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HIS 105 Chapter 5. Republican and Imperial Rome. Rome. One of the most successful empires in the world Began as a small city in central Italy Captured land surrounding the Mediterranean and N.W. Europe Had unified government, peace, and prosperity. Owed much to its: Location - PowerPoint PPT Presentation
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HIS 105Chapter 5Republican and Imperial Rome
Rome One of the most successful empires in the
world Began as a small city in central Italy Captured land surrounding the Mediterranean
and N.W. Europe Had unified government, peace, and
prosperity
Owed much to its: Location Productive farmland Mineral deposits Good timber Mild climate
Early History Around 2000 B.C.E. Indo-Europeans invaded
Italy They brought with them:
Technical skills An effective military Political skills A language that was the basis for Latin
Another influence was Greek culture that spread from southern Italy and Sicily northward
A third influence were the Etruscans in northern Italy whose culture dominated the area Economic trade practices Political techniques Religious ideas Alphabet
Architecture Sculpture Language
A group of villages near the mouth of the Tiber River were to become Rome
This area, including the villages around the 7 Palatine Hills were called Latium
7 Palantine Hills
After 600 B.C.E., these villages were made into one city-state and ruled by Etruscans
The government was comprised of a King and his advisors, the Senate and Freemen
There were 2 classes: Patricians ( the wealthy) and Plebeians (also called clients)
Etruscan Territory
Patrician & Plebeian
500 B.C.E. – Romans overthrew Etruscan king, Tarquinius, the Proud
In his place were 2 patrician consuls who were elected annually
The year 500 B.C.E. marked the beginning of the Roman Republic
The Early Republic, 509 – 265 B.C.E. In order to survive, Rome asked the other
cities of Latium for cooperation and formed the Latin League
The League fought battles against the Etruscans ,the Samnites, the Gauls, and the Greeks
The League was victorious and Rome took full control
Rome became a world power because of: its military organization its enlightened treatment of those conquered its ability to establish and deepen the loyalty of
its citizens
Military Known as the Roman Legion Citizen army Showed flexibility and independence when
necessary
Roman Legion
Treatment of those conquered Gave outright citizenship to many, especially in
Latium Others in organized city-states got partial
citizenship that gave them the right to trade and to marry Roman citizen Could not participate in politics Had to pay taxes Had military obligation Could govern themselves in most matters
Allies People in conquered areas away from Rome Had local independence Had no control in foreign affairs Had financial and military obligations Thought they would eventually become full Roman
citizensThis treatment promoted allegiance and loyalty
For first 200 years of the republic the patricians and the plebeians could not agree on how much say plebeians would have in the government
Eventually the plebeians won the right to elect tribunes who had veto power over actions of the patricians
Plebeians also established their own assembly – The Assembly of Tribes
450 B.C.E.- Twelve Tables were passed that codified Roman law
367 B.C.E. – Plebeians were allowed to become Consuls
265 B.C.E. – Rome was theoretically governed by the decisions of a total citizen body acting through assemblies; however, still dominated by wealthy
Punic Wars The opponent : Carthage, a thriving
commercial empire in North Africa Rome was drawn into war over Sicily
Carthage tried to defend the Greek city-state Messina from another Greek city-state, Syracuse
Rome intervened to keep Carthage from getting too close to their republic
The result was the First Punic War
Carthage
First Punic War (264-241 B.C.E.) Struggle for Sicily 241 B.C.E., Rome was victorious and gained
Sicily Rome got a large monetary payment for war
expenses from Carthage
After First Punic War, Carthage tried to reassert itself by conquering Spain which led to Second Punic War
Second Punic War (218-201 B.C.E.) Romans faced Hannibal who brought his troops
into Italy by going through the Alps Romans did not expect this Romans fought against Hannibal for 15 years When Hannibal called back to Carthage, Rome
won
Hannibal
Treaty ending the Second Punic War Spain went to Rome Carthaginian navy was destroyed Carthage paid a stiff fine over the next 50 years Carthage had to agree to never wage war outside
of Africa unless Rome gave its permission
Third Punic War (146 B.C.E.) Rome vs. Carthage Rome won To avoid another confrontation:
Rome enslaved or killed every inhabitant of Carthage Rome destroyed the city Rome threw salt on the ground so that the city would
never rise again
Ruins of Carthage
Meanwhile… 200 B.C.E., Ptolemy’s Egypt was weakening, and
Philip V of Macedon and Antiochus III of the Selucid Empire tried to seize the territory
Egypt asked Rome for help and got it Rome defeated Philip V in 200 B.C.E. and Antiochus
III in 189 B.C.E. Rome left these 2 areas with their freedom until
fighting broke out again Then Rome took control
As Rome’s territory increased, so did its power
The farther away from Italy Rome got, the more brutal its treatment of conquered people became
Other problems: Big gaps between rich and poor Farmers and others were in great debt
Aristocrats began buying up more and more farmland
Class conflicts increased Former independent farmers had to work as
tenants on someone else’s farm or move to the city for work
Cities became overcrowded and lacked jobs for all
Slaves took jobs away from citizens
More Problems Economic problems led to civil and political
unrest Aristocrats were no longer helping lower
classes Crisis Two brothers tried to change the situation for
the better
Tiberius Gracchus 133 B.C.E. – Tribune for plebeians Wanted to limit size of aristocratic estates and
re-distribute land to the poor Not well-received by aristocrats When put before the tribal assembly, it was
vetoed by another tribune He presented it again, and it was vetoed again
Tiberius Gracchus
And again Tiberius, with support of the people, had the
“vetoing” tribune removed from office, violating the constitution
Tiberius tried to get his ideas accepted again The Senate opposed him and had him
assassinated
Gaius Gracchus Proposed establishing new colonies for the
poor, landless veterans He had support of people and other tribunes He also wished to give Roman citizenship to
more Italian people This one lost him the support of the people The Senate had him put to death
Gaius Gracchus
Gaius Marius 107 B.C.E. rose to help the people Successful army general Became Consul several times Used paid volunteers fro lower classes for his army Gave them supplies and a career In return, they were loyal to him Promised soldiers land when they left army
Gaius Marius
Sulla, another general, opposed the plan of Marius
With help of Senate, Sulla drove Marius out
Fighting continued in Rome from without and from within
Sulla
77 B.C.E. Pompey, another general, became prominent
Conquered territory for Rome, so Senate gave him special powers
Pompey joined with Julius Caesar to form a new government with power above the Senate
Caesar followed his own plan
Pompey
Julius Caesar
Caesar Continued to take territory then brought troops to
Rome and took over government for himself Civil war followed bringing an end to the Republic Caesar’s government
Had a Senate full of his supporters Brought in people from the provinces to take part in
politics Declared himself Dictator for 10 years and then for life
Instituted reforms – example: he created a new calendar
Conservative members of Senate feared he would be a monarch, so had him killed in 44 B.C.E.
His death was followed by 13 years of civil warHis nephew, Octavian, defended Caesar
Ides of March
Octavian/ Caesar Augustus
Octavian took the name of Caesar and defeated his opponents
His victories made him the absolute ruler of Rome and its Empire
He created an empire and was its first emperor – Augustus Caesar
Basic Roman Outlook Shaped by 4 things:
Family life Agriculture Warfare Religion
Made Romans sensible, unemotional, hardworking, disciplined, and practical people
Octavian / Augustus Caesar Contributed a new system of governing Octavian manipulated his rise to power
Knew Roman problems could be solved if power was in the hands of one man – his
31 B.C.E., he had himself elected consul annually
27 B.C.E., he gave all his power back to the Senate
Senate feared civil war and begged him to stay
Senate then gave him even more power
Made him tribune for life Named him consul Named him proconsul over all the provinces Gave him command of all the armies Added an imperium (authority higher than any
other) Lavished him with honors: first senator, called
him augustus, “revered one”, imperator, “victorious general”, & princep
His actions: Redefined rigid class divisions Tried to improve morale & patriotism by
Restoring old Roman religion Patronized writers like Vergil Passed laws to curb vices Beautified Rome Provided public services
Set up a professional military with careful training, regular pay, and a pension in money, not land
Built roads, supply depots, and military posts Tried to improve provincial governance Set up sound fiscal system Set up system for succession
All emperors set up an imperial bureaucracy: Unified law Gave citizenship to many Had humanitarian projects Had sound fiscal system Renewed patriotism
Felt good government was vital for a civilized life
Trajan added final areas to empire: Dracia, Armenia, and Mesopotamia
Palestinian Jews revolted against Rome 115 – 117 and 132 – 135; Jews didn’t wish to follow Roman religion; put down the Emperor Hadrian;
First 2 centuries of empire were fairly prosperous; they had good government, agriculture, trade, and building activities
Trajan
Palestine Taken by Pompey in 63 B.C.E. Jews of Palestine would not be forced to
follow Roman religion; they were monotheistic
Palestine first governed by Herod, a Roman puppet ruler Jews were allowed to maintain their faith They didn’t have to sacrifice to Roman gods
Jesus of Nazareth Born around 6 or 4 B.C.E. Was given the name Joshua ben Joseph Followers saw him as the Messiah or the
Christ Preached peace and love in the Jewish
tradition Some saw his teachings as blasphemy
Didn’t like his claim that he was “King of the Jews”
Pontius Pilate, Roman Procurator, thought Jesus was a threat and sentenced him to death by crucifixion
He died, but followers said he arose 3 days later proving that he was the Messiah
Followers called themselves Christians led by Peter
Paul of Tarsus was a convert who said Christianity was separate from Judaism and wrote letters to churches being established
Some Roman Christians faced persecution and death under certain emperors like Nero and Diocletian
Nero & Diocletian
By the 4th century C.E. 10% of the Roman Empire was Christian
The religion became more formalized
Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire Signs of decay were apparent after 180 C.E.
in the economy and in politics Internal Stresses:
Size of the empire – needed more and more soldiers to guard borders, plus more supplies
Economic stresses – decline in agricultural output, trade, and industry
Social problems Military rule Aristocrats forced from politics High taxes Concentrated on keeping military happy, not the
general populace Civil wars over succession Frontier defenses neglected Invasions from outsiders Lives and property destroyed
Upper classes became pleasure-seeking Cultural life decayed Christianity grew Interest in mystery religions grew Life was uncertain Everyday survival became difficult
Many farmers looked to landowners for protection. This foreshadowed manorialism where estates made everything needed. Cities were abandoned
Diocletian Undistinguished birth Rose to lead the empire through the army Redesigned how the empire would be ruled;
tried to solve the problems of succession Worked to remove the military from politics
Created a mobile cavalry Wanted total loyalty from the people; that
meant emperor worship Christians refused Diocletian viciously persecuted them Diocletian stepped down in 305 C.E. His plan for a smooth succession failed and
civil war followed
Constantine Claimed the throne in 306 C.E. using military
force Won control of entire empire in 324 C.E. Reigned until 337 C.E. Continued some of Diocletian’s policies that
would strengthen the empire
He added a new religious policy in 313 C.E. called The Edict of Milan Granted religious toleration to the empire Ended the persecution of Christians Gave Christians legal recognition
Constantine converted to Christianity but wasn’t baptized until he was dying.
Constantine promoted Christian causes and his legislation reflected Christian influences
He did little to encourage other religions He changed the capital from Rome to Byzantium
(Turkey), later called Constantinople Wished to be free from restrictive traditions of
paganism in Rome Rome remained center of Christianity and number of
Christians grew to 30 million
The reigns of Diocletian and Constantine brought some stability to the Roman Empire and this stability lasted through the reign of Theodosius (r. 379-395)
Old problems reappeared after 395C.E.
No true economic recovery There was a decline in public spirit Quality of government deteriorated Successful German Barbarian invasions The fall of Rome occurred in some parts of
the empire and not in others The West eventually collapsed
The remaining eastern part of the empire became known as Byzantium
Rome did live on through the passing on of its culture that is still apparent today
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