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Page 1
HELPFUL GRAMMAR HINTS
The verb to lie means to rest or recline. The forms are lie, lay,
lain and laying.
The verb to sit means to occupy a seat or position. The forms are
sit, sat, sat, and sitting.
The verb to set meant to place. The forms are set, set, set, and
setting.
The verb to rise means to move upward. The forms are rise, rose,
risen and rising.
The verb to raise means to lift something up. The forms are raise,
raised, raised and raising.
The pronouns each, either, and neither are singular. Also use a
singular verb when every or each modifies a compound subject.
Use the subjective mood for a condition contrary to fact. Following
an indirect quotation, use should, would, could, or might instead or
shall, will, can or may.
A verb agrees with an affirmative subject, not a negative one.
When two subjects are joined by either -- or, or neither -- nor, the
verb will agree with the
subject closer to the verb.
Subjects and objects of infinitives are in the objective case.
The pronoun following to be will be in the objective case if to be
has a subject. If to be has no subject, the pronoun following to be
will be in the nominative case.
Subjects and predicate nominatives are in the nominative case.
The possessive form should precede the gerund (a verb ending in -ing
and used as a noun).
Who is nominative. Use it for subjects and predicate nominatives.
Whom is objective.
Page 2
EFFECT vs. AFFECT
Rule 1. Use effect when you mean bring about or brought about, cause or caused.
Example He effected a commotion in the crowd.
Rule 2. Use effect when you mean result.
Example What effect did that speech have?
Rule 3. Also use effect whenever any of these words precede it: a, an, the, no, any, take, into
NOTE: These words may be separated from effect by an adjective.
Examples: That book had a long-lasting effect on my thinking.
Has the medicine produced any noticeable effects?
Rule 4. If none of the above fit, use affect.
AFFECT is almost always a verb, meaning influence, producing an effect, as in:
Exercise affects ones physical and mental health.
A good argument can affect the outcome of the case.
How does that affect our schedule?
In its less common meaning of pretense, AFFECT is still used as a verb:
She affected great sympathy for the victim.
EFFECT is usually a noun, the result or consequence. Whenever it can be preceded by the or a it has to be a noun.
Your program of exercise has had a good effect.
The effect on the jury was crucial.
These are my personal effects.
When EFFECT is used occasionally as a verb, it still concerns a result:
The diplomat effected a compromise. (brought about)
The officer will effect an arrest. (He accomplishes it, rather than influencing it.)
Burglary is effected by breaking and entering.
AFFECT -- verb -- have an effect on; move, pretend, influence
EFFECT -- noun -- result; impression produced; belongings
verb -- accomplish; perform
Page 3
There are four distinct words here. When "affect" is accented on the
final syllable (a-FECT), it is a verb meaning "have an influence on":
"The million-dollar donation from the industrialist did not affect my
vote against the Clean Air Act."
A much rarer meaning is indicated when the word is accented on the
first syllable (AFF-ect), meaning "emotion." In this case the word is
used mostly by psychiatrists and social scientists-- people who
normally know how to spell it. The real problem arises when people
confuse the first spelling with the second: "effect."
This too can be two different words. The more common one is a noun:
"When I left the stove on, the effect was that the house was filled
with smoke." When you affect a situation, you have an effect on it.
The less common is a verb meaning "to create": "I'm trying to effect
a change in the way we purchase widgets." No wonder people are
confused. Hey, nobody ever said English was logical: just memorize it
and get on with your life.
1. What do you think the (affect, effect) of the decision will
be?
e
2. How did her sons departure (affect, effect) Mrs. French? a
3. How was the team (effected, affected) by the loss of their
captain?
a
4. I was surprised at the (affect, effect) of his words on the
audience.
e
5. A number of improvements were (affected, effected) by the new
student council.
e
6. (Affects, Effects ) of the strike were felt everywhere. e
7. His health was (affected, effected) by the cold, damp climate. a
8. In spite of all our efforts, we could not (affect, effect) his
release from prison.
e
9. What was the (affect, effect) of all his efforts? e
10. Despite the efforts of all involved, the group was not able to
(affect, effect) a compromise.
e
11. The special mediator (affected, effected) a settlement between
the two groups.
e
12. Water in the gas line (affected, effected) the cars
performance.
a
13. The net (affect, effect) of all his demands and protests is
exactly nothing.
e
14. I asked the doctor how swimming would (affect, effect) my
cold.
a
15. His harsh words had a strong (effect, affect) on the little
girl.
e
16. They were not able to (affect, effect) a settlement of the
issue.
e
17. His speech (affected, effected) us so that we decided to offer
our services to the reform group.
a
18. He was not able to (affect, effect) a compromise between the
opposing factors.
e
19. She carried an (affected, effected) air of superiority. a
Page 4
20. The news (affected, effected) him so strongly that he just sat
there, unable to move.
a
21. What was the (affect, effect) of his promotion? e
22. His decision (affected, effected) everyone here. a
23. We had to (affect, effect) a reduction in costs. e
24. The critics greatly (affected, effected) his thinking. a
25. How were you able to (affect, effect) such radical changes? e
26. That book had a major (affect, effect) on his philosophy. e
27. Shelley had to (affect, effect) great reductions in her
expenses.
e
28. What do you suppose the (affect, effect) of her resignation
will be?
e
29. The changes had an enormous (affect, effect) on production. e
30. The energy crisis has greatly (affected, effected) our
lifestyle.
a
31. They were able to (affect, effect) an increase in their
savings.
e
32. Roberta has (affected, effected) many improvements in office
procedures.
a
33. The rainy weather had a bad (affect, effect) on attendance at
the seminar.
e
34. The new personnel ruling does not (affect, effect) my status. a
35. The new director will reorganize the office and (affect,
effect) a number of changes in personnel.
e
36. What she said had no (affect, effect) on the boss. e
37. I dont know why the cold air (affects, effects) my skin. a
38. I hope to (affect, effect) improvements in my work. e
39. The knowledge I gain from this course will (affect, effect) my
performance.
a
40. The new schedule will take (affect, effect) in October. e
41. The supervisor (affected, effected) a reconciliation between
Sam and John.
e
42. The new law goes into (affect, effect) tomorrow. e
43. the (affect, effect) on overall production e
44. took their personal (affects, effects) with them e
45. pressure may (affect, effect) the final outcome a
46. to (affect, effect), or to bring about, this condition e
47. definitely will (affect, effect) our costs a
48. decision will (affect, effect) the economy a
49. the (affect, effect) of her words of caution e
Page 5
WHO vs. WHICH vs. THAT
Rule 1. Who refers to people. That and which refer to groups or things.
Examples Glen is the one who rescued the bird.
She belongs to an organization that specializes in saving
endangered species.
Rule 2. That introduces essential clauses while which introduces nonessential clauses.
Examples I do not like editorials that argue for racial
differences in intelligence.
We would not know which editorials were being discussed
without the that clause.
The editorial arguing for racial differences in
intelligence, which appeared in the Sunday newspaper, upset
me.
The editorial is already identified. Therefore, which
begins a nonessential clause.
NOTE: Essential clauses do not have commas surrounding them
while nonessential clauses do contain commas.
Rule 3. If that has already been used in the sentence, use which to introduce the essential clause that follows.
Example That is a decision which you must live with for the
rest of your life.
Rule 4. If the essential clause starts with this, that, these, or those, use which to connect.
Example Those ideas which were discussed on Tuesday will be
put in the minutes of the meeting.
Even better The ideas discussed on Tuesday will be . . .
1. Books have been discovered (that, which) address the
horrors of the Salem witch trial.
(t)
2. That book about the Salem witch trials, (that, which) was
discovered in the basement of the library, will be
published next year.
(w)
3. That is a book (that, which) I have not yet read. (w)
4. The state law (that, which) banned logging ancient redwoods
began at the grassroots level.
(t)
5. The state law to ban logging ancient redwoods, (that,
which) began at the grassroots level, has gained the
attention of lawmakers.
(w)
Page 6
WHO and WHOM
Rule. Use the he/him method to decide which word is correct. he = who him = whom
Examples Who/Whom wrote the letter?
He wrote the letter. Therefore, who is correct.
For who/whom should I vote?
Should I vote for him? Therefore, whom is correct.
We all know who/whom pulled that prank.
This sentence contains two clauses: We all know and
who/whom pulled that prank. We are interested in the second
clause because it contains the who/whom. He pulled that
prank. Therefore, who is correct.
WHOEVER and WHOMEVER
Rule 1. First of all, use the ever suffix when who or whom can fit into two clauses in the sentence.
Example Give it to whoever/whomever asks for it first.
Give it to him. He asks for it first.
Rule 2. Because we can substitute him and he into both clauses, we must use the ever suffix. Now, to determine whether to use whoever or whomever, here is the rule: him + he = whoever him + him = whomever
Therefore, Give it to whoever asks for it first.
Example We will hire whoever/whomever you recommend.
We will hire him. You recommend him.
him + him = whomever
Example We will hire whoever/whomever is most qualified.
We will hire him. He is most qualified.
him + he = whoever
Page 7
WHO, WHOM, WHOEVER, WHOMEVER
1. With _______ do you wish to speak?
2. Mr. Hilton, _______ you saw on the elevator, is an
auditor.
3. Be careful _______ you nominate for treasurer.
4. We are glad to give you the names of several persons
in this section of the country _______ you may be
interested in handling your line.
5. ___ shall I ask for information?
6. Its often desirable to select our sales
representatives from among applicants _______ live
in the few large cities.
7. If someone is to benefit from this arrangement,
_______ will it be?
8. _______ are you waiting for?
9. _______ do you wish to see?
10. Leave the information with _______ is at the
reception desk.
11. We have just received a letter from Mr. Erickson
_______, as you know, has asked for the agency for
our irrigation equipment.
12. I am interested in learning _______ is supposed to
have charge of the leasing of the home.
13. Mr. Powers is the man _______ I hope will be elected.
14. Mr. Powers is the man _______ I hope to see elected.
15. Mr. Powers, _______ was confident of election, won.
16. Mr. Smith is a man _______ can be trusted.
17. Mr. Smith is a man _______ I know to be trustworthy.
18. Mr. Smith is a man _______ I know is trustworthy.
19. I dont know _______ he is supposed to be.
20. We are glad to promote those _______ we find to be
trustworthy.
21. It is he, _______ we saw just now, _______ will be
the group leader.
22. Your congressman is the one _______ should receive
your thoughts on current political and economic
problems.
23. Your congressman is the one to _______ you should
send your comments on political and economic
problems.
Page 8
WORD USAGE
1. My husband wishes I could sing like (she - her).
2. They believe that it was (I - me) who informed the
enemy.
3. Mrs. Dow left us a larger share of her estate than
(they - them).
4. I chose the employee (who - whom) I believed was the
best trained.
5. The man (who - whom) I took for a farmer was really a
bank president.
6. Yes, it was (I - me) who made the investigation.
7. You were cleverer than (me - I) at guessing their
intentions.
8. Mr. Harper would like to have more helpers like (he -
him).
9. This s the man (who - whom) I think is our best
mechanic.
10. I recommended the man (who - whom) I considered best
qualified.
11. I have often wished I looked like (she - her).
12. It is (they - them), the disloyal citizens, (who -
whom) you ought to blame.
13. I have you to thank more than (she - her) for this
thoughtful act.
14. A good engineer like (he - him) could improve the
process.
15. Was it Judy to (whom - who) you gave the message?
16. Returning to the scene of the accident, he saw a man
(who - whom) he was sure had seen what had happened.
17. George hoped it would be (him - he) who would be
called upon.
18. The man in (who - whom) you can place your confidence
is the man (whom - who) you should vote.
19. The conductor shook hands with the musician (who -
whom) had been soloist.
20. Like (he and I - him and me), the others were assigned
to special duties.
21. It was (we - us) who arrived there first, despite our
detour.
22. To meet interesting people like (they - them) is
refreshing.
23. America needs more men like (he - him).
24. We got into the car, (which - but) we found the
battery dead.
25. This came from the (Chiefs of Staff - Chief of
Staffs) office.
26. They thought it was (me - I) that you meant.
27. Men serve most loyally the employer (whom - who) they
feel understands them and their problems.
28. (Fred and Alices - Freds and Alices) marriage is a
happy one.
Page 9
29. By pulse is meant the beat of blood in an artery,
(what - which) can be felt and counted.
30. Wagner was a far greater composer than (he - him).
31. (Husband and wifes - Husbands and wifes) income may
be reported separately.
32. The only driver (who - whom) I saw on the road
wouldnt stop.
33. He watched the girl and the car (who - that) came
toward him.
34. He was informed that it was (I - me) who wanted the
interview.
35. Do you know any man (who - whom) you think is
competent to direct the project?
36. You are more experienced in the stock market than (I -
me).
37. Like you and (he - him), I am interested in reducing
our costs.
38. I can hardly wait to show you the bargains (what -
which) I found.
39. (Walton and Halls - Waltons and Halls) annual sale
begins today.
40. The man from (who - whom) you bought this desk lamp is
going out of business.
41. Everyone wanted to see the pilot and the plane (who -
that) had made the rescue.
42. Have you seen the (principle - principal) or the
janitor?
43. Leave (we - us) girls alone for a while.
44. The paper mentioned both you and (me - I).
45. She left Ray and (me - I) behind.
46. Why are you always blaming (us - we) criminals?
47. Who told you and (her - she)?
48. Have you and (her - she) had an argument?
49. That was probably Steve and (they - them).
50. Mr. Thomas said that (we - us) girls were late.
51. Tell the headmaster and (he - him) what you did.
52. Are you expecting Jean and (she - her)?
53. I dont believe it was (he - him).
54. Did you know that Bill and (she - her) are engaged.
55. Please tell (we - us) girls where you were.
56. Do not annoy (I - me) or the driver.
57. Certainly you must remember Edna and (I - me -
myself).
58. You misunderstood the teacher and (I - me).
59. Who will drive Peggy and (she - her) to the airport?
That must be (he - him).
60. Ill send you and (he - him) by different routes.
61. The doctor offered to treat her husband and (she -
her).
62. We didnt want to leave Ann and ( she - her) husband.
63. Our callers were probably (they - them).
64. Ray and (I - me) dont need advice.
Page 10
65. We know it was (he - him).
66. If I had known (who - whom) he was, I would have been
more cordial.
67. Next months chairman will be (whoever - whomever) the
delegates elect.
68. Since I did not know (who - whom) the caller wanted, I
instructed him to return later.
69. Everybody (who - whom) (has - have) paid (his - their)
dues are qualified to vote.
70. The club members (who - whom) have received their
invitations have sent their replies.
71. He was one of the men (who - whom) the politicians
could not influence.
72. No one has figured out to (who -whom) the teacher was
referring.
73. The church is looking for someone (who - whom) it can
assign to lead the choir.
74. John is a boy (who - whom), I think, is well qualified
for the work.
75. The poets (who - whom) the reading public takes to its
heart are not always great poets.
76. Everyone in the courtroom wondered (who - whom) the
mysterious witness would be.
77. Please hand the exhibit to (whoever - whomever) is
going to introduce it into evidence.
Page 11
Good or Well?
Good is an adjective. It describes nouns or pronouns. It may be used
with descriptive linking verbs like look, feel, sound, taste, or be
to describe the
Incorrect: The coffee tasted well this morning.
Correct: The coffee tasted good this morning.
Correct: The pitcher is looking good today.
Well is normally an adverb. It describes verbs (sometimes adjectives)
and is used with most other verbs.
Well as an adjective means "healthy."
Incorrect: He pitches good.
Correct: He pitches well.
Incorrect: I do not feel very good.
Correct: I do not feel very well. (healthy)
Beside or Besides?
Beside means "close to" or "by the side of."
Besides means "in addition to."
Examples: Come, sit beside me. (Next to me)
Besides me, Fran and Millie will be there. (In addition to me)
Using Between Properly
Between is with two people or things. Note the combination tw in a
number of words meaning "two" such as two, twice, and twin.
Among is used when discussing three or more people or things.
Examples: She had to choose between licorice and cherry.
She had to choose among licorice, cherry, and lime.
Between is used with and. From is used with to.
Never use to with between.
Incorrect: We shuttled between New York to Chicago.
Correct: We shuttled between New York and Chicago.
We shuttled from New York to Chicago.
Page 12
LAY/LIE
You lay down the book you've been reading, but you lie down when you
go to bed. If the subject is acting on some other object, it's "lay."
If the subject is lying down, then it's "lie." This distinction is
often not made in informal speech, partly because in the past tense
the words sound much more alike: "He lay down for a nap" but "he laid
down the law." If the subject is already at rest, you might "let it
lie."
Lay or Lie?
Lay means "to place something down." It is something you do to
something else. It is a transitive verb.
Incorrect: Lie the book on the table.
Correct: Lay the book on the table.
(It is being done to something else.)
Lie means "to recline" or "be placed." It does not act on anything or
anyone else. It is an intransitive verb.
Incorrect: Lay down on the couch.
Correct: Lie down on the couch.
(It is not being done to anything else.)
The reason lay and lie are confusing is their past tenses.
The past tense of lay is laid.
The past tense of lie is lay.
Incorrect: I lay it down here yesterday.
Correct: I laid it down here yesterday.
(It is being done to something else.)
Incorrect: Last night I laid awake in bed.
Correct: Last night I lay awake in bed.
(It is not being done to anything else.)
The past participle of lie is lain. The past participle of lay is
like the past tense, laid.
Examples: I could have lain in bed all day.
They have laid an average of 500 feet of sewer line a day.
Layed is a misspelling and does not exist. Use laid.
Page 13
IMPLY/INFER
These two words, which originally had quite distinct meanings, have
become so blended together that most people no longer distinguish
between them. If you want to avoid irritating the rest of us, use
"imply" when something is being suggested without being explicitly
stated and "infer" when someone is trying to arrive at a conclusion
based on evidence. "Imply" is more assertive, active: I imply that
you need to revise your paper; and, based on my hints, you infer that
I didn't think highly of your first draft.
PRINCIPAL/PRINCIPLE
Generations of teachers have tried to drill this one into students'
heads by reminding them, "The principal is your pal." Many don't seem
convinced. "Principal" is a noun and adjective referring to someone
or something which is highest in rank or importance. (In a loan, the
principal is the more substantial part of the money, the interest is-
-or should be--the lesser.) "Principle" is only a noun, and has to do
with law or doctrine: "The workers fought hard for the principle of
collective bargaining."
disperse/disburse
proscribe/prescribe
sometime/some time
imminent/eminent
complement/compliment
exceed/accede
inculpate/exculpate
proceed/precede
illicit/elicit
Page 14
MORE WORD USAGE
1. He found it difficult to (adapt/adopt) to life in
college.
2. What do you think the (affect/effect) of the
decision will be?
3. I did not understand his (allusions/illusions) to my
brother.
4. The (alumni/alumnae) of a local school for girls are
holding a reunion today.
5. We have sold an unusually large (number/amount) of
fountain pens this year.
6. On tour we met friends (everywheres/everywhere) we
went.
7. Everyone agreed with me (accept/except) you.
8. His expectation of a large fortune proved to be only
an (allusion/illusion).
9. I was surprised when he (adopted/adapted) my
suggestion.
10. All (alumni/alumnae) of our high school are very
loyal.
11. This is (all the farther/as far as) the bus goes.
12. How did her sons departure (affect/effect) Mrs.
French?
13. Everyone (accept/except) George and me finished the
assignment on time.
14. You should not (accept/except) money for doing a
good deed.
15. Do you know any (alumnae/alumni) of a womans
college?
16. How was the team (effected/affected) by the loss of
their captain?
17. After our panel discussion, the audience asked a
large (amount/number) of questions.
18. Miltons poetry is full of obscure classical
(allusions/illusions).
19. If you cant (accept/except) my invitation, please
let me know.
20. You can fool him easily because he is so
(credulous/credible).
21. (Beside/Besides) the excellent meals, the hotel
provides superb recreational facilities.
22. (Bring/Take) your cousin with you when you come to
my house tonight.
23. Ill (take/bring) your letters to the post office
when I go downtown.
24. I was surprised at the (affect/effect) of his words
on the audience.
25. It took courage to (emigrate/immigrate) from and
established home and settle in the American
wilderness.
Page 15
26. There are (fewer/less) students enrolled here this
year than last year.
27. Do you intend to divide the work (among/between) the
four of us?
28. We have (fewer/less) honors classes this year.
29. In what year was the atom bomb
(invented/discovered)?
30. (Among/Between) the six of us we could raise the
money.
31. Please (bring/take) this card to the library when
you go.
32. He looked so much like the picture that I supposed
Richard to be (he/him)?
33. I asked the witness to hand the paper to Mr. Brown
and (I/me).
34. It was (they/them) who saw (he/him) and (she/her) on
the night in question.
35. The defendant was (lying/laying) in wait in the dark
alley.
36. The plaintiff complained that she had (laid/lain)
down each afternoon because of the pain.
37. A great attraction (was/were) the sideshows.
38. Neither the judge nor the attorneys (know/knows)
whether he will testify.
39. It was (we/us) fellows (who/whom) the judge
appointed.
40. Every member of the jury must show (his/their) pass.
41. May I have one of the exhibits which (is/are)
supposed to be introduced?
42. The doctor recommended that the plaintiff move to a
(healthy/healthful) climate.
43. The census indicates (fewer/less) people in the
urban areas.
44. (Two thirds/Two-thirds) of those who have been
selected for the jury (is/are) in the courtroom.
45. APPEALS BRIEFS (is/are) a collection of some briefs
that (is/are) on the reference list.
46. He is one of the attorneys who (is/are) always late.
47. The judge assumed that the attorney was
(inferring/implying) that the judges ruling was
incorrect.
48. (Who/Whom) do you suppose let (they/them) and the
Smiths use their car?
49. A small percent of them (require/requires) greater
care.
50. The attorney, accompanied by his clients, (was/were)
in the courtroom.
51. We cannot (accept/except) your firm from this
regulation.
52. This machine will (affect/effect) a great
improvement in your work.
Page 16
53. The salesman will (canvas/canvass) all the stores in
the city.
54. The guidance (councilor/counselor) helps students to
choose careers.
55. An impartial witness is wholly
(disinterested/uninterested).
56. (Dont/Doesnt) Mr. Gay want to have a share in this
good work?
56. How much (farther/further) do we have to drive to
get to Canton?
57. We now have twenty (fewer/less) employees in our
Easton plant.
58. Mr. King then (formally/formerly) introduced the
speaker.
59. We expect to (hear/here) from Mr. Austin by next
Wednesday.
60. We were (lead/led) to believe delivery would be made
on May 10.
61. On December 1 we are (losing/loosing) the services
of Mr. West.
62. This county has now (passed/past) 6000,000 in
population.
63. A new (principal/principle) for this school has been
appointed.
64. What is the (principal/principle) subject to be
discussed?
65. What is the underlying (principle/principal) of the
machine?
66. The customer apparently prefers this blue
(surge/serge) suit.
67. You can now buy fine (stationary/stationery) at that
store.
68. I believe (their/there) has been no change in the
position.
69. The merchandise arrived (to/too) late for our
purpose.
70. Nothing of this kind must ever come between you and
(I/me).
71. (Who/Whom) do you consider to be the best fitted for
this work?
72. The number of employees in our three offices
(is/are) now 300.
73. The men you are to see about this matter are
(they/them).
74. The data you asked us to prepare (is/are) not quite
ready.
75. Next year the city will observe (its/its) 100th
anniversary.
76. Mr. Wells gave (we/us) salesmen an excellent
demonstration.
77. Neither of these machines (is/are) suitable for the
purpose.
Page 17
78. He is one of those people who (is/are) always late
for meetings.
79. The cost was (considerable/considerably) higher than
anticipated.
80. The books have been (laying/lying) on this desk for
several days.
81. Every one of the officers must do (his/their) share
of the work.
82. Each series of games (was/were) won by the West
College team.
83. You ought to (lay/lie) down for an hour or so.
84. George is the only one of the students who as/have)
finished.
85. It is Mr. Wheeler and (I/me) who have been given
this responsibility.
86. Not one of these women seems to know just what
(she/they) should do.
87. The contractor (began/begun) this job on the first
of last month.
88. A wide range of marine supplies (is/are) kept in
stock here.
89. I certainly wish I (was/were) able to come to the
meeting.
90. Mr. Sayre has asked Mr. Hammond and (I/me) to serve
with him.
91. As I think back, I believe I did take you to be
(he/him).
92. This rule has been (broke/broken) a number of times.
93. The amount given on these sheets (is/are) the
proceeds of the sale.
94. The examination will be made by Mr. Whiting and
(I/me).
95. No one but (I/me) would believe you.
96. Whats the sense (of/in) getting drunk?
97. He offered one (incredulous/incredible) excuse after
another for coming home late.
98. Now, how does Marilyn Monroe (affect/effect) you?
99. Do you (imply/infer) that I am lying?
100. Theres something going on between Judy and
(him/he).
101. The earth (continually/continuously) moves around
the sun.
102. Mix two (cupsful/cupfuls/cups full) of flour with a
cupful of sugar.
103. And your wife produces the same (affect/effect) of
course?
104. He has somehow managed to keep on good terms his
(brothers-in-law/brother-in-laws).
105. The spy was (hanged/hung).
106. What (sort of/ sort of a) grade do you think you
will make in this test?
Page 18
107. Home Savings now pays 3 1/2 percent on your
(principle/principal).
108. The lion licked (its/its) chops when the first
Christian entered the arena.
109. Allen expects you and (I/me) to come to the studio
by ten.
110. Many curious (passer-bys/passers-by) stopped, but no
one offered help.
111. Everyone except (she/her) was on time.
112. The price of books (is/are) getting higher and
higher.
113. Jules as well as Allen (is/are) having lunch with us
today.
114. Neither of your reasons (is/are) sufficient.
115. Was the letter addressed to you and (I/me) or only
you?
116. The manager of the Social Security office, with his
assistants and secretaries (is/are) coming to check
over your payroll today.
117. His ability and experience (is/are) of great value
to his company.
118. When either of your manuscripts (is/are) rejected,
let me know.
119. He (robbed/stole) my watch.
120. Margie, unlike her parents (has/have) a calm, sweet
disposition.
121. (Those/That) criteria (are/is) not valid.
122. Boatload after boatload of soldiers (is/are)
landing.
123. One of my best friends (is/are) coming to check over
your payroll today.
124. What is a good (preventative/preventive) of rickets?
125. Would you like to take a walk with Estelle and
(I/me)?
126. How (is/are) your mother and father today?
127. English, like French and Latin, (contain/contains)
case forms.
128. Each of your sisters (is/are) very pretty.
129. Where have you (laid, lain) my things?
130. The checks were (laying/lying) on my desk all
morning.
131. If it (was/were) a nice day, we could have a picnic.
132. Does she wish she (was/were) going to the party?
133. If the boss (was/were) here, you would do more work.
134. I wish he (was/were) your father.
135. It was (I/me) you were talking about, wasnt it?
136. If he (was/were) the last man on earth, she
wouldnt marry him.
137. That man, if he (was/were) your father, should have
said hello.
138. That man acts as if he (was/were) your father.
Page 19
139. If that (was/were) the reason for your refusal, why
didnt you say so?
140. (Who/Whom) does he think he is?
141. Her sister, (who/whom) he divorced after a year of
marriage, is looking for a new husband.
142. (Who/Whom) would you like it to be?
143. Ill invite (whoever/whomever) wants to come to the
party.
144. He talks as if he (was/were) her husband.
145. The man (who/whom) youre referring to has left your
employ.
146. Neither I nor he (is/are/am) able to help you.
147. But you can talk just a fast as (he/him).
148. Have you (drank/drunk) the Tom Collins yet?
149. It is a lovely (sensuous/sensual) poem.
150. He can talk even faster than (I/me).
151. The Nazis (persecuted/prosecuted) the Jews.
152. He drove through the (dessert/desert) for nearly an
hour.
153. (Who/Whom) did you wish to see?
154. Was it (he/him) who answered the phone?
155. I would (of/have) had my picture taken at Lincoln
Studios if I had been in New Rochelle.
156. Many liberals wish that Roosevelt (was/were) still
alive.
157. I would rather work for the Browns that for
(she/her) and her husband.
158. (Beside/Besides) the dishes, you also have to wash
the silverware.
159. (Irregardless/Regardless) of what you say, Im going
anyway.
160. We have work for (whoever/whomever) wants to work.
161. Ten cents a piece (is/are) too much for that candy.
162. He is one of those men who (has/have) no
consideration for others.
163. Have you any (council/counsel) for a misguided
youth?
164. The (luxurious/luxuriant) vegetation makes passage
almost impossible.
165. I (can/cant) scarcely see the stage.
166. Im not talking about (that/that there) man.
167. No one is here besides (we/us).
168. She (dont doesnt) look very (well/good) to me.
169. What I want (is/are) more pictures.
170. We would like an (invite/invitation) to your party.
171. It is I who (is/am) more interested in your welfare
than you are yourself.
172. We thought the General to be (he/him).
Page 20
VERB TENSE
1. Has your sister Ann driven/drove much? driven
2. I know that your father give/gave her a car for
graduation.
gave
3. The rain had froze/frozen on the pavement. frozen
4. After I had spoke/spoken to Mary, I noticed she was
wearing new glasses.
spoken
5. He has already went/gone to meet her. gone
6. Have you written/wrote the letter yet? written
7. She had drank/drunk her soda. drunk
8. Have you and she took/taken the test? taken
9. Not a word was spoke/spoken. spoken
10. I swum/swam for more than an hour. swam
11. I know I done/did wrong. did
12. Have you seen/saw that movie? seen
13. Has he already gone/went when you came? gone
14. I use/used to play the piano. used
15. Has the bell rang/rung? rung
16. A low ball was thrown/throwed. thrown
17. He seen/saw that I was angry. saw
18. Two wild stallions were rode/ridden that day. ridden
19. Not much money was stole/stolen. stolen
20. I have swam/swum there several times. swum
21. Has the shirt shrank/shrunk? shrunk
22. The automobile was taken/took to the garage for
repairs.
taken
23. Had he ran/run in track meets before? run
24. I saw him when he did/done it. did
25. He raised/rose from the chair and turned off the TV rose
26. Sit/Set the lamp on this table. set
27. He lay/laid his glasses aside and frowned. laid
28. I shall lay/lie down for a few minutes. lie
29. She had lay/lain on the sofa before. lain
30. The baby was still laying/lying quietly in the crib. lying
31. Is the newspaper laying/lying in the rain? lying
32. Did you sit/set the package on the table? set
33. You may sit/set on the chair. sit
34. Please do not rise/raise your voice. raise
35. The biscuits have raised/risen. risen
36. The curtain will raise/rise at nine oclock. rise
37. If Jack was/were a foreigner, he might be more
appreciative of his privileges.
were
38. If Becky were/was here, I did not see her. was
39. Barbara wishes she was/were a better golfer. were
40. She always acts as though she was/were angry with her
staff.
were
41. Have you ever ate/eaten lunch in the cafeteria? eaten
42. Our boss always checks each invoice as though it
was/were a matter of life and death.
were
43. I wish I was/were in Florida at the convention. were
Page 21
44. If Jack was/were older, he wouldnt be eligible for
this policy.
were
45. My secretary saw/seen the mistake immediately. saw
46. This office needs a new carpet because this on is
wore/worn out.
worn
47. Have they chosen/chose the cover design for the new
brochures.
chosen
48. After I had flew/flown to Newark, I had to drive to
Atlantic City.
flown
49. You should not have stopped; you should have
drove/driven there directly.
driven
50. We have gave/given blood for our companys annual
drive.
given
Page 22
IRREGULAR VERBS
1. He spent the summer just (lying/laying) around home.
2. Someone (lay/laid) the dictionary on my glasses.
3. We had (lain/laid) a burning cigar on the edge of the
table.
4. Jimmy (lay/laid) down on the back seat of the car.
5. I saw your hat (lying/laying) on the hall table.
6. She had just (lain/laid) down when the telephone rang.
7. Have they (lain/laid) the cornerstone yet?
8. Not feeling well, he (lay/laid) in his sleeping bag
all day.
9. She (lay/laid) her sewing aside and went to the door.
10. Dont leave any money (lying/laying) in plain sight.
11. The wreck (lay/laid) in twenty feet of water.
12. The cat loves to (lie/lay) on the window sill.
13. The missing book was (lying/laying) on the top shelf.
14. Do you remember where you (lay/laid) my pen?
15. You shouldnt have (lain/laid) there so long.
16. Jack was (lying/laying) on the deck.
17. Here the coal (lies/lays) near the surface.
18. We gathered driftwood while Doug (lay/laid) a fire.
19. I planned to (lie/lay) down for only ten minutes.
20. Gently she (lay/laid) down the injured child.
21. Sandy usually (lies/lays) near the fire.
22. I could not persuade him to (lie/lay) down.
23. Yesterday Dad and I (lay/laid) the new carpet.
24. The cat never (lies/lays) in the bed we made for her.
25. Someone had (lain/laid) a paintbrush on the chair.
26. His clothes were (lying/laying) about the room.
27. Frank had (lain/laid) his camera on the railing.
28. The fossils had (lain/laid) there for a million years.
29. Beneath his rough exterior (lies/lays) a kind heart.
30. I keep forgetting where I have (lain/laid) the hammer.
31. She has been (sitting/setting) by the telephone all
evening.
32. Bill just (sat/set) still and said nothing.
33. In what row were you (sitting/setting)?
34. Extra chairs were (sat/set) in the aisles by the
ushers.
35. Had you (sat/set) there longer, you would have caught
a fish.
36. Where have you (laid/lain) my things?
37. (Lay/Lie) the baby on the bed to change her diaper.
38. In which room did you (lie/lay) the blue rug?
39. (Lie/Lay) your coat on the bed.
40. The wounded man (lay/laid/lain) in the street for over
an hour before help arrived.
41. The baby has (laid/lain) in the carriage all morning.
42. Id like to (lie/lay) down for a few minutes.
Page 23
RPR COMPUTER TERMS
1. C.A.T
2. MONITOR
3. SOFTWARE
4. HARDWARE
5. HARD DISK
6. SCOPE
7. DUMP
8. ON-LINE
9. MODEM
10. TO BOOT UP
11. DICTIONARY
12. RAM
13. GLOBAL
14. FLOPPY DISK
15. REALTIME
16. EDIT STATION
17. TRANSLATE
18. INDEX
19. FILE
20. DOT MATRIX
21. LASER PRINTER
22. BYTES, MEGABYTES
Page 24
A CAT TEST
Directions: Study the lettered terms below. Select the one term
that best matches its definition. Select the letter appearing next
to the term you choose and place it in blank space.
a. DOS n. CRT SCREEN
b. MEGABYTE o. BIT
c. FORMAT p. MEGAHERTZ
d. ASCII q. JOB
e. KILOBIT r. ETM
f. RAM s. BINARY
g. FLOPPY DISK t. CENTRAL PROCESSING UNIT
h. COMPUTER HARDWARE u. FIXED DISK
i. GLOBAL SEARCH AND REPLACE v. COMPUTER SOFTWARE
j. OPERATING SYSTEM w. BACKUP FILES
k. APPLICATION SOFTWARE x. BAUD RATE
l. FILE y. BOOT
m. ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE z. BYTE
___1. 1,024 bits
___2. a measure of computer speed in millions of cycles per second
___3. a flexible disk
___4. the name of a 7-bit code used to represent data on most
personal computers
___5. the term used to indicate approximately one million characters
of storage
___6. the brain of the computer is
___7. initial loading of the operating system software when computer
is first turned on
___8. a classification of software that performs specific user tasks
as opposed to controlling the operations of the computer
system
___9. a set of operating programs that control the operation of the
computer system itself
___10. the general name for programs that can be run on the computer
system
___11. another name for initializing a disk
___12. the smallest unit of computer memory
___13. conflict resolution known as AICR
___14. another name for bits per second, which measures the
transmission speed
___15. an extra copy of a file or disk, stored in case something
happens to the original
___16. the number system with two possible states for each digit: 0
or 1
___17. all notes taken during a session
___18. an electronic tape mark
___19. a display devise that generates images
___20. random access memory
___21. eight adjacent bits of memory treated as a unit of information
___22. a collection of related records
___23. a hard disk in which the disk platter is mounted permanently
inside and airtight, factory-sealed unit
___24. the master set of programs that manage the computer
___25. the physical equipment in a computer system
Page 25
CSR VOCABULARY
aberrant something not typical, deviation
abjure to recant; renounce
abode dwelling; home
abrade to scrape; grind; chafe
accentuate stress; show off by a contrast
acquiesce to consent
adjunct addition; assistant
admissible allowed; permitted
adobe brick of clay
affable gracious; friendly
affront insult; offend
ameliorate become better; amend; convalesce; recuperate
amenable ready to yield or be influenced
amity friendship; benevolence
anathema solemn curse; a thing or person greatly
detested
anomaly irregularity; deviation from the norm
apathetic indifferent; impassive; dry
apiary place for bees
apotheosis proclamation; glorification
arbitrary selected at random; autocratic
aristocracy small class of privileged people
arrant being completely such; thoroughgoing; absolute
ascendancy influence, power, dominance
askew to one side; awry
audacity boldness; inoffensive
augment enlarge or increase
auspicious favorable
austerity severe
avarice greed; rapacity; cupidity
aviary place for birds
azure clear blue; cerulean
bagatelle trifle
blithe gay; cheerful
bogus counterfeit; spurious; false, sham
brazen impudent; shameless
brazen shameless; impudent
break fracture; cleft
brogan heavy shoe
bucolic country life; rustic
burnish polish; brightness; buff; furbish
cajole persuade deceptively
capitulate surrender
capricious impulsive; unpredictable
captious finding fault; critical; carping
cauldron large kettle or vat for boiling
censor examine; expurgate
censure disapproval, blame, reprehend, abjure, arrest
chert compact rock of mostly quartz
Page 26
chimerical whimsical; imaginary
chink crack; cleft; slit
cogent having power to compel; convincing
collusion secret cooperation for deceit
commodious roomy; large; ample
compendious concise, succinct
concatenation linking, connecting; sequence, series
conciliatory agreeable; accommodating
condemn judgment, blame, reproof
condign deserved; adequate
condone forgive; pardon; excuse
consternation sorrow, alarming dread or amazement
constraint compulsion; force; coercion; duress
contented satisfied; appeased; gratified
contentious state of contending
continuance duration, extension
corporeal material, physical
correspondents communication by letters; people
cryptic having a hidden or mysterious meaning;
concealed
cudgel short and heavy club
cupidity greed; avarice; curiosity
dearth lack, scarcity
defunct dead, extinct
deglutition to swallow
deleterious harmful; noisome
delude mislead; deceive; fool
dementia mental deterioration
deploy to unfold, arrange
depredation to rob of goods by force; pillage
deriquer required by etiquette or fashion
derision mockery; disdain; scorn
descry discern; to take cognizance of by physical or
mental vision
despoil plunder; pillage; loot
desuetude disuse; ceasing of a course
didactic morally instructive
diffidence shyness; lack of confidence in oneself
disparage say bad things about
dissent object or disagree
ditty short, simple song
divest deprive; to strip, undress
dogma that which one believes; an opinion; belief
system
dotage senility; age accompanied by a decline of
mental poise and alertness
droll amusing; humorous; whimsical
duplicity double dealing; deceit; hypocrisy
ease alleviate; comfort
eccentric extreme; odd in behavior
edifice building with large structure; pile; erection
effete exhausted of vitality; lacking power to bear
Page 27
offspring or produce fruit
efficacious effectual; producing or capable or producing a
result
effrontery impudence; boldness; disregard of others
emanate originate; come forth; derive
emolument salary; reward
enamored charmed; smitten
enervate weaken; exhaust
engender bring about
ensconced settle comfortably
ensuing following; consequent
equanimity composure; poise
equivocal ambiguous; dubious
ergo consequently; therefore
erudite deeply learned
eschew shun, avoid
espouse to support, advocate
etiology the cause; the study of causes; the cause of
disease
exacerbate provoke; worsen
exculpate exonerate; free from blame
existent present
exonerate clear of blame
exorbitant exceeding what is usual or proper
expiate to atone for, make amends
expurgate to cleanse; purge; censor
extant existing; contemporary
extinct not existing
facetious joking
facsimile exact copy
factitious forced or artificial
fallacy mislead, delusion
farthing British coin
fatuous silly; purposeless
feasible capable of being done
fetid stinking; offensive; smell
filial befitting a son or daughter; dutiful;
respectful
final ultimate
flamboyant brilliant or showy
florid excessively flowery in style; reddish colored
forlorn abandoned; hopeless
fortuitous accidentally; haphazard
franchise right or privilege
fruition realization; completion
fundamental basic; or central importance or necessity
furtive stealthily; sly
gambol frisk; frolic; leap or tumble
gamut range; series
gelid cold; frozen
germane pertinent; apropos
glower scowl; stare angrily; frown
Page 28
grotto a small cave; a cavelike shrine
haggle argue in bargaining
hiatus pause, gap, break
hogshead cask
hogshead barrel or cask
hoi polloi common people
homily sermon
homogenous alike
hone sharpen
hostelry hodge; inn
hypothesis unproved theory; assumption
imbue inspire; fill as with color or a feeling
impasse deadlock
impetus impelling force, driving force
importunate persistent; urgent; immediate attention
impudent disrespectful; insolent; sassy; brazen
impute attribute to another; ascribe
inane silly, foolish
incendiary inflammatory; strife
incredulous disbelieving; skeptical
inculpate incriminate; indict
indicia characteristic marks; identifying marks
indictment accusation
indigenous native; innate
indigent poor; destitute
indite to write, compose
indolent lazy, listless
ineffable indescribable or unutterable
inexorable relentless; unavoidable
infamous disgraceful; ill-famed
innervate stimulate
innuendo insinuation
inordinate excessive; beyond reasonable
insidious treacherous
insolent disrespectful; impudent
intimate private; familiar
intoxicated inebriated
intrinsic inherent
inured accustomed; to make something undesirable by
prolonged subjection
inveterate habitual
kedge small anchor
kiln hearth; oven; fire; pottery oven
laconic terse; concise; brief
lambent flickering, glowing softly; soft radiance
languish to pine; weaken; discouraged
latent present but not apparent; hidden
laudable praiseworthy
legacy bequest
lethargy inaction
loquacious talkative
lurid sensational
Page 29
luxurious sensuously comfortable
malign evil
mayhem disfigurement
miscreant villain; scoundrel; pariah
mitigate lessen
moribund in a dying state
mulct defraud; fine; penalty
nascent nebulous; beginning; inceptive; incipient
nefarious very wicked
nicety accuracy; fine detail; exactness
obeisance homage; respect; honor
obliterate completely remove or destroy
ogre cruel, ugly, frightening man; dreaded person
ombudsman public official
opprobrious shameful; contemptuous
palate taste
palpable obvious; touchable; perceptible
pander pimp; to procure; beg
paradoxical contradictory
parley converse
parry to ward off; push aside; to evade skillfully,
dodge
parsimonious miserly; extreme frugality; stingy
pathos sorrow, pity, poignancy
penultimate next to last
percipient astute; perceptive; discerning
peremptory dictatorial; imperious; authoritative
perennial everlasting; inveterate; lifelong
perfidy betrayal of trust; treachry; disloyalty;
breach of faith
perfunctory superficial; casual; done merely as a duty
permeate penetrate
pertinent relevant
philatelist stamp collector
piebald covered with patches of two colors
pilfer steal; appropriate; collar
pliant flexible
pontificating opinionated
precipitous steep; abrupt; sheer; closeness
prescient clairvoyant; foresight
principle rule
prodigal wastefully extravagant; profuse; lavish
proffered tender; offer; presented
profligate wildly extravagant; licentious
propagate fruitful; to breed
propiriate appease; appease; pacify
protocol etiquette
provident thrifty
prurient lascivious; arousing interest in a sexual
nature
puerile childish, infantile
pusillanimous cowardly
Page 30
querulous complaining; questioning; irritable
rancor ire; wrath; ill will; deep hatred
raze to demolish; to tear down
rebuke censure
recalcitrant stubborn; disobedient
recant take back (something said) publicly
recumbent lying down; resting; idle
regale entertain
repine fret; sigh; gloom
replete full; abundant; fill to brim
reprehend abjure; censure; arrest; reprove; blame
reprobate ruffian; brutal person; condemn strongly
requisite essential
rescind take back
restive uneasy; uptight; nervous
reticent silent
retreat withdrawal
revel festivity; to take great pleasure in; make
merry
robust vigorous; healthy; hardy
ruffian tough violent man; thug
sagacious shrewd; wise; sound judgment
salubrious healthful; salutary; wholesome
scion descendant; shoot of a plant; branch
scurrilous obscene language; abusive; vulgar; vile, fowl-
mouthed
secede withdraw; retire
sentient conscious; capable of feeling
sequacious tending to follow any leader; dependent;
compliant
sign indication
sinecure cushy job
skulk move in a stealthy manner; creep; glide; to
lurk
specious false; misleading; seemingly sound
spurn reject; decline; dismiss
stifle smother; suppress
subjugate subdue; enslave; dominate
subterfuge artifice; deception; cheat
subversive overthrow or ruin
sunder tear apart; separate; break; to split apart
surreptitious stealthy; sneaky; secret
surrogate substitute; replacement
syllogism overused word
tacit silent; implied
tedium boredom; tiresome
teem full, overflowing
temerity foolish or rash boldness; recklessness
tenuous slender; not dense or thick
timbre the characteristic quality of sound
torpid sluggish; inactive; comatose
touted publicized; praise highly
Page 31
travail agony; drudge; labor
treacle thick syrup; sickening sweet flattery
truckling to exchange or barter; to peddle
turnkey a person at prison in charge of keys; jailer
ubiquitous omnipresent; universal
Ulster long coat
ultimate final, maximum or extreme
usurp seize; arrogate; appropriate
venerate honor; revere; adore; worship
veracity correctness
vestige trace; memento; relic
vociferous noisy and insistent
voracious greedy; ravenous; exceedingly hungry
wane decrease
wanton merciless; malicious; unjustifiable
winsome charming; beautiful
writhe contort or suffer; agonize; squirm; to twist
CAN YOU SPELL THESE CORRECTLY?
ACOMODATE
MISCHIVUS
UNPARALELD
PSYCOLOGY
DISAPOINTS
SOVREN
MINITURE
RECOMEND
DISIPLIN
TECNICLY
EXESSIV
OCASION
PROFESSR
GARDIAN
REMEMBRD
INOCUUS
GAGE
VACUM
Page 32
SPELLING TEST
A B
1. Annoint Anoint B
2. Cooly Coolly
3. Supersede Supercede
4. Irresistible Irresistable A
5. Develplement Development B
6. Alright All right
7. Seperate Separate B
8. Tyranny Tyrrany A
9. Harrass Harass B
10. Desiccate dessicate A
11. Indispensable Indidpensible A
12. Recieve Receive B
13. Pursue Persue A
14. Reccomend Recommend B
15. Desperate Desparate A
16. Liquify Liquefy B
17. Seize Sieze A
18. Cemetary Cemetery B
19. Subpoena Subpena A
20. Definately Definitely B
21. Ocassion Occasion B
22. Consensus Concensus A
23. Inadvertant Inadvertent B
24. Minuscule Miniscule
25. Judgment Judgement A
26. Inoculate Innoculate A
27. Drunkenness Drunkeness A
28. Occurence Occurrence B
29. Dissipate Disippate A
30. Weird Wierd A
31. Alot A lot B
32. Accomodate Accommodate B
33. Embarrassment Embarassment A
34. ecstacy ecstasy B
35. repetition repitition A
36. battalion batallion A
37. despair dispair A
38. irritable irritible A
39. accidently accidentally B
40. liaison liason A
41. memento momento A
42. brocolli broccoli B
43. millennium millenium
44. yeild yield B
45. existence existance A
46. independent independant A
47. sacreligious sacrilegious B
48. insistent insistant A
49. excede exceed B
50. privilege priviledge A
Page 33
VOCABULARY
JUDICIOUS (A) FOOLISH (B) MEANDERING (C) ILLEGAL
(D) PUNISHABLE (E) LOOSE
DISSIPATE (A) UNARM (B) AMASS (C) CONDONE D)IMPROVE
(E) PLAN
INFIDELITY: (A) DISHONESTY (B) HATRED (C) FAITHFULNESS
(D) PRIDE (E) BEAUTY
REPRISAL: (A) FORGIVENESS (B) WEAKNESS (C) MODESTY
(D) PRIDE (E) THOUGHTFULNESS
CONTROVERSIAL: (A) DEFENDABLE (B) OVERT (C) BLAND
(D) EAGER (E) HARMONIOUS
NOMINAL: (A) NAMELESS (B) PROHIBITORY (C) EVENTUAL
(D) BLAMELESS (E) REFUSAL
SCAPEGOAT: (A) CRIMINAL (B) CLOWN (C) JUDGE
(D) DRAMATIST (E) PACIFIST
DEROGATORY: (A) ANGRY (B) EMOTIONAL (C) RESPECTFUL
(D) QUIET (E) EAGER
FORESTALL: (A) PRECIPITATE (B) RECOVER (C) BLEND
(D) ANTICIPATE (E) UNDERSTAND
MACABRE: (A) DOLEFUL (B) MANDATORY (C) BLESSED
(D) CHEERFUL (E) UNUSUAL
RUSTIC: (A) SLIPPERY (B) URBANE (C) FORENSIC
(D) FINITE (E) CROWDED
CATALYST: (A) DETERRENT (B) BLUEPRINT (C) DEMAND
(D) AGREEMENT (E) CONCOCTION
GALL: (A) SOOTHE (B) DEMAND (C) EXPLAIN
(D) RETIRE (E) OMIT
COLLATERAL: (A) USUAL (B) ANTICIPATED (C) EVENTFUL
(D) CHRONIC (E) PRIMARY
OVERT: (A) UNKNOWING (B) UNKNOWN (C) UNWILLING
(D) UNABLE (E) UNEQUALED
SOBRIETY: (A) CALMNESS (B) EAGERNESS (C) INTELLIGENCE
(D) STUPIDITY (E) DRUNKENNESS
WAX: (A) TROUBLE (B) CAUSE (C) DECREASE
(D) CLEANSE (E) FAIL
TERSE: (A) HAPPY (B) LENGTHY (C) EVIL
(D) STUBBORN (E) RIGID
EMANCIPATE: (A) SUBJUGATE (B) ACQUIT (C) RATIFY
(D) ARBITRATE (E) FORTIFY
PHILANTHROPIC: (A) MONOPOLISTIC (B) MALLEABLE (C) IMPASSIVE
(D) DEMONSTRATIVE (E) PROVOCATIVE
Page 34
MECHANICS
DIRECTIONS: Read each three-line sentence and decide whether there
are errors in USAGE, SPELLING, PUNCTUATION, or CAPITALIZATION in any
of the three parts. If so, note the letter printed beside the part
which contains the error or errors. Then circle the letter. If
there is no error in any part of the sentence, do nothing. No
sentence has more than one part with errors, and some sentences do
not have any errors.
EXAMPLES:
A When all the marks were
B added together, his standing
C was forth in the class.
Part C of the sentence contains the spelling error forth.
Therefore the letter C should be circled.
CSR Instructions:
1. Read each line to determine whether there is an error.
2. If there is an error, determine the type of error.
3. Mark the letter on the answer sheet that corresponds
to the type of error in the transcript line.
A. PUNCTUATION commas, periods, apostrophes,
quotes, dashes, semicolons,
colons, and run-on sentences
B. WORD USAGE homonyms: to/too/two,
sight/site/cite, confusing pairs
(affect/effect, imply/infer)
C. STANDARD GRAMMAR subject/verb agreement. verb
form, noun/pronoun case
D. SPELLING misspelled
E. NO ERROR The line contains no error.
1. a. Unless the wire is fastened secure to the terminal,
b. there are reasons to believe that the connection
c. will eventually cause serious difficulty.
2. d. It made no difference to Doctor Hampton whether Amy
e. chose the Christmas or Easter vacation period so
f. long as she had the operation within the next six months.
3. a. One should not blame him greatly
b. on account of him being slow, but I
c. confess that I find his laziness unforgivable.
4. d. Less members volunteered for the drive than
e. the director could have wished, but he knew
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f. no tactful way to alleviate the situation.
5. a. Across the room he glimpsed someone, who looked
b. just like his former employer; however, he
c. learned later that the man was a stranger.
6. d. The outstanding attraction of these building lots are
e. the magnificent trees, the rich soil, and
f. the well-planned, inconspicuous approaches.
7. a. No special thanks were due me, for the
b. conferences fitted my schedule very well, and
c. I was merely fulfilling my obligations as counselor.
8. d. As a cook she has her limitations;
e. she had ought to scour the
f. skillet more thoroughly, I think.
9. a. The best way to relax is to lay down on the sofa,
b. put a pillow under your head and one under your
c. knees, and consciously try to think of nothing.
10. d. George expects to get a job; then he will
e. no longer be financially embarrassed -- that is
f. unless he also has to support his aged parents.
11. a. When the attorney tried to prove the
b. ownership of the pistol, the accused
c. said, he had never seen the thing.
12. d. The Millerton Agency advertised that its entire
e. supply of trucks, tractors, and other farm equipment
f. was going to be disposed of at a sacrifice.
13. a. Henrys father took a number of us boys, including Henry and
I.
b. on a camping trip during the Thanksgiving weekend, but we
c. both caught colds and got hardly any enjoyment out of our
vacations.
14. d. Transferring the maintenance shed to the new site
e. necessitated renting a big trailer truck, nevertheless
f. the move proved advantageous in the long run.
15. a. The outcome most to be expected was that
b. the new premier, an admittedly conservative man,
c. would soon suppress the rebellious factions.
16. d. The caretaker ought not to be so cantankerous
e. as to throw rocks at anyone who
f. approaches the boundaries of the estate.
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17. a. Though the navigator did not take a really good look
b. at, much less closely inspect, the instruments; he
c. reckoned our position with astounding accuracy.
18. d. In the days of the Great American Depression, a quarters
worth
e. of candy sufficed a large family of children; now it may
f. last one child throughout one thirty-minute television
program.
19. a. Notwithstanding adverse reviews, the play did well at the
b. box office; that fact bears out the contention that some
c. critics have exagerated their importance to a plays
success.
20. d. To question the significance of UNESCO is
e. contrary to the temper of the world, whether or not
f. one is fully satisfied with the organizations activities.
21. a. His consistent stand on basic principles
b. had considerable effect during the campaign even
c. though it caused the left wing to question him.
22. d. The moral of the sergeants is likely to
e. be impaired if the lieutenants deny
f. all responsibility for the occurrence.
23. a. That first panful tasted bad, but the second
b. tastes all right, Sally said; then she laughed
c. and helped herself to still another cookie.
24. d. The reader is told that Walnut Hill Park has
e. served many purposes, as a pasture for cattle, as
f. an arena for executions, and as a drill field for armies.
25. a. The abominable high incidents, or
b. frequency of occurrence, of fatalities
c. on State Road 19 necessitates emergency measures.
26. d. When the grasshoppers struck
e. the crops of all North Platte County and
f. Bergen County were laid waste.
27. a. The recruiter of the volunteer work gang for
b. the community cemetery got up and said, Mowers,
c. diggers, pruners, sprayers we need them desperately.
28. d. I recall with nostalgia the
e. cool, brisk twilights of the
f. Great Smokies in the fall.
Page 37
29. a. Since you have a stake in his progress, you
b. should not leave him make his own decisions
c. unless there is no way to avoid embarrassing him.
30. d. The composer said, Your two-hour
e. mutilation of my composition annoyed
f. me more than I can say.
31. a. The word goon is rarely used unless
b. the user means to cast aspersions
c. upon the person to whom he applies it.
32. d. However inadequate it appeared, the same
e. trunk held Robert and Ruths clothes, thus making it
f. unnecessary for them to buy new, separate lockers.
33. a. The generals military policy differs.
b. or seems to differ, from that of the admiral;
c. however, neither has made their position quite clear.
34. d. He insisted that Kilmers poem, Trees, was
e. horribly sentimental, patently inconsistent in
f. its metaphor, and utterly ridiculous in its entirity.
35. a. If Elmer had not already paid the deposit, he
b. could of discontinued negotiations when he
c. understood how he had been misled by Joes eloquence.
36. d. In the short story, The Egg, the father is
e. portrayed as a mild, self-effacing man who
f. tries to burst into the limelight quick.
37. a. The author points out that the famous bad man, Billy the
Kid,
b. did not live to be a happy, ripe old age; for lead
poisoning
c. tended to be contagious in those days.
38. d. I was disappointed to find that, though their cottage was
elaborate
e. enough for our needs, it was located in such an out-of-the-
way place
f. that we preferred to spend the summer in ours.
39. a. To identify the corpse would prove difficult, for the head
b. was battered beyond most any possibility of recognition,
c. and the body was covered with first-degree burns.
40. d. The prosecutor argued that, had the witness been
e. a public-spirited citizen, he would have gone
f. immediately to the police to report the accident.
Page 38
41. a. That he should be nominated was the
b. thing fartherest from his mind when he
c. casually decided to attend the meeting.
42. d. All students should know that they are
e. suppose to apply themselves diligently if
f. they wish to win any academic distinction.
43. a. The Lee County director announced that some of
b. the supply of surplus grain was to be distributed by the
c. Red Cross and other charitable organizations.
44. d. An investigation of the cafeteria program in
e. junior and senior high schools revealed that
f. scarcely no dairy products were available.
45. a. His rival was better than he at
b. making the charming compliments and
c. polite chitchat the girl anticipated.
46. d. It is of utmost importance, the
e. message ran, That you act and act
f. immediately! This is an emergency!
47. a. Having spent two hard days searching the
b. foothills, the posse was angered to learn that
c. the fugitive had never left the village.
48. d. Can you imagine how us volunteers felt when
e. we were called into the office to be paid
f. for our relief work during the catastrophe?
49. a. The cab fare was extremely expensive, for
b. the resort hotel lay seventeen miles by
c. highway, although only three by dirt road, from town.
50. d. The foreman should be a worker who knows
e. about men and tools, and he should know
f. how to use this to the firms best interests.
51. a. The conductor will not raise his
b. baton except he is satisfied that
c. there will be no distractions.
52. d. We were still to labor under the handicap
e. of an obsolete constitution, for the amendment
f. I purposed was defeated by a very slight majority.
53. a. The auditor should have noted at one that the
b. receipt was dated after June 30, the end of the
c. fiscal year, however, this irregularity escaped him
temporarily.
Page 39
54. d. To avoid hurting himself when using an electric
e. saw, the craftsman should make sure that the cord, the
f. receptacle, and the other equipment is in good condition.
55. a. Sally is one of those sorority girls who
b. does not put sisterhood above either
c. personal friendship or academic loyalties.
56. d. In spring the South is lovely; from the
e. Appalachians to the Florida Keys the
f. native growth sends forth leaf and bud.
57. a. Oscar admired the teacher who taught him Latin
b. during his freshman year, for she was diligent,
c. sympathetic, pursuasive, and even enthusiastic.
58. d. The voice on the sound system said, Here come the
e. sun and the blue sky again. Put those umbrellas
f. away before you blind one of our loyal followers.
59. a. Both girls were born in San Francisco,
b. however, Rose, the older one, moved
c. with her husband to Torino, Italy.
60. d. Because Harolds father, who was an English
e. professor, had only a modest income, Harold
f. reconsidered and dropped his plan to study it.
61. a. Since Emil is so tired that he
b. just cannot hardly go on,
c. lets rest for another ten minutes or so.
62. d. The physics laboratory period was a long one, running
e. from 9:30 to 12:00; neither instructors nor
f. students found the last thirty minutes of value.
63. a. Mutt is a dog who is always
b. causing trouble with neighbors, for
c. he specializes in upseting garbage containers.
64. d. Having waited in the rain
e. for two hours, John and I were
f. angry when Sue finally appeared.
65. a. From my ringside seat I saw the Masked Marvel tossed
b. so hard by his opponent that he was thrown
c. over the ropes and then land among the spectators.
Page 40
66. d. The teacher inquired, Has anyone read the
e. article by Peter Flint, and American newspaperman, entitled
f. Colonial Architecture in Newport, in the Sunday
supplement?
67. a. The editor scanned the pages I handed him, glanced
b. at what I had wrote, and told me the article
c. would be printed in the next days paper.
68. d. According to its schedule,
e. the bus leaves most every hour
f. from the station at 63 High Street.
69. a. John and I constituted the entire crew,
b. but we managed well enough when the
c. fishing equipment and the boat were new.
70. d. Not having heard the sergeants order, the
e. recruit should have waited for one of the
f. seasoned combat men to initiate the firing.
71. a. In the southern section of Missouri, a region
b. of poor and rocky soil, an average of forty
c. bushels of corn to the acre are considered good.
72. d. At the concert yesterday I saw someone, who
e. looked like my former choir director, but he was
f. in Hollywood then as a consultant for a movie.
73. a. Fewer votes were cast than
b. had been predicted by even
c. the most pessimistic of forecasters.
74. d. He got a taxicab more quickly than he had anticipated,
e. thus he thought that he had plenty of time to reach
f. the restaurant where the conference was to be held.
75. a. The minister said that, true, he was on interpreter,
b. but that the Bible itself learns us our
c. duty and we ought to read it ourselves.
76. d. His present address is 13 Eden Lane, Clover
e. Bath County Virginia; he has changed
f. his residence since he wrote to you.
77. a. Alexander the Great was at
b. the height of his power when he
c. died; thus are the mighty laid low.
Page 41
78. d. Then questioned by the chief inspector, an able
e. veteran with an unimpeachable record, the suspect
f. declared, he did not intend to be an informer.
79. a. There in the single splash of sun lay
b. the weather-beaten log cabin, the house
c. she had been born in some eighty years before.
80. d. Even in its most disiplined form,
e. said Professor James, contemporary
f. art is an erroneous catastrophe.
81. a. Not having really understood him;
b. I dont suppose I
c. should try to answer him.
82. d. It seems to me that no one should be so
e. prejudiced in his views that he will not entertain
f. for a moment a single argument in opposition to them.
83. a. I must confess, he said, that
b. mathematics is my most difficult
c. subject; I have neve overcome my dislike for it.
84. d. Let well enough alone is one of those
e. dangerous, ambiguous maxims that may get
f. a person into trouble one way or another.
85. a. Money, of course, is the cause
b. of aggravated athleticism in American
c. colleges, athleticism is hardly athletics.
86. d. Do not be misguided or begiled
e. when you are in Paris on a holiday.
f. but be guided by what the Parisians do.
87. a. The ticket agent gave Henry and I a refund
b. because we had to leave the
c. theater before the show was over.
88. d. She asked me to speak louder
e. explaining that neither she not
f. her mother could hear me easy.
89. a. His rendition of the To be or not to be
b. soliloquy is to be commended, as is the
c. lack of pagentry in the production.
90. d. A group of Indian boys came up to undergo the
e. initiation; when their elders gave the
f. signal, the boys began to dance close to the fire.
Page 42
91. a. As a student of arts and sciences, Jenkins liked most of
b. the offerings for the semester, but he shuddered at the
c. one required chemistry course, qualitative analysis 408.
92. d. Many of Clydes best friends were among the guests; Mr.
and Mrs.
e. Beale, neighbors of long standing; Dr. Emory, the eminent
f. bone specialist; and Mr. Merriweather, the family lawyer.
93. a. Before the crew came on duty, Jonas Tuck, the
b. foreman, laid out all the necessary equipment:
c. a panel, a meter, and a length of cable.
94. d. A three-act play or a novel are to be read; a total of
e. two hundred pages of poetry--lyric, dramatic, narrative--
f. is also required of everyone.
95. a. Amys father is a successful young
b. business executive; therefore, Amy
c. has decided to train for it too.
96. d. Accuracy of movement, like
e. accuracy of words, are essential
f. to the success of magical rites.
97. a. He was not elected club
b. secretary, May said, because
c. of them feeling the way they do.
98. d. The president of such an organization should be a person
e. who knows parliamentary procedures and public relations,
f. and he should know how to apply it in public meetings.
99. a. Why should I mind? she asked
b. Whether or not you enter the
c. competition is of little interest to me.
100. d. It was our parents opinion that we children
e. had consciously and maliciously disobeyed
f. their injunction not to leave the premises.
101. a. You should not attempt the transfer from the
b. personnel section to the sales department
c. without the general manager gives you permission.
102. d. It may lessen his chances for recovery if
e. he is not permitted to lay quietly until
f. professional, or at least competent, help arrives.
Page 43
103. a. Its too old! he said
b. vehemently. Why,
c. theirs was bought in 1955.
104. d. John T. Scopes, a school teacher; William Jennings Bryan,
e. assistant prosecutor; and Clarence Darrow, defense counsel--
f. were principles in the long-remembered Scopes Trial.
105. a. In the first two acts the amiable but weak hero played fast
and
b. loose with the heroines affections, but this foible was
alright,
c. for in the third act he became a sterling lad.
106. d. These Falkland Islanders are extremely primitive;
e. for example, they wear little clothing, have no real
f. agriculture, and have the crudest of tools and weapons.
107. a. His uncivil remark was adressed neither to
b. the policeman nor to me but to a meek
c. little man standing at the edge of the crowd.
108. d. For the very reason we discussed at length the day before
e. yesterday, you had ought to make your approach a tentative,
f. conciliatory one to avoid the risk of embarrassing him.
109. a. Before the actual construction starts the
b. ground clearing must be done, and a temporary
c. connection to the power line must be installed.
110. d. The landlord should apoligize to the tenant for
e. being so vague and indefinite; otherwise, even
f. a temporary agreement may be hard to reach.
111. a. That Ford is virtually
b. an antique; compared to it,
c. ours is the latest thing.
112. d. You have our heart felt thanks
e. for the assistance you gave us last
f. June at the time of our bereavement.
113. a. The strength of the fabric was its questionable
b. point, and we had no facilities
c. for testing tensile strength.
114. d. The confederate troops, although outnumbered, fought
e. valiantly, their prodigious efforts enabled them
f. to hold the post until reinforcements reached them.
Page 44
115. a. The guide at Carlsbad Caverns took
b. first George and then I through the
c. little entrance to the next chamber.
116. d. The primary characteristic of all these snakes are
e. the heavy body; therefore, they are often
f. taken to be one of their nonpoisonous cousins.
117. a. The salesclerk asked the customer to decide
b. what color combination would suit the room best
c. and then to take whichever design he preferred.
118. d. The plasterers worked fast and late and had
e. the walls already for the painters to begin
f. after the four-day drying period had elapsed.
119. a. The cat whose mistress feeds him chicken livers daily
b. is likely to shy away from
c. anything as commonplace as hamburger.
120. d. Its no fun, he
e. said; however amusing
f. you may consider it.
121. a. I have counted the rods over and over again, and
b. theyre simply not all here; soneone has
c. apparently stolen some equipment.
122. d. Although we were delayed only a few minutes,
e. to the driver and I sitting in the cab,
f. the time dragged and the wait seemed endless.
123. a. Whos book it was could not be determined
b. because the owner had unfortunately neglected
c. to write his name on the inside cover.
124. d. Boys who want to represent their school
e. on athletic teams had ought to be
f. willing to abide by reasonable training rules.
125. a. I didnt know, Jane said slowly,
b. that you would
c. be teaching the course, Mr. Arnett.
126. d. The teachers remarks annoyed John and me
e. because we did have a legitimate excuse,
f. and we hadnt never been late before.
127. a. Their are several reason why it is asking
b. too much to expect that everyone
c. will agree to Jane and Marys proposal.
Page 45
128. d. Driving along Highway 20 one night at
e. about dusk, he was idly looking at the
f. roadside and seen a huge black bear.
129. a. Our police, fire, and health departments and
b. many other provisions for city services are essential,
c. but our mayor dont seem to recognize the fact.
130. d. I was just peaceably walking down the
e. street when a stranger he came up
f. and gave me a most mysterious message.
131. a. The author must have been
b. a rank amateur; we all thought he
c. didnt hardly have any ideas of his own.
132. d. My cousin invited my to Lexington,
e. Kentucky, to see the Derby; there
f. begun my fondness for horse racing.
133. a. The captain asked the sergeant
b. to set down until Patrol Hodges could put the
c. papers all together in a large envelope.
134. d. Of the three brothers,
e. James was the worse in spelling
f. but the best in algebra and geometry.
135. a. The United Nations can only make recommendations, the
b. member nations may accept them, or they may reject them
c. if they believe it is to their interest to do so.
136. d. Day after day the four brothers made the same
e. complaint to their harassed parents --
f. they didnt have nothing to do.
137. a. The only officer present, lieutenant Drake,
b. insisted upon giving a recitation of Tennysons
c. short poem, The Charge of the Light Brigade.
138. d. From above, the trucks on the highway
e. took on the appearance of insects hurrying
f. here and there in hunger or in fear.
139. a. But these facts, especially
b. the last one presented, imply that
c. having a pastime is a necessity.
140. d. When I saw Fred in the junior-senior
e. play last spring, I was surprised
f. at how good he can act.
Page 46
141. a. If we leave him go to the city alone, its more
b. than likely that he will lose his way, and we shall
c. be held responsible for whatever may befall him.
142. d. I could send the gift to either he or his brother,
e. but if I send it to his brother,
f. I shall run the risk of offending him.
143. a. The soldiers mounts had been ridden so hard
b. that, when the troops reached the river,
c. the horses drunk more than was good for them.
144. d. The word that is often not
e. expressed, especially in
f. conversation and in informal writing.
145
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