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HomeostasisI.
Introduction
A. DefinitionB. Purpose
Regulators versus Conformers = Problems and/or advantages exist for each strategy? How to get rid of
nitrogenous waste?
Figure 44.8
II. Thermoregulation
A. Q10 EffectB. Heat Loss or Gain
Causes of heat loss or gain convection, radiation, evaporation, and conduction
Figure 40.13Figure
40.11
C. Strategies
Surface area
Moisture
Generally Endotherms or EctothermsHomeotherm, Heterotherm or
Poikilotherm,
Figure 40.7
D. Adjustments
Surface area
Moisture
Vasodilatation / vasoconstriction, countercurrent exchanges,
Figure 40.12
Surface area
Moisture
evaporative losses,
Figure 40.14
Surface area
Moisture
behavioral responses, and metabolic shifting
Figure 40.13
E. Regulation
Surface area
Moisture
Negative feedback loop monitored by the hypothalamus
Figure 40.16
F. Extreme Adjustments
Surface area
Moisture
Daily torpor, Estivation,
Surface area
Moisture
and Hibernation
III. H2O RegulationA.
OsmolarityB. Regulation
Surface area
Moisture
Preventing water losses or disposing of salts to prevent losses
1. Aquatic Strategies
a. Stenohaline
b. Euryhaline
c. Marine Fishes
d. Freshwater Fishes
Surface area
Moisture
Preventing water losses or disposing of salts to prevent losses
Surface area
Moisture
Preventing water losses or disposing of salts to prevent losses
Figure 44.3a
Surface area
Moisture
Preventing water losses or disposing of salts to prevent losses
Figure 44.3b
Surface area
Moisture
Anadromous
versus Catadromous
Surface area
Moisture
2. Terrestrial Strategiesa.
Waxb. Keratinized Cells
c. Scales
d. Mucous Membranes
e. Behavior
Figure 44.15
Surface area
Moisture
Figure 44.15
f. Anhydrobiosis
Figure 44.5
Surface area
Moisture
Figure 44.15
g. Specific Glands
Figure 44.7
IV. Excretory StrategiesA. Processes &
Systems
Surface area
Moisture
Excretion involves filtration, reabsorption, secretion, and excretion
What system(s) are involved in these processes?
Digestive
Integumentary
RespiratoryUrinar
yFigure 44.10
B. Urinary Strategies1.
Protonephridia
Surface area
Moisture
Protonephridia or Flame Cell == direct method
Figure 44.11
2. Metanephridia
Surface area
Moisture
Metanephridia == ciliated nephrostome filters and excrete thru a nephridiopore
Figure 44.12
This system has both excretory and osmoregulatory function.
Surface area
Moisture
3. Malpighian Tubes
Surface area
Moisture
Malpighian Tubes establish osmotic gradients in the tubes dump into midgut. Reabsorption thru rectum and exits with the feces.
Figure 44.13
Surface area
Moisture
4. Vertebrate Kidneysa.
Structure
Surface area
Moisture
Vertebrate Kidneys two main components nephrons and tubes
Figure 44.20
Figure 44.14
b. Function
Surface area
Moisture
The nephron == Bowman’s capsule, PCT, PST, Loop of Henle, DST, and the DCT
Figure 44.20
Figure 44.13d
c. Vascularization
Surface area
Moisture
The vascularization == renal artery, afferent arteriole, glomerulus, efferent arteriole, peritubular capillaries, vasa recta, and renal vein
Figure 44.20
Figure 44.14
d. Making Urine
Surface area
Moisture
Reabsorb Concentrate Filtrate
Establish Gradient Adjust Osmolarity
Figure 44.15
Reabsorb Water
Surface area
Moisture
Osmolar changes as the fluid passes through the nephron
Figure 44.16
e. Control
Surface area
Moisture
Control of urine production == 1. blood pressure, 2. filtrate concentrations, and 3. hormone production
Figure 44.19
Always make the results your best.
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