History of Computing - cpe.ku.ac.thparuj/204521/HistoryComputing.pdf · History of Computing Slides...

History of Computing

Slides from NYU and Georgia Tech

Early Computational Devices

• (Chinese) Abacus 2700–2300 BC

– Used for performing arithmetic operations

Early Computational Devices

• Napier’s Bones, 1617

– For performing multiplication & division

John Napier

1550-1617

Early Computational Devices

• Pascaline mechanical calculator

Blaise Pascal

1623-1662

Early Computational Devices

• Leibniz’s calculating machine, 1674

Gottfried Wilhelm von Leibniz

1646-1716

Charles Babbage

• Babbage (1792-1872) was a British inventor who designed an two important machines:

– Difference engine

– Analytical engine– Analytical engine

• He saw a need to replace the human computers used to calculate numerical tables which were prone to error with a more accurate machine.

Charles Babbage

• Difference engine

– Designed to compute values of polynomial

functions automatically

– No multiplication was needed because he used – No multiplication was needed because he used

the method of finite differences

– He never built one

– It was built from 1985 – 2002 for the London

Science Museum

Charles Babbage Difference Engine

Charles Babbage

The Next Leap Forward 1800’s

Charles Babbage

• Analytical Engine

– Could be programmed using punch cards – totally

revolutionary idea

– Sequential control / branching / looping– Sequential control / branching / looping

– Turing complete

The analytical engine

of Charles Babbage

Tabulating Machine 1890 Census

Hollerith Tables and the Census

Improved the Improved the speed of the speed of the censuscensusReduced cost by Reduced cost by Reduced cost by Reduced cost by $5 million$5 millionGreater accuracy Greater accuracy of data collectedof data collectedHollerith Hollerith ––unemployed after unemployed after the censusthe census

The War Years 1939-1945

Two Primary Uses

• Artillery Tables

– Hand calculation replaced by machine calculation

– Department of the Navy

• Cryptologist :

– Cryptography– Cryptography

The art or process of writing in or deciphering secret writing

Bletchley House

The Enigma Codes – U23

Alan Turing 1936

• Published a paper “On Computable Numbers”

• Turing’s machine -• Turing’s machine -hypothetical computer that could perform any computation or logical operation a human could devise.

Turings Heritage

• Code breaking was

Touring’s strength.

• Colossus a computer to

break the German enigma

code - 100 Billion

break the German enigma

code - 100 Billion

alternatives.

• Ran at rate of 25,000

characters per second

Konrad Zuse - First Programmable

Computer 1941

1943 1943 Bletchley Park’s ColossusBletchley Park’s Colossus

The Enigma

Machine

HARVARD MARK - 1, 1944

Harvard Mark I

The Mark I

• 51 feet long

• 3,304 electro mechanical

switches

• Add or subtract 23 digit

numbers in 3/10 of a numbers in 3/10 of a

second.

• Instructions (software)

loaded by paper tape.

• The infamous “Bug”

ENIAC - The Next Jump Forward - 1946

• 1st electronic digital computer

• Operated with vacuum tubes rather electro-

mechanical switches

• 1000 times faster than Mark I• 1000 times faster than Mark I

• No program storage - wired into circuitry.

• This was still based on the decimal numbering

system.

• “programmed” by switches and cords

ENIAC

The Advent of the Semiconductor - 1947

• Developed at Bell Labs by

Shockley & Bardeen –

Nobel Prize

• Point Contact Transistor

replaced power hungry,

Point Contact Transistor

replaced power hungry,

hot and short lived

vacuum tubes

EDVAC - Electronic Discreet Variable Automatic

Computer 1951

• Data stored internally on

a magnetic drum

• Random access magnetic

storage devicestorage device

• First stored program

computer

• Championed by John von

Neumann

The 50’s the Era of Advances

Technical Advances in the 60’s

• John Mccarthy coins the term “Artificial Intelligence”

• 1960 - Removable Disks appear

• 1964 - BASIC - Beginners-all purpose Symbolic Instruction

Language

• Texas Instruments offers the first solid- state hand-held

calculator

• 1967 - 1st issue of Computerworld published

IBM System/360 (1964)• CPU Architecture

– 32-bit arithmetic

– 16 general-purpose registers

– 24-bit addressing (16,777,216 bytes max.)

• More than a few megabytes was quite rare

– Real addressing only! No virtual memory

– Approximately 142 instructions total

– Some features were optional

• Decimal instructions (in-storage only)

• Floating point (with 4 floating-point registers)• Floating point (with 4 floating-point registers)

• Direct control (specialty I/O for check sorters, &c.)

• Protection feature (i.e., storage keys)

• I/O architecture

– Maximum of 7 channels

• One byte-multiplexor channel (printers, card

readers, &c)

• Up to seven selector channels (disks, tape)

– Maximum of 256 devices per channel

– Most machines had far fewer channels & devices

IBM System/360 Model 50

IBM System/360 (1964)• Storage technology

– Ferrite core storage

• Each toroid “donut” represented one bit

– Architectural maximum: 16 megabytes

• Reality: Most customers had no more than 1-2

megabytes

– Increasing density … the donut-hole test:

• New product’s core toroid fit through the

donut hole of the previous product’s core

IBM System/360 Software• Operating Systems

– Basic Operating System (BOS)

– Tape Operating System (TOS)

– Disk Operating System (DOS)

– Operating System / Multiple Fixed

Tasks (OS/MFT)

– Operating System / Multiple

� Languages

► ALGOL

► Assembler

► Basic

► COBOL

► Fortran

► PL/1– Operating System / Multiple

Variable Tasks (OS/MVT)

– SABRE (Airline Reservations)

– Time-Sharing System (TSS)

– Control Program / 67 (CP/67) with

the Cambridge Monitor System

(CMS)

► PL/1

► RPG

� Online Transaction Processing

► Customer Information Control

System (CICS)

► Conversational Programming

System (CPS)

� Numerous independent-software-vendor

packages

Moore’s Law

• In 1965 Gordon Moore graphed data about growth in memory

chip performance.

• Realized each new chip roughly twice capacity of predecessor,

and released within ~2 yrs of it => computing power would and released within ~2 yrs of it => computing power would

rise exponentially over relatively brief periods of time.

• Still fairly accurate. In 30 years, no of transistors on a chip has

increased ~20,000 times, from 2,300 on the 4004 in 1971 to

42 million on the Pentium® IV.

The 1970’s - The Microprocessor

Revolution

• A single chip containing all the

elements of a computer’s

central processing unit.

• Small, integrated, relatively • Small, integrated, relatively

cheap to manufacture.

The Super Computers - 1972

• The Cray

• Parallel processing power

• Speed 100 million arithmetical

functions per second

• Sensitive to heat - cooled with • Sensitive to heat - cooled with

liquid nitrogen

• Very expensive

Cray I

1971 – Intel 4004 Microprocessor

• Worlds first microprocessor with 2,300 transistors, had the same processing power as the 3,000 power as the 3,000 cubic-foot ENIAC.

ALTAIR 8800: The First PC

Computer Categorization

• Supercomputer

• Mainframe

• Minicomputer

• Microcomputer• Microcomputer

1978/1979 – First individual

productivity software• VisiCalc Spreadsheet

software and WordStar word processor are the “killer applications” for personal computers, especially for small business computers, especially for small business owners.

1981 – IBM PC

• The IBM PC is introduced running the Microsoft Disk Operating System (MS-DOS) along with CP/M-86. The IBM PC's open architecture made it the de-facto standard platform, and it was eventually de-facto standard platform, and it was eventually replaced by inexpensive clones.

• CPU: Intel 8088 @ 4.77 MHz

• RAM: 16 kB ~ 640 kB

• Price: $5,000 - $20,000

1984 – Apple Macintosh

• Apple introduces the first successful consumer computer with a WIMP user interface (Windows Icons Mouse & Pointer), modelled Pointer), modelled after the unsuccessful Xerox Alto computer.

• Motorola 68000 @8Mhz

• 128KB Ram• US$1,995 to

US$2,495