Smart Enough to Teach my Children Math? � 7

How to Teach Mathematics � 9

Practice Makes the Master� 11

Maximize Learning by Teaching � 12

Make Learning Fun � 13

Do you need to test your Child?� 13

God is Here for You� 15

How to Set a Goal� 17

Keep Learning with a Learning Journal � 18

Goal Worksheet � 20

Counting Lessons � 21

Lesson 1: Counting to 10� 22

Lesson 5: Read Any Number� 26

Lesson 6: Write Any Number� 27

Bonus #1: Handwriting Practice Sheets � 29

Bonus #2: Quantity Cards� 131

Bonus #3: Arithmetic Operation Cards� 232

Bonus #4: Number Coloring Book� 239

Recommended Reading: � 241

How To Teach Your Child To Count and Use Numbers

Gratitude

I would like to thank you for choosing this book. Math is only one part of an over all well rounded education.

This book is here to help you succeed in becoming the best teacher for your chil-dren.

I would be irresponsible not to acknowledge all the wonderful blessing Heavenly Father has given me to be able to bring forth this book for the perfection of his children.

Math is a Foundation Stone of Success

It used to be that to be successful you only needed the 3 R’s: Reading, wRiting and aRithmetic.

That is a good for the 18th Century but now we are in the 21st Century and we also need other skills to be successful: Time ManagementMoney ManagementComputer LiteracyNetworkingPublic Speaking and PresentingMarketing

Plus finding your innate talents and honing them to perfection.

A lot of these modern success skills are based on mathematics. Time and money management require strong mathematic skills to balance the budget. Networking was discovered to be so powerful because of the power of mathematics.

Arithmetic is really very easy. Essentially it is nothing more then the four basic op-erators: addition, subtractions, multiplication and division. Math is a very simple, but powerful language, just like music.

We use numbers to be a faster, easier substitute for quantities. When we say 3, we really mean ❍❍❍ things. When we say 2+3=5, we really mean ❍❍ things are added to ❍❍❍ things to get ❍❍❍❍❍ things. When we say 4-3=1, we really mean ❍❍❍ things are taken away from ❍❍❍❍ things leave us ❍ thing.What’s so hard about that? If you said nothing, you would be right.

You know that mathematics is important for your children to know, but you are not always exactly sure how it is used.

Mathematics is a fundamental part how civilizations are run. It is the language used by business, science and government.

Whether you are putting money into a savings account, buying a multibillion dollar software company or just bartering some sheep for some bushels of wheat. You are using the power of mathematics for business purposes.

Whether you are using GPS satellites to determine where you are or Stonehenge to determine the best time of year to plant crops. Mathematics has been used to fur-ther our understanding through science.

Whether it was Pharaoh giving Joseph the charge to prepare Egypt for the 7 years of famine, or the Lord telling Moses to count the children of Israel or the 186,000 pages of the U.S. tax code. Math has been a major part of government.

Just look at the news any night of the week and there always seems to be a poll or survey or study where they show their statistics to prove something. But if you don't understand how statistics can be manipulated then you can be fooled.Mathematics is a what we call the system that we use to handle certain kinds of problems, many that have existed for a very long time. Each principle has been re-vealed when it was needed to solve a problem. Different pieces came from differ-ent people and places until it is the whole that we have now.

•Arithmetic is the system we use for counting and sorting people, animals or things. •Accounting on the managing of money and goods.•Geometry is what we use for spacing and distancing between places or things. •Topology for positioning and locating things.•Trigonometry for surveying and for dealing with unusually shaped objects.•Statics for balancing and weighing.•Dynamics with involves moving and hitting things.•Probability theory which is all about guessing and judging.There are many more branches in the tree of Mathematics.

Am I Smart Enough to Teach my Children Math?

The biggest concern I see is when it comes to mothers teaching their children math is: Am I smart enough to teach my children mathematics?

Of course you are. You can cook a meal, drive a car, ride a bike, pay the bills, bal-ance the checkbook, and all these things depend on your math skills.

The mathematicians and scientists arguing the most esoteric boundary condition equations of quantum mechanics today all started out learning their numbers from their mothers.

You taught your children to walk and talk without too much problem, arithmetic is just another language with its own alphabet and rules. I am grateful to be here to help guide you.

You also have your child’s best interests at heart. You are going to going to notice far more about what your child is learning then anyone else ever is. That interest gives you a massive advantage. You will notice about 30 times more about your child then any teacher. You will also not have 30 other children to look out for ei-ther.

How to Teach Mathematics

The thing about mathematics is that it is a strongly progressive subject. It requires becoming proficient in one skill before moving onto the next, each skill builds on the previous concept, something like a ziggurat.

This is quite different from history, where jumping from ancient China to modern Africa to Medieval Europe doesn't really hurt your learning.

You can't jump from addition to some of multiplication back to a little subtraction and on to advanced division. That is a good way of inducing arithmophobia, a morbid fear of numbers. Public schools seem to do this.

Take the time to make sure that your children show you that they have a thorough understanding of the material before moving on.

Math is essentially a language. It is a very simple language used to describe some-thing with great accuracy. Numbers like 1, 2, 3 are like letters in the alphabet. Numbers, like 456 are like nouns. And the arithmetic operators, like = (equals), + (plus), and - (minus) are the verbs that make equations possible, like 7+8=15.

The most important thing you can do to make sure your children learn anything is to link it to their interests. People will retain 30 times the information they are in-terested in compared to something that they aren't.

Just in case that didn't sink it, here it is again: People will retain 30 times the in-formation they are interested in compared to something that they aren't.

Just how powerful is that? It means learning anything in a couple of weeks instead of a couple of years.

You know your children far better then I ever can. I can depend on you to link mathematics to your children's interests, whatever they are, since you care about what your child learns.

All you have to do is link whatever is of interest to your children be it and show how math might be of use to understanding those things or used by that thing.

Children who may be failing in school will easily be able to tell you all the statis-tics about their favorite sports players and teams. Or the capabilities of their favor-ite kinds of cars. People have an amazing ability to recall things, they only need to be interested in it.

One last time. People will retain 30 times the information they are interested in compared to something that they aren't.

Concept, Problem and Practice

There are three keys to teaching mathematics to anyone:Concept: The basic idea of what is happening and how to do it.Problem: Why is this important to know or what problem was trying to be solved when the inspiration came.Practice: Doing it enough times to have the mechanics of the operation become part of your mental toolkit.

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For example, counting. The Concept is that numbers and quantities are the same, numbers are just a shortcut to represent any quantity. The origins of the counting Problem are lost to antiquity, but we can be pretty sure that someone somewhere had to compare the amount of things he had with his neighbor and was inspired to create a numbering system to emphasis the difference. The Practice for you and your children is to count things until it is easy and obvious to know how many of something there are.

Practice Makes the Master

The average human mind can hold about 7 items in short term memory at any giv-ing time. That is one of the reasons phone numbers are only 7 digits long.

It takes time and repetition for information to move from short term memory into long term memory. That is why practice is so important. You know your best friends telephone number, because you call them all the time. You have used it so much that it has made it into long-term memory. But once its in long term memory you don't keep looking it up, you're perfect in that one thing to keep looking it up would be drudgery.

But the mind can be trained to do far more amazing feats of memory. There is a World Memory Competition, a memory Olympics, where people do things like memorize a pack of cards in less then one minute, 99 names and faces in 15 min-utes, and a 50 line poem in 15 minutes. A memory Grand Master can memorize 1,000 random digits and the precise order of 10 shuffled decks of cards in an hour and a shuffled deck of cards in 2 minutes.

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Can children do this? Sure they can, I have seen children memorize the at-tributes found on thousands of cards from their favorite collectable card game. The key here, as everywhere, is that they are interested in it.

To keep practicing for the sake of fill-ing up time and doing the same thing over and over and over is the mind-numbing drill-and-kill that happens in public schools.

Use the old entertainers trick of “leave them wanting more.” It is better to end the lesson before they want to then af-ter. Then they will be begging you to do more and instill in themselves a love of learning.

If the lesson just keeps going and going, like driving through Kansas, they will get bored. They will let you know if they are bored, they will wander off, mentally or physically, or cry or act up in some way. Better to end the lesson and come back to it later then to keep trying to slog through.

Sometimes they get bored because you are going too slow. If they wander off, end the lesson when you come back to that lesson later that day, try going through it twice as fast. See how they react. Often they like that better.

Sometimes a child is not ready for a concept, wait a few weeks and come back to it. But keep practicing the old stuff from time to time to keep her proficient.

Maximize Learning by Teaching

You will retain about 90% of the material you are trying to learn if you turn around and attempt to teach it to someone else.

Teaching anything to somebody else is a great way to learn it for yourself. If you have a group of children learning together, then having more advanced children

Historical Highlight:

In 477 BC a Greek poet named Simo-nides was attending a large banquet. The roof of the building collapsed, killing all the attendees but him. They needed to put together a list of those killed in the tragedy. Simonides was able to reconstruct the guest list by visualizing who was sitting at each sat around the table. What Simonides had discovered was that people have an astoundingly good recollection of lo-cation.Simonides may have had a new food at that fateful banquet: pasta

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teach less advanced children is a powerful way for both of them to learn the subject matter. The more advanced child is also close enough to the starting bump in the learning curve to help the less advanced child over it.

There is an old trick used by engineers to solve problems, if there is no one else around. If you are stuck trying to solve a problem, and there is no one handy to help, explain it to a teddy bear.

You are no longer running around in circles in your own head, you are talking and that uses different parts of the brain and opens up new ways of thinking.Children do this quite naturally, it's called play. They see mommy vacuuming the floor as so they get a toy that resembles the vacuum and play out what mommy does. They setup little tea parties with their dolls or reenact the Charge of the Light Brigade. It comes quite naturally to them, encourage it.

The process and power of teaching is really powerful even if you are just teaching a teddy bear. This is also a good way to end the lesson by sending her off to go teach her teddy bear.

Make Learning Fun

Everyone should have a good time learning. Learning is something children start doing as so as they can. Whether it is swimming away from the prodding of the ul-trasound or figuring out how to move their arms and legs. Learning is play and play is practice for doing.

Children, particularly young children, are intensely curious. If they see us having a good time learning, then they will want to learn too. Show them that you care about learning, by showing them that you are enthusiastic about learning some-thing new yourself, and they will want to share in that.

Do you need to test your Child?

You are not teaching a classroom full of bored students with only a few seconds of individual instruction time per day. You are with only your children. You care about them more then anything. You are almost always with them, you already know what they know because you taught them everything they know.

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You will create a set of learning goals and are working towards those goals. You know what your children should know and are making sure they know having them actually do some of those things.

If you have taken your children out of school then it will take a little effort on your part to assess their knowledge base. As you spend time with them and as you make use of learning experiences you will find out what they do and don’t know.

But don’t sit your child down and quiz her with a bunch of rapid-fire questions, that will just cause anxiety and fear. Just make learning in general and math in par-ticular a natural part of everyday life and talk to her about how to solve the prob-lem you are facing. Remember with a goal you have a destination to reach. If she doesn’t know something then it is a good time to explain it or at least write it down in the learning journal what needs to be taught soon.

Of course, there are standardized tests that your children will have to take, find out what material will be required and make sure that is part of what you teach your children. In all likelihood you and your children will be far in advance of the pub-lic schools. You can also get a practice version to practice on. Sadly, they are gen-erally not all that hard.

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God is Here for You

"Ask, and it shall be given you; seek, and ye shall find; knock, and it shall be opened unto you:For every one that asketh receiveth; and he that seeketh findeth; and to him that knocketh it shall be opened.Or what man is there of you, whom if his son ask bread, will he give him a stone?Or if he ask a fish, will he give him a serpent?If ye then, being evil, know how to give good gifts unto your children, how much more shall your Father which is in heaven give good things to them that ask him?" Matthew 7:7-11

God is our Heavenly Father and He loves you very much. He is also the Master Teacher. God wants to help you and teach you things. Just ask.

It isn't just spiritual knowledge but any knowledge. God is the one who inspired Isaac Newton, Albert Einstein and all the rest so we could improve ourselves and help others become happy.

"If any of you lack wisdom, let him ask of God who giveth liberally and upbradith not." James 1:5

The another thing you can do to maximize your children's learning environment is to pray before each lesson. Give thanks to your Heavenly Father for revealing these wonderful and powerful truths to us for our benefit and happiness. Ask Him to inspire you as a teacher to best explain these concepts to your children, and to open the minds of your children so that they might learn quickly and deeply those truths He has given to us to benefit our neighbors.

"For precept must be upon precept, precept upon precept; line upon line, line upon line; here a little, and there a little." Isaiah 28:10

God is the Master Teacher and He will inspire you to teach in the best way for your children if you but ask Him. Also pray after each lesson to thank Him for the strides you have make this day.

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Each concept builds on another until you have a great foundation stone on which your children can enhance their talents and build their lives. Other foundation stones are literacy, art, health and interpersonal skills. All resting on the bedrock of a personal relationship with their Heavenly Father and Jesus Christ.

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How to Set a Goal

"One day Alice came to a fork in the road and saw a Cheshire cat in a tree. Which road do I take? she asked. Where do you want to go? was his response. I don't know, Alice answered. Then, said the cat, it doesn't matter. "Lewis Carroll

Being able to set goals is one of the great skills you can master. It separates the place you want to go from the place you want to stay away from. Goals are an im-portant part of learning and living. A person with written goals is over 10 times as likely to achieve them as someone who doesn't.

There are 7 steps to creating a good goal:1.Have a clear vision of a totally successful outcome.2.K.I.S.S Keep It Short and Simple. 3.Write it in the personal, positive, present tense as if you have already achieved them. "I am..., I weigh..., I run..., I know..., I earn..., I love..."4.Give it a deadline. When will you achieve it? Base this on your planning esti-mate of time to complete rather then a arbitrary date like a holiday.5.Believe it. No matter how outrageous the goal is to someone else, if you believe it can be done, then you will do it. Putting men on the Moon and bringing them back safely was an outrageous goal, but we did it.6.Write it down. Just writing down your goals makes you more then 10 times as likely of achieving them as someone who does not.7.Review daily. Write down your goals everyday in your learning journal as a start of the day activity.

At the start of the day, say after scripture study, write down at least 20 goals for the day. No one can do that many unless they are trivial but that is okay, you are only trying to warmup your brain, then choose three of them by this criteria: What is the highest and best use of my time? Those are your goals for today.

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Keep Learning with a Learning Journal

A learning journal is the place where you keep your goals and answer these three questions:1.What have I learned today?2.What have I enjoyed today?3.What have I improved or contributed today?You might want to write these on the inside front cover for easy access.

This is also the best place to keep ideas for lessons. You will get all kinds of good ideas for lessons and you need to capture them. If you are like me, you running around doing far too many things all at once. Keep a pile of index cards bound by a binder clip and a pen in your pocket and write down any ideas your have. Since you are writing while doing something else, don’t worry if they are good ideas or not, save the evaluation step for later when you transcribe them into your journal.

You will not be keeping this just for yourself, but for your children as well. As you see them learn and enjoy things you will see patterns emerge. The things that they love to do the most will be related to their talents. Everyone has been endowed with at least one talent. One of the duties of a parent is to help their children find and develop the talents of their children. A journal makes that process easier.

"Nothing in the world can take the place of persistence. Talent will not; nothing is more common than unsuccessful men of talent. Genius will not . . . the world is full of educated derelicts." – Calvin Coolidge, 30th US President.

Having a talent is not enough, they also have to a good balance of life-skills. There are many stories in the news of highly paid professional athletes who have no money management skills and end up in debt because they don't understand that their careers will end sooner rather then later.

I have met many young adults lately that are missing basic life skills, Sure, they can read—slowly, and write—with the help of a spelling and grammar checker. Their cooking skills top out at scrambled eggs and toast, and getting common stains out of clothes is a stumper. But cleaning the bathroom, and changing the oil in the car is something completely new to them. Balancing the checkbook is a process they don't understand at all. Maybe they have all lead sheltered lives, but I want my children to be able to function in day to day life.

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Learning most skills is not all that hard: to pick up a new skill and get pretty good at it takes about 100 hours, to become expert in a skill all it takes is practice about 1000 hours of practice. To master a skill takes about 5000 hours.

If you don’t already have a journal this is a great time to start. Start by writing this question on the first page:

What Do You Want Your Children to Know and What Skills Do You Want Them to Have When They are 18-years-old?

"A human being should be able to change a diaper, plan an invasion, butcher a hog, conn a ship, design a building, write a sonnet, balance accounts, build a wall, set a bone, comfort the dying, take orders, give orders, cooperate, act alone, solve equations, analyze a new problem, pitch manure, program a computer, cook a tasty meal, fight efficiently, die gallantly. Specialization is for insects." - Robert Heinlein

If you are a typical parents you want your children to be:1.Self-reliant2.Responsible3.Socially skilled4.Caring5.Capable of surviving and succeeding in life6.Willing to question and think in a creative manner7.Confident8.Possessed of an unshakable faith in their own worth while still being open to criticism and new ideas.

Those are a good start but I want you to write down at least 20 answers that ques-tion. The answers to that question will give you the foundation you need to build the goals for your children. I’ve provide a form on the next page to get you started. Do it now.

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Goal Worksheet

My Name:______________________________My Child’s Name:________________________Date:__________________________________

What Do You Want Your Children to Know and What Skills Do You Want Them to Have When They are 18-years-old?

1._________________________________________________________________2._________________________________________________________________3._________________________________________________________________4._________________________________________________________________5._________________________________________________________________6._________________________________________________________________7._________________________________________________________________8._________________________________________________________________9._________________________________________________________________10.________________________________________________________________11.________________________________________________________________12.________________________________________________________________13.________________________________________________________________14.________________________________________________________________15.________________________________________________________________16.________________________________________________________________17.________________________________________________________________18.________________________________________________________________19.________________________________________________________________20.________________________________________________________________

What are the three most important things you can do today to start the process?

1._________________________________________________________________2._________________________________________________________________3._________________________________________________________________

Start doing it now!

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Counting Lessons

There is only one thing that your children need to learn from these lessons:

Quantities and numbers are the same.

Math is a language with only 10 letters. The numbers 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9 are like letters in the alphabet. These numbers can be combined to make any number we need, like 456, and they are like nouns.

There are only six basic arithmetic operators: + (plus), - (minus), × (multiply), ÷ (divide), xy (power), √x (root). They are the verbs that make equations, or number-sentences possible, like 7+8=15. Nearly every math problem you are going to encounter will contain a combination of these 6 operators. You and your children will need to practice using them until they are mastered and a natural part of your problem solving toolkit. It is like karate, there aren’t 4000 different moves, there are only 12 ways to kick or punch someone, you just have to practice each of them 4000 times.

The absolute foundation of mathematics is numbers and counting. We use numbers as a faster, easier substitute for quantities.

When we say 3, we really mean ❍❍❍ things. When we say 9, we are really talking about ❍❍❍❍❍❍❍❍❍ things.

Numbers are a shortcut. It is far easier to write 793,284,104,849,290,328,953,427,394 then it is to carry that many countable ob-jects around or even to say it. Seven hundred and ninety--three septillion, two hun-dred and eighty--four sextillion, one hundred and four quintillion, eight hundred and forty--nine quadrillion, two hundred and ninety trillion, three hundred and twenty--eight billion, nine hundred and fifty--three million, four hundred and twenty--seven thousand, three hundred and ninety--four, by the way, in case you were wondering.

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Lesson 1: Counting to 10

Goal: I can count to ten.

There are three things to know here. The quantity shown by the balls, the word and the number. Your children should be able to identify each and be able to also write the number and the word. If they aren’t ready to write yet, that’s okay come back when they are. There are practice pages in the back.

1� One� ! ❍2� Two ! ❍❍3� Three ! ❍❍❍4� Four! ❍❍❍❍5� Five ! ❍❍❍❍❍6� Six ! ! ❍❍❍❍❍❍7� Seven ! ❍❍❍❍❍❍❍8� Eight! ❍❍❍❍❍❍❍❍9� Nine ! ❍❍❍❍❍❍❍❍❍10� Ten! ! ❍❍❍❍❍❍❍❍❍❍

These should be broken into short lesson of about a minute long, introducing about 10 at a time. Swapping out 1-2 every other time.

Young children like something concrete to work with. I have included some num-ber and counting cards for your use, but you should use whatever you have handy. Blocks, beans, and balls are all just find to use to teach counting to your children.

Historical Highlight: “These are those which were numbered of the children of Israel by the house of their fathers: all those that were numbered of the camps throughout their hosts were six hundred thousand and three thousand and five hundred and fifty.”- The Fourth Book of Moses Called Numbers 2:32

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Historical Highlight: Our number system actually comes from India, not Arabia as most people think. The earliest known record comes from Monday 25 August 458 A.D. the date written on a Jaina cosmological text; the oldest known Indian text to use zero and the place value system with word symbols.

What else was there going on about that time?•The earliest know reference to pretzels is attributed to Virgil. Pretzels may be shaped the way they are to remind children to fold their arms and be reverent in church.•The Huns invade India.•Ipiutak Indians begin creating objects from walrus ivory at Point Hope, Alaska.

Goal: I can count to forty.

11 Eleven12 Twelve13 Thirteen14 Fourteen15 Fifteen16 Sixteen17 Seventeen18 Eighteen19 Nineteen20 Twenty

21 Twenty-one22 Twenty-two23 Twenty-three24 Twenty-four25 Twenty-five26 Twenty-six27 Twenty-seven28 Twenty-eight29 Twenty-nine30 Thirty

31 Thirty-one32 Thirty-two33 Thirty-three34 Thirty-four35 Thirty-five36 Thirty-six37 Thirty-seven38 Thirty-eight39 Thirty-nine40 Forty

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Historical Highlight:The oldest known mathematical evidence is the Lebombo Bone, named after the Lebombo mountains of Swaziland. Twenty-nine distinct notches were cut into a baboon’s fibula.

What else was there going on about that time?•Stone Tools ~2.5 Million years ago•Fire Tamed ~1 Million years ago•Clothing ~75,000 years ago•Cave paintings ~50,000 years ago•The Lebombo Bone tally stick ~35,000 years ago •Domestication of dogs ~12,000 years ago•Agriculture begins about ~10,000 years ago•Cats domesticated about ~9,500 years ago•Sheep and goats are domesticated about ~9,000 years ago

Goal: I can count to seventy.

41 Forty-one42 Forty-two43 Forty-three44 Forty-four45 Forty-five46 Forty-six47 Forty-seven48 Forty-eight49 Forty-nine50 Fifty

51 Fifty-one52 Fifty-two53 Fifty-three54 Fifty-four55 Fifty-five56 Fifty-six57 Fifty-seven58 Fifty-eight59 Fifty-nine60 Sixty

61 Sixty-one62 Sixty-two63 Sixty-three64 Sixty-four65 Sixty-five66 Sixty-six67 Sixty-seven68 Sixty-eight69 Sixty-nine70 Seventy

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Fascinating Fact: Really big numbers:1,000 One Thousand10,000 Ten Thousand100,000 One hundred Thousand1,000,000 One Million1,000,000,000 One Billion1,000,000,000,000 One Trillion1,000,000,000,000,000 One Quadrillion1,000,000,000,000,000,000 One Quintillion1,000,000,000,000,000,000,000 One Sextillion1,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000 One Septillion

Goal: I can count to one hundred.

71 Seventy-one72 Seventy-two73 Seventy-three74 Seventy-four75 Seventy-five76 Seventy-six77 Seventy-seven78 Seventy-eight79 Seventy-nine80 Eighty

81 Eighty-one82 Eighty-two83 Eighty-three84 Eighty-four85 Eighty-five86 Eighty-six87 Eighty-seven88 Eighty-eight89 Eighty-nine90 Ninety

91 Ninety-one92 Ninety-two93 Ninety-three94 Ninety-four95 Ninety-five96 Ninety-six97 Ninety-seven98 Ninety-eight99 Ninety-nine100 One Hundred

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Lesson 5: Read Any Number

Goal: I can read any number.

Once your child can count from 1-100 in order, it becomes time to randomize or shuffle the cards. Children easily find patterns in groups, so it is necessary to change the pattern to teach them that it is the numbers that is important.

Here is a randomized list of numbers:

37 62 40 19 68 92 16 95 83 10082 42 14 69 67 21 12 70 43 871 28 80 39 8 72 20 75 33 517 13 56 49 66 22 99 25 44 3247 38 23 18 71 52 79 96 84 4858 11 78 36 88 2 29 76 34 5054 61 98 86 73 93 9 26 64 9024 31 7 46 63 77 85 81 89 9174 41 57 15 59 53 30 6 45 494 10 27 65 55 3 60 97 35 51

Fascinating Fact: Have you ever noticed that the numbers eleven and twelve just don’t fit the pattern. You would think they would be something like: oneteen and twoteen to go with thirteen and fourteen and fifteen. They are actually contractions of one-over (ten) and two-over (ten).

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Lesson 6: Write Any Number

Goal: I can write any number.

The following pages are handwriting practice sheets that you can print out as many times as you need for your children to practice on.

All you need to do is go over the previous lessons with a pencil and paper to prac-tice how to write the various numbers.

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Bonus #1: Handwriting Practice Sheets

The next section contains a supply of handwriting practice sheets. Why is that im-portant, because I can’t remember the numbers of times I write something down and couldn’t read it a day later.

One of the great skill losses since the coming of the computer age has been the ability to write things down by hand in a legible manner.

Also this is important because there are too many people who have learned to read so badly that just changing the font will confuse them, and reading to cursive might as well be trying to read Chinese.

Reading and writing are basic to math as well as English. It does no good to come up with the Grand Unification Theory if no one can read it.

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� 32

Three````````````````3````````````````````Three````````````````3````````````````````Three````````````````3````````````````````Three````````````````3````````````````````Three````````````````3````````````````````Three````````````````3````````````````````Three````````````````3````````````````````Three````````````````3````````````````````

� 33

Four`````````````````4````````````````````Four`````````````````4````````````````````Four`````````````````4````````````````````Four`````````````````4````````````````````Four`````````````````4````````````````````Four`````````````````4````````````````````Four`````````````````4````````````````````Four`````````````````4````````````````````

� 34

Five`````````````````5````````````````````Five`````````````````5````````````````````Five`````````````````5````````````````````Five`````````````````5````````````````````Five`````````````````5````````````````````Five`````````````````5````````````````````Five`````````````````5````````````````````Five`````````````````5````````````````````

� 35

Six``````````````````6````````````````````Six``````````````````6````````````````````Six``````````````````6````````````````````Six``````````````````6````````````````````Six``````````````````6````````````````````Six``````````````````6````````````````````Six``````````````````6````````````````````Six``````````````````6````````````````````

� 36

Seven````````````````7````````````````````Seven````````````````7````````````````````Seven````````````````7````````````````````Seven````````````````7````````````````````Seven````````````````7````````````````````Seven````````````````7````````````````````Seven````````````````7````````````````````Seven````````````````7````````````````````

� 37

Eight````````````````8```````````````````Èight````````````````8```````````````````Èight````````````````8```````````````````Èight````````````````8```````````````````Èight````````````````8```````````````````Èight````````````````8```````````````````Èight````````````````8```````````````````Èight````````````````8````````````````````

� 38

Nine`````````````````9````````````````````Nine`````````````````9````````````````````Nine`````````````````9````````````````````Nine`````````````````9````````````````````Nine`````````````````9````````````````````Nine`````````````````9````````````````````Nine`````````````````9````````````````````Nine`````````````````9````````````````````

� 39

Ten``````````````````10```````````````````Ten``````````````````10```````````````````Ten``````````````````10```````````````````Ten``````````````````10```````````````````Ten``````````````````10```````````````````Ten``````````````````10```````````````````Ten``````````````````10```````````````````Ten``````````````````10```````````````````

� 40

Eleven```````````````11``````````````````Èleven```````````````11``````````````````Èleven```````````````11``````````````````Èleven```````````````11``````````````````Èleven```````````````11``````````````````Èleven```````````````11``````````````````Èleven```````````````11``````````````````Èleven```````````````11```````````````````

� 41

Twelve```````````````12```````````````````Twelve```````````````12```````````````````Twelve```````````````12```````````````````Twelve```````````````12```````````````````Twelve```````````````12```````````````````Twelve```````````````12```````````````````Twelve```````````````12```````````````````Twelve```````````````12```````````````````

� 42

Thirteen`````````````13```````````````````Thirteen`````````````13```````````````````Thirteen`````````````13```````````````````Thirteen`````````````13```````````````````Thirteen`````````````13```````````````````Thirteen`````````````13```````````````````Thirteen`````````````13```````````````````Thirteen`````````````13```````````````````

� 43

Fourteen`````````````14```````````````````Fourteen`````````````14```````````````````Fourteen`````````````14```````````````````Fourteen`````````````14```````````````````Fourteen`````````````14```````````````````Fourteen`````````````14```````````````````Fourteen`````````````14```````````````````Fourteen`````````````14```````````````````

� 44

Fifteen``````````````15```````````````````Fifteen``````````````15```````````````````Fifteen``````````````15```````````````````Fifteen``````````````15```````````````````Fifteen``````````````15```````````````````Fifteen``````````````15```````````````````Fifteen``````````````15```````````````````Fifteen``````````````15```````````````````

� 45

Sixteen``````````````16```````````````````Sixteen``````````````16```````````````````Sixteen``````````````16```````````````````Sixteen``````````````16```````````````````Sixteen``````````````16```````````````````Sixteen``````````````16```````````````````Sixteen``````````````16```````````````````Sixteen``````````````16```````````````````

� 46

Seventeen````````````17```````````````````Seventeen````````````17```````````````````Seventeen````````````17```````````````````Seventeen````````````17```````````````````Seventeen````````````17```````````````````Seventeen````````````17```````````````````Seventeen````````````17```````````````````Seventeen````````````17```````````````````

� 47

Eighteen`````````````18``````````````````Èighteen`````````````18``````````````````Èighteen`````````````18``````````````````Èighteen`````````````18``````````````````Èighteen`````````````18``````````````````Èighteen`````````````18``````````````````Èighteen`````````````18``````````````````Èighteen`````````````18```````````````````

� 48

Nineteen`````````````19```````````````````Nineteen`````````````19```````````````````Nineteen`````````````19```````````````````Nineteen`````````````19```````````````````Nineteen`````````````19```````````````````Nineteen`````````````19```````````````````Nineteen`````````````19```````````````````Nineteen`````````````19```````````````````

� 49

Twenty```````````````20```````````````````Twenty```````````````20```````````````````Twenty```````````````20```````````````````Twenty```````````````20```````````````````Twenty```````````````20```````````````````Twenty```````````````20```````````````````Twenty```````````````20```````````````````Twenty```````````````20```````````````````

� 50

Twenty-one```````````21```````````````````Twenty-one```````````21```````````````````Twenty-one```````````21```````````````````Twenty-one```````````21```````````````````Twenty-one```````````21```````````````````Twenty-one```````````21```````````````````Twenty-one```````````21```````````````````Twenty-one```````````21```````````````````

� 51

Twenty-two```````````22```````````````````Twenty-two```````````22```````````````````Twenty-two```````````22```````````````````Twenty-two```````````22```````````````````Twenty-two```````````22```````````````````Twenty-two```````````22```````````````````Twenty-two```````````22```````````````````Twenty-two```````````22```````````````````

� 52

Twenty-three`````````23```````````````````Twenty-three`````````23```````````````````Twenty-three`````````23```````````````````Twenty-three`````````23```````````````````Twenty-three`````````23```````````````````Twenty-three`````````23```````````````````Twenty-three`````````23```````````````````Twenty-three`````````23```````````````````

� 53

Twenty-four``````````24```````````````````Twenty-four``````````24```````````````````Twenty-four``````````24```````````````````Twenty-four``````````24```````````````````Twenty-four``````````24```````````````````Twenty-four``````````24```````````````````Twenty-four``````````24```````````````````Twenty-four``````````24```````````````````

� 54

Twenty-five``````````25```````````````````Twenty-five``````````25```````````````````Twenty-five``````````25```````````````````Twenty-five``````````25```````````````````Twenty-five``````````25```````````````````Twenty-five``````````25```````````````````Twenty-five``````````25```````````````````Twenty-five``````````25```````````````````

� 55

Twenty-six```````````26```````````````````Twenty-six```````````26```````````````````Twenty-six```````````26```````````````````Twenty-six```````````26```````````````````Twenty-six```````````26```````````````````Twenty-six```````````26```````````````````Twenty-six```````````26```````````````````Twenty-six```````````26```````````````````

� 56

Twenty-seven`````````27```````````````````Twenty-seven`````````27```````````````````Twenty-seven`````````27```````````````````Twenty-seven`````````27```````````````````Twenty-seven`````````27```````````````````Twenty-seven`````````27```````````````````Twenty-seven`````````27```````````````````Twenty-seven`````````27```````````````````

� 57

Twenty-eight`````````28```````````````````Twenty-eight`````````28```````````````````Twenty-eight`````````28```````````````````Twenty-eight`````````28```````````````````Twenty-eight`````````28```````````````````Twenty-eight`````````28```````````````````Twenty-eight`````````28```````````````````Twenty-eight`````````28```````````````````

� 58

Twenty-nine``````````29```````````````````Twenty-nine``````````29```````````````````Twenty-nine``````````29```````````````````Twenty-nine``````````29```````````````````Twenty-nine``````````29```````````````````Twenty-nine``````````29```````````````````Twenty-nine``````````29```````````````````Twenty-nine``````````29```````````````````

� 59

Thirty```````````````30```````````````````Thirty```````````````30```````````````````Thirty```````````````30```````````````````Thirty```````````````30```````````````````Thirty```````````````30```````````````````Thirty```````````````30```````````````````Thirty```````````````30```````````````````Thirty```````````````30```````````````````

� 60

Thirty-one```````````31```````````````````Thirty-one```````````31```````````````````Thirty-one```````````31```````````````````Thirty-one```````````31```````````````````Thirty-one```````````31```````````````````Thirty-one```````````31```````````````````Thirty-one```````````31```````````````````Thirty-one```````````31```````````````````

� 61

Thirty-two```````````32```````````````````Thirty-two```````````32```````````````````Thirty-two```````````32```````````````````Thirty-two```````````32```````````````````Thirty-two```````````32```````````````````Thirty-two```````````32```````````````````Thirty-two```````````32```````````````````Thirty-two```````````32```````````````````

� 62

Thirty-three`````````33```````````````````Thirty-three`````````33```````````````````Thirty-three`````````33```````````````````Thirty-three`````````33```````````````````Thirty-three`````````33```````````````````Thirty-three`````````33```````````````````Thirty-three`````````33```````````````````Thirty-three`````````33```````````````````

� 63

Thirty-four``````````34```````````````````Thirty-four``````````34```````````````````Thirty-four``````````34```````````````````Thirty-four``````````34```````````````````Thirty-four``````````34```````````````````Thirty-four``````````34```````````````````Thirty-four``````````34```````````````````Thirty-four``````````34```````````````````

� 64

Thirty-five``````````35```````````````````Thirty-five``````````35```````````````````Thirty-five``````````35```````````````````Thirty-five``````````35```````````````````Thirty-five``````````35```````````````````Thirty-five``````````35```````````````````Thirty-five``````````35```````````````````Thirty-five``````````35```````````````````

� 65

Thirty-six```````````36```````````````````Thirty-six```````````36```````````````````Thirty-six```````````36```````````````````Thirty-six```````````36```````````````````Thirty-six```````````36```````````````````Thirty-six```````````36```````````````````Thirty-six```````````36```````````````````Thirty-six```````````36```````````````````

� 66

Thirty-seven`````````37```````````````````Thirty-seven`````````37```````````````````Thirty-seven`````````37```````````````````Thirty-seven`````````37```````````````````Thirty-seven`````````37```````````````````Thirty-seven`````````37```````````````````Thirty-seven`````````37```````````````````Thirty-seven`````````37```````````````````

� 67

Thirty-eight`````````38```````````````````Thirty-eight`````````38```````````````````Thirty-eight`````````38```````````````````Thirty-eight`````````38```````````````````Thirty-eight`````````38```````````````````Thirty-eight`````````38```````````````````Thirty-eight`````````38```````````````````Thirty-eight`````````38```````````````````

� 68

Thirty-nine``````````39```````````````````Thirty-nine``````````39```````````````````Thirty-nine``````````39```````````````````Thirty-nine``````````39```````````````````Thirty-nine``````````39```````````````````Thirty-nine``````````39```````````````````Thirty-nine``````````39```````````````````Thirty-nine``````````39```````````````````

� 69

Forty````````````````40```````````````````Forty````````````````40```````````````````Forty````````````````40```````````````````Forty````````````````40```````````````````Forty````````````````40```````````````````Forty````````````````40```````````````````Forty````````````````40```````````````````Forty````````````````40```````````````````

� 70

Forty-one````````````41```````````````````Forty-one````````````41```````````````````Forty-one````````````41```````````````````Forty-one````````````41```````````````````Forty-one````````````41```````````````````Forty-one````````````41```````````````````Forty-one````````````41```````````````````Forty-one````````````41```````````````````

� 71

Forty-two````````````42```````````````````Forty-two````````````42```````````````````Forty-two````````````42```````````````````Forty-two````````````42```````````````````Forty-two````````````42```````````````````Forty-two````````````42```````````````````Forty-two````````````42```````````````````Forty-two````````````42```````````````````

� 72

Forty-three``````````43```````````````````Forty-three``````````43```````````````````Forty-three``````````43```````````````````Forty-three``````````43```````````````````Forty-three``````````43```````````````````Forty-three``````````43```````````````````Forty-three``````````43```````````````````Forty-three``````````43```````````````````

� 73

Forty-four```````````44```````````````````Forty-four```````````44```````````````````Forty-four```````````44```````````````````Forty-four```````````44```````````````````Forty-four```````````44```````````````````Forty-four```````````44```````````````````Forty-four```````````44```````````````````Forty-four```````````44```````````````````

� 74

Forty-five```````````45```````````````````Forty-five```````````45```````````````````Forty-five```````````45```````````````````Forty-five```````````45```````````````````Forty-five```````````45```````````````````Forty-five```````````45```````````````````Forty-five```````````45```````````````````Forty-five```````````45```````````````````

� 75

Forty-six````````````46```````````````````Forty-six````````````46```````````````````Forty-six````````````46```````````````````Forty-six````````````46```````````````````Forty-six````````````46```````````````````Forty-six````````````46```````````````````Forty-six````````````46```````````````````Forty-six````````````46```````````````````

� 76

Forty-seven``````````47```````````````````Forty-seven``````````47```````````````````Forty-seven``````````47```````````````````Forty-seven``````````47```````````````````Forty-seven``````````47```````````````````Forty-seven``````````47```````````````````Forty-seven``````````47```````````````````Forty-seven``````````47```````````````````

� 77

Forty-eight``````````48```````````````````Forty-eight``````````48```````````````````Forty-eight``````````48```````````````````Forty-eight``````````48```````````````````Forty-eight``````````48```````````````````Forty-eight``````````48```````````````````Forty-eight``````````48```````````````````Forty-eight``````````48```````````````````

� 78

Forty-nine```````````49```````````````````Forty-nine```````````49```````````````````Forty-nine```````````49```````````````````Forty-nine```````````49```````````````````Forty-nine```````````49```````````````````Forty-nine```````````49```````````````````Forty-nine```````````49```````````````````Forty-nine```````````49```````````````````

� 79

Fifty````````````````50```````````````````Fifty````````````````50```````````````````Fifty````````````````50```````````````````Fifty````````````````50```````````````````Fifty````````````````50```````````````````Fifty````````````````50```````````````````Fifty````````````````50```````````````````Fifty````````````````50```````````````````

� 80

Fifty-one````````````51```````````````````Fifty-one````````````51```````````````````Fifty-one````````````51```````````````````Fifty-one````````````51```````````````````Fifty-one````````````51```````````````````Fifty-one````````````51```````````````````Fifty-one````````````51```````````````````Fifty-one````````````51```````````````````

� 81

Fifty-two````````````52```````````````````Fifty-two````````````52```````````````````Fifty-two````````````52```````````````````Fifty-two````````````52```````````````````Fifty-two````````````52```````````````````Fifty-two````````````52```````````````````Fifty-two````````````52```````````````````Fifty-two````````````52```````````````````

� 82

Fifty-three``````````53```````````````````Fifty-three``````````53```````````````````Fifty-three``````````53```````````````````Fifty-three``````````53```````````````````Fifty-three``````````53```````````````````Fifty-three``````````53```````````````````Fifty-three``````````53```````````````````Fifty-three``````````53```````````````````

� 83

Fifty-four```````````54```````````````````Fifty-four```````````54```````````````````Fifty-four```````````54```````````````````Fifty-four```````````54```````````````````Fifty-four```````````54```````````````````Fifty-four```````````54```````````````````Fifty-four```````````54```````````````````Fifty-four```````````54```````````````````

� 84

Fifty-five```````````55```````````````````Fifty-five```````````55```````````````````Fifty-five```````````55```````````````````Fifty-five```````````55```````````````````Fifty-five```````````55```````````````````Fifty-five```````````55```````````````````Fifty-five```````````55```````````````````Fifty-five```````````55```````````````````

� 85

Fifty-six````````````56```````````````````Fifty-six````````````56```````````````````Fifty-six````````````56```````````````````Fifty-six````````````56```````````````````Fifty-six````````````56```````````````````Fifty-six````````````56```````````````````Fifty-six````````````56```````````````````Fifty-six````````````56```````````````````

� 86

Fifty-seven``````````57```````````````````Fifty-seven``````````57```````````````````Fifty-seven``````````57```````````````````Fifty-seven``````````57```````````````````Fifty-seven``````````57```````````````````Fifty-seven``````````57```````````````````Fifty-seven``````````57```````````````````Fifty-seven``````````57```````````````````

� 87

Fifty-eight``````````58```````````````````Fifty-eight``````````58```````````````````Fifty-eight``````````58```````````````````Fifty-eight``````````58```````````````````Fifty-eight``````````58```````````````````Fifty-eight``````````58```````````````````Fifty-eight``````````58```````````````````Fifty-eight``````````58```````````````````

� 88

Fifty-nine```````````59```````````````````Fifty-nine```````````59```````````````````Fifty-nine```````````59```````````````````Fifty-nine```````````59```````````````````Fifty-nine```````````59```````````````````Fifty-nine```````````59```````````````````Fifty-nine```````````59```````````````````Fifty-nine```````````59```````````````````

� 89

Sixty````````````````60```````````````````Sixty````````````````60```````````````````Sixty````````````````60```````````````````Sixty````````````````60```````````````````Sixty````````````````60```````````````````Sixty````````````````60```````````````````Sixty````````````````60```````````````````Sixty````````````````60```````````````````

� 90

Sixty-one````````````61```````````````````Sixty-one````````````61```````````````````Sixty-one````````````61```````````````````Sixty-one````````````61```````````````````Sixty-one````````````61```````````````````Sixty-one````````````61```````````````````Sixty-one````````````61```````````````````Sixty-one````````````61```````````````````

� 91

Sixty-two````````````62```````````````````Sixty-two````````````62```````````````````Sixty-two````````````62```````````````````Sixty-two````````````62```````````````````Sixty-two````````````62```````````````````Sixty-two````````````62```````````````````Sixty-two````````````62```````````````````Sixty-two````````````62```````````````````

� 92

Sixty-three``````````63```````````````````Sixty-three``````````63```````````````````Sixty-three``````````63```````````````````Sixty-three``````````63```````````````````Sixty-three``````````63```````````````````Sixty-three``````````63```````````````````Sixty-three``````````63```````````````````Sixty-three``````````63```````````````````

� 93

Sixty-four```````````64```````````````````Sixty-four```````````64```````````````````Sixty-four```````````64```````````````````Sixty-four```````````64```````````````````Sixty-four```````````64```````````````````Sixty-four```````````64```````````````````Sixty-four```````````64```````````````````Sixty-four```````````64```````````````````

� 94

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� 95

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� 96

Sixty-seven``````````67```````````````````Sixty-seven``````````67```````````````````Sixty-seven``````````67```````````````````Sixty-seven``````````67```````````````````Sixty-seven``````````67```````````````````Sixty-seven``````````67```````````````````Sixty-seven``````````67```````````````````Sixty-seven``````````67```````````````````

� 97

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� 98

Sixty-nine```````````69```````````````````Sixty-nine```````````69```````````````````Sixty-nine```````````69```````````````````Sixty-nine```````````69```````````````````Sixty-nine```````````69```````````````````Sixty-nine```````````69```````````````````Sixty-nine```````````69```````````````````Sixty-nine```````````69```````````````````

� 99

Seventy``````````````70```````````````````Seventy``````````````70```````````````````Seventy``````````````70```````````````````Seventy``````````````70```````````````````Seventy``````````````70```````````````````Seventy``````````````70```````````````````Seventy``````````````70```````````````````Seventy``````````````70```````````````````

� 100

Seventy-one``````````71```````````````````Seventy-one``````````71```````````````````Seventy-one``````````71```````````````````Seventy-one``````````71```````````````````Seventy-one``````````71```````````````````Seventy-one``````````71```````````````````Seventy-one``````````71```````````````````Seventy-one``````````71```````````````````

� 101

Seventy-two``````````72```````````````````Seventy-two``````````72```````````````````Seventy-two``````````72```````````````````Seventy-two``````````72```````````````````Seventy-two``````````72```````````````````Seventy-two``````````72```````````````````Seventy-two``````````72```````````````````Seventy-two``````````72```````````````````

� 102

Seventy-three````````73```````````````````Seventy-three````````73```````````````````Seventy-three````````73```````````````````Seventy-three````````73```````````````````Seventy-three````````73```````````````````Seventy-three````````73```````````````````Seventy-three````````73```````````````````Seventy-three````````73```````````````````

� 103

Seventy-four`````````74```````````````````Seventy-four`````````74```````````````````Seventy-four`````````74```````````````````Seventy-four`````````74```````````````````Seventy-four`````````74```````````````````Seventy-four`````````74```````````````````Seventy-four`````````74```````````````````Seventy-four`````````74```````````````````

� 104

Seventy-five`````````75```````````````````Seventy-five`````````75```````````````````Seventy-five`````````75```````````````````Seventy-five`````````75```````````````````Seventy-five`````````75```````````````````Seventy-five`````````75```````````````````Seventy-five`````````75```````````````````Seventy-five`````````75```````````````````

� 105

Seventy-six``````````76```````````````````Seventy-six``````````76```````````````````Seventy-six``````````76```````````````````Seventy-six``````````76```````````````````Seventy-six``````````76```````````````````Seventy-six``````````76```````````````````Seventy-six``````````76```````````````````Seventy-six``````````76```````````````````

� 106

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� 107

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Bonus #2: Quantity Cards

Use objects to teach counting. Children prefer concrete things over abstract things. Numerals, like 1, 2, 3, are just abstractions of the real things we are trying to count, 2 eggs, 98 kernels of popcorn, or 8 toy cars.

I have provided these counting cards that you can print out to make this easier. To make using them easier I would recommend printing these out on or mounting them to heavy card stock paper. The numbers are in green to emphasize that num-bers and quantities (in red) are not part of each other. But if you only have a mono-chrome printer it will still work. You need to help them understand that numbers represent the quantity.

These cards are to help you teach you children that numbers and quantities of ob-jects are the same thing. Children are desperate to learn. But how we teach is more important them what we teach. We need to show enthusiasm and gratitude and our children will follow along. The circles are randomly scattered since I don’t know of any objects that fall into a nice grid pattern outside of magnets.

How many parents have been amazed by two children arguing over who has more sprinkles on their ice cream? Counting comes so naturally to children it is scary, and I still wonder how we lose the ability so quickly too.

The key thing to remember is that counting is just giving names to different amounts of things. The greatest thing about our number system is that we use the same number for the same amount of any object. Many ancient cultures use differ-ent numbers depending on the type of object being counted. This sets up a mental barrier to expanding the mind.

Use the Entertainment Rule: Always leave them wanting more. It is better to end a lesson earlier then later. If they get bored and you don't get through it all that is okay, there is plenty of time when they start young. Next time go through the next set faster. While anyone of any age can learn practically anything, having a head start is always a good thing.

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0 How To Teach Your Child To Count and Use Numbers

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Bonus #3: Arithmetic Operation Cards

Give your children a head start on equations by letting your children become famil-iar with these operator cards.

When it comes to mathematics each operation has an opposite:Subtraction (-) is the opposite of addition (+).Division (÷) is the opposite of multiplication (×).Less than (<) is the opposite of greater than (>).Not equal (≠) is the opposite of equal (=).

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Bonus #4: Number Coloring Book

This section contains a coloring book showing the different numbers in a variety of ways. This is for younger children to play with to get familiar with the different ways we represent numbers and quantities.

They are:NumberQuantityRoman NumeralFingersNumber Word

If your child just scraps the crayon back and forth across the page they are a bit too young, but whatever color they do color the images in doesn’t matter, there is no ‘right’ way to color numbers, and coloring outside of the lines is perfectly accept-able.

A little girl once drew a blue sun, purple trees and red grass, when the day care worker asked why she picked those colors, she answered, “To see if you would let me.” Little ones are always learning and testing be sure to ask yourself what other lessons are being learned here.

Fascinating Fact:

Greeks and Romans (who based their system on the Greek) had no zero. Like many cultures “nothing” had nothing to represent it.

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SIX VI

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How to Teach Your Child to Count and Use Numbers

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