View
223
Download
0
Category
Tags:
Preview:
Citation preview
History 324 History 324
The Renaissance in ItalyThe Renaissance in Italy
1250–15201250–1520
ItalyItaly
Important TermsImportant Terms
CommuneCommune ContadoContado Guelf Guelf GhibellineGhibelline Aristocratic Aristocratic
communecommune Concio/ArengoConcio/Arengo ConsorteriaConsorteria
Jakob Burckhard, Jakob Burckhard, The Civilization of The Civilization of the Renaissance in the Renaissance in ItalyItaly (1860) (1860)
Civic HumanismCivic Humanism
San GemignanoSan Gemignano
San GemignanoSan Gemignano
Aristocratic Commune Aristocratic Commune Knights move into the cities for economic Knights move into the cities for economic
and political advantageand political advantage Their agents emerge as leading merchantsTheir agents emerge as leading merchants Knights build fortified towersKnights build fortified towers They gradually displace the bishops as They gradually displace the bishops as
political authority (12political authority (12thth & 13 & 13thth centuries) centuries) Use conflict between pope & emperor Use conflict between pope & emperor
(Guelf v. Ghibelline)(Guelf v. Ghibelline) Knights join together as a commune, bound Knights join together as a commune, bound
by oath, form by oath, form concioconcio (assembly), elect (assembly), elect ConsulConsul
Political DevelopmentPolitical Development
Rival families (noble and common) form Rival families (noble and common) form alliances (consorteria) to protect interests alliances (consorteria) to protect interests – Usually formed of two or more familiesUsually formed of two or more families– Lived in fortified buildings: “Tower Societies”Lived in fortified buildings: “Tower Societies”– Rivalries often led to violence and vendettaRivalries often led to violence and vendetta
Concio looks to outsiders to bring orderConcio looks to outsiders to bring order– Podestá assumes absolute authority, usually Podestá assumes absolute authority, usually
for short period, then leftfor short period, then left
Social ClassesSocial Classes
Aristocrats: 10%Aristocrats: 10% Popolo Grasso:Popolo Grasso: major guild major guild
members, some nobles, 30%members, some nobles, 30% Popolo Minuto:Popolo Minuto: minor guild minor guild
members (60%)members (60%)– Soto posti:Soto posti: non-citizens (apprentices, non-citizens (apprentices,
day laborers, servants, those w/o day laborers, servants, those w/o property)property)
– Fluid bottom: immigrants from the Fluid bottom: immigrants from the contado, drifters, thieves, protitutescontado, drifters, thieves, protitutes
Popular GovernmentPopular Government
Emergence of the Popular Commune Emergence of the Popular Commune gradualgradual– Restrictions on nobility who lose tax Restrictions on nobility who lose tax
exemptionexemption– Towers torn down to reduce noble Towers torn down to reduce noble
influenceinfluence Private retinues (bodyguards) and prisons Private retinues (bodyguards) and prisons
abolishedabolished
– New official: the Captain of the PeopleNew official: the Captain of the People Equivalent to the Podestá, but answers to Equivalent to the Podestá, but answers to
new popular body, the Council of Elders new popular body, the Council of Elders (Concio Anziani)(Concio Anziani)
Political IdentityPolitical Identity Use of political Use of political
propaganda to assert propaganda to assert authority of the popular authority of the popular communecommune– Construction of Palazzi Construction of Palazzi
Publico (higher than Publico (higher than aristocratic towers)aristocratic towers)
– Horse races (the Horse races (the Pallio), public plays, Pallio), public plays, religious/secular religious/secular processions (Corpus processions (Corpus Christi)Christi)
– The Nine in SienaThe Nine in Siena
Politics in ArtPolitics in Art
Siena in the 13th Century
Politics in ArtPolitics in Art
Black Death 1348-1361Black Death 1348-1361
ConsequencesConsequences– Towns depopulated (up to 70% decline)Towns depopulated (up to 70% decline)– Workers organize for better conditions Workers organize for better conditions
and payand pay– Seek political representationSeek political representation– Owners seek to restrict these demandsOwners seek to restrict these demands
Statue of Labourers in England, 1351Statue of Labourers in England, 1351 Harsh treatment of rebellionsHarsh treatment of rebellions
Early Capitalism in ItalyEarly Capitalism in Italy
Reliance on unskilled labor (Reliance on unskilled labor (sotto sotto postiposti) who made up to half of ) who made up to half of populo populo minutominuto– No political or economic rightsNo political or economic rights
Key features of early capitalismKey features of early capitalism– Separation between owners and workersSeparation between owners and workers– Lack of centralized productionLack of centralized production– Lack of permanence or continuity of Lack of permanence or continuity of
productionproduction
Woolen TradeWoolen Trade
Complex: many Complex: many stepssteps
Competitive and Competitive and lucrative, high lucrative, high demanddemand
Dominated by a few Dominated by a few families in each cityfamilies in each city
Prone to revolt by Prone to revolt by workers, e.g. the workers, e.g. the Ciompi in 1378Ciompi in 1378
Ciompi Revolt, 1378Ciompi Revolt, 1378
Condition of Condition of sotto postisotto posti– No political rights, forbidden to form guildsNo political rights, forbidden to form guilds– Urban revolts commonUrban revolts common
Marxist historians see emergence of proletariatMarxist historians see emergence of proletariat Others see complex economic and social Others see complex economic and social
changechange Result: magnates unite against common peopleResult: magnates unite against common people
CiompiCiompi– Led by Micheli de Lando, gonfalionieri, or Led by Micheli de Lando, gonfalionieri, or
flag-bearer of the lower guildsflag-bearer of the lower guilds
DemandsDemands– Est. of new guilds for dyers, Est. of new guilds for dyers,
shirtmakers and woolen workers shirtmakers and woolen workers (Ciompi)(Ciompi)
– Debt relief and abolition of guild courtsDebt relief and abolition of guild courts– Tax reform: end exemptions and impose Tax reform: end exemptions and impose
income taxincome tax Over threw government, but then Over threw government, but then
suppressed by united magnatessuppressed by united magnates Many killed or exiledMany killed or exiled
– Replaced by foreign workersReplaced by foreign workers
Renaissance FamilyRenaissance Family Best source=Best source=CatastoCatasto (1427) detailed tax survey (1427) detailed tax survey
compiled in Florencecompiled in Florence Term for extended families varies by area:Term for extended families varies by area:
– Florence = consorteriaFlorence = consorteria– Genoa = albergoGenoa = albergo– Venice = fraternaVenice = fraterna
Breakdown of Breakdown of consorteriaconsorteria into nuclear families into nuclear families– Change in family dynamicsChange in family dynamics– Building of Building of palazzi,palazzi, variations in wealth variations in wealth
Change in marriage patternsChange in marriage patterns– Pre-plague, men marry at 35-40 years, women c. 18Pre-plague, men marry at 35-40 years, women c. 18– Post-plague, c. 29, women at 15-16Post-plague, c. 29, women at 15-16– By 1460, men back to 35-40By 1460, men back to 35-40
Rise of VeniceRise of Venice
Rise of VeniceRise of Venice
451: Foundation451: Foundation 697: Doge 697: Doge 1172: Great 1172: Great
CouncilCouncil 1297: Closing of 1297: Closing of
the Great Council; the Great Council; SenataSenata
1405: Creation of 1405: Creation of Venetian contadoVenetian contado
Cathedral of San MarcoCathedral of San Marco
Venetian GovernmentVenetian Government
DogeDoge Ducal CouncilDucal Council Senate (300 men)Senate (300 men) Grand CouncilGrand Council Council of 10, Council of 10,
DieciDieci General Assembly General Assembly
/Arengo /Arengo (abolished 1453)(abolished 1453) Bridge of Sighs
Doge Leonardo Loredan
DespotismDespotism
Consolidation of the Consolidation of the statestate
Signoria (lordship)Signoria (lordship) VicariateVicariate
– Papal or imperial vicarPapal or imperial vicar CondottieriCondottieri
– Contract soldierContract soldier RomagnaRomagna
– Ezzelino da Romano, Ezzelino da Romano, lord of Verona, 1lord of Verona, 1stst despotdespot
Despotism: Despotism: illegitimate one-man illegitimate one-man rulerule
RegimesRegimes– Milan: Giangaeazzo Milan: Giangaeazzo
ViscontiVisconti– Verona: della ScalaVerona: della Scala– Padua: CarraraPadua: Carrara– Ferrara: d’EsteFerrara: d’Este– Mantua: GonzagaMantua: Gonzaga
Rise of MilanRise of Milan
Visconti of MilanVisconti of Milan– Ghebelline familyGhebelline family– Matteo Visconti Matteo Visconti
becomes Captain of becomes Captain of the Peoplethe People
– Purchase title of Purchase title of imperial vicarimperial vicar
– Rule through small Rule through small councilscouncils
The Visconti in MilanThe Visconti in Milan
Visconti in MilanVisconti in Milan– Uniform legal Uniform legal
system throughout system throughout contado contado Removed local law Removed local law
codescodes
– Appointed local Appointed local officersofficers
– Fiscal policyFiscal policy– Supports educationSupports education– Standing armyStanding army– Used ambassadorsUsed ambassadors
Visconti gonfalone
Rise of the Medici in Rise of the Medici in FlorenceFlorence
Albizzi RegimeAlbizzi Regime– Rivals of the MediciRivals of the Medici– Controlled the Controlled the
populo minuto under populo minuto under the Prioratethe Priorate
– Introduce Introduce CatastoCatasto in in 1427 to raise taxes 1427 to raise taxes ((estimoestimo))
– Manipulate crowds Manipulate crowds to achieve political to achieve political endsends
Cosimo de Medici Cosimo de Medici takes power in 1434takes power in 1434
The MediciThe Medici
Cosimo de Medici Cosimo de Medici controls government controls government indirectlyindirectly– Financial resourcesFinancial resources– Has political networkHas political network
AmiciAmici PartyParty Balia (emergency Balia (emergency
committees)committees) Scala (staircase)Scala (staircase)
– Peace of Lodi (1451)Peace of Lodi (1451) Florence and Milan Florence and Milan
against Veniceagainst Venice
The World of HumanismThe World of Humanism
Three major states Three major states in Italy by the in Italy by the early 15early 15thth century century– MilanMilan– Florence Florence – VeniceVenice
Triple Alliance of Triple Alliance of Florence, Milan, Florence, Milan, and Naples, c. and Naples, c. 14801480
Lorenzo de Medici (1449-Lorenzo de Medici (1449-92)92)
Ruled Florence Ruled Florence from 1469 to 1492from 1469 to 1492– Creates Council of Creates Council of
Seventy to control Seventy to control citycity Eight of WarEight of War Twelve of FinanceTwelve of Finance
– Conflicts with Pope Conflicts with Pope Sixtus IVSixtus IV
– Pazzi Conspiracy Pazzi Conspiracy (1478)(1478)
– Rules as tyrant, but Rules as tyrant, but lovedloved
Dante Dante – Not a Humanist, a Not a Humanist, a
medieval personalitymedieval personality Influential writerInfluential writer
– On MonarchyOn Monarchy Theory of the Two EndsTheory of the Two Ends
– The BanquetThe Banquet The “Will to be Virtuous”The “Will to be Virtuous”
– The New LifeThe New Life (La Vita (La Vita Nuovo) Beatrice as an Nuovo) Beatrice as an idealideal
– ComedyComedy New vision of afterlifeNew vision of afterlife Use of Italian rather than Use of Italian rather than
LatinLatin Dante Aligheiri (1265-1321)Dante Aligheiri (1265-1321)
Emergence of HumanismEmergence of Humanism
Father of HumanismFather of Humanism– Vita activaVita activa– Valued the Ancient world Valued the Ancient world
for itself, as a modelfor itself, as a model– Wrote mostly in LatinWrote mostly in Latin– Classics a guide to ethicsClassics a guide to ethics
“ “ It is better to will the It is better to will the good, than to know the good, than to know the truth”truth”
His book, His book, De Viri IllustribusDe Viri Illustribus used biography of ancients used biography of ancients—a secular hagiography—a secular hagiography
– Supported (briefly) Cola di Supported (briefly) Cola di Rienzo, the Roman popular Rienzo, the Roman popular leader (Tribune of the leader (Tribune of the People_People_
– Studia Humanitatis: Studia Humanitatis: rhetoric, grammar, poetryrhetoric, grammar, poetry
– Textual criticism influenced Textual criticism influenced VallaValla
Francisco Petrarch (1304-1374)
PetrarchPetrarch
Giovanni Boccaccio Giovanni Boccaccio (1313-(1313-1375)1375)
Petrarch’s studentPetrarch’s student Learned GreekLearned Greek Wrote Wrote DecameronDecameron
in Italianin Italian On Noble WomenOn Noble Women
– De mulieribus De mulieribus clarisclaris
Importance of Importance of education to chose education to chose good over evilgood over evil
Civic HumanistsCivic Humanists
Coluccio Salutati Coluccio Salutati (1330-1406)(1330-1406)
Leonardo Bruni Leonardo Bruni (1370-1444)(1370-1444)
Poggio Bracciolini Poggio Bracciolini (1380-1459)(1380-1459)
Lorenzo Valla Lorenzo Valla (1405-1457)(1405-1457)
Coluccio Salutati
Moral PhilosophyMoral Philosophy
Marsilio Ficino (1433-1499)Marsilio Ficino (1433-1499)– Learned Greek from ChrysolorusLearned Greek from Chrysolorus– Platonic Academy in Florency (founded by Platonic Academy in Florency (founded by
Cosimo de Medici)Cosimo de Medici)– Tried to synthesize philosophy & religionTried to synthesize philosophy & religion
Giovanni Pico de Mirandola (1463-1494)Giovanni Pico de Mirandola (1463-1494)– Polyglot: Greek, Latin, & HebrewPolyglot: Greek, Latin, & Hebrew– Undertook a synthesis of all religions Undertook a synthesis of all religions – Rejected authority of ChristianityRejected authority of Christianity– Mysticism & magic made human knowledge Mysticism & magic made human knowledge
greatergreater
The Papacy in AvignonThe Papacy in Avignon
In 1305, Clement V declines to return to RomeIn 1305, Clement V declines to return to Rome– Papal court remains at Avignon until 1378Papal court remains at Avignon until 1378
Avignon PapacyAvignon Papacy Seven popes are Seven popes are
FrenchFrench– Clement V (d. 1314)Clement V (d. 1314)– John XXII (d. 1334)John XXII (d. 1334)– Benedict XII (d. 1342)Benedict XII (d. 1342)– Clement VI (d. 1352)Clement VI (d. 1352)– Innocent VI (d. 1362)Innocent VI (d. 1362)– Urban V (d. 1370)Urban V (d. 1370)– Gregory XI (d. 1378)Gregory XI (d. 1378)
Historically seen as Historically seen as corrupt, but?corrupt, but?– Gradual decline of Gradual decline of
ChurchChurch
Decline of Papacy Decline of Papacy (1300-(1300-1510)1510)
Secular claims to authoritySecular claims to authority– Aristotle’s political theory (ascending power)Aristotle’s political theory (ascending power)– Dante’sDante’s De Monarchia De Monarchia (1313) (1313)– Marsiglio of Padua, Marsiglio of Padua, Defensor PacisDefensor Pacis (1324) (1324)– Golden Bull (1356) ends papal choice of emperorGolden Bull (1356) ends papal choice of emperor– Conciliar theory: Church ruled by “head and Conciliar theory: Church ruled by “head and
members”members”– Great Schism (1378-1415)Great Schism (1378-1415)
Papal control of ChurchPapal control of Church– Fiscal and legal innovationsFiscal and legal innovations
Renaissance PapacyRenaissance Papacy Temporal rulers first, Temporal rulers first,
spiritual rulers secondspiritual rulers second– Pius II (1458-1464)Pius II (1458-1464)
Diplomat & scholarDiplomat & scholar– Calixtus III (1455-1458) Calixtus III (1455-1458)
Alonso BorgiaAlonso Borgia– Alexander VI (1492-Alexander VI (1492-
1503) Rodrigo Borgia1503) Rodrigo Borgia– Julius II (1503-1510) Julius II (1503-1510)
Giovanni della RovereGiovanni della Rovere Art patronsArt patrons Goal: to make church Goal: to make church
independent of independent of secular statessecular states
Sixtus IV (1471-1484)
Recommended