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HH33++::
A Case Study for the Importance of A Case Study for the Importance of Molecular Laboratory AstrophysicsMolecular Laboratory Astrophysics
Ben McCallBen McCall
Dept. of Chemistry Dept. of Astronomy
HH33++: Cornerstone of Interstellar Chemistry: Cornerstone of Interstellar Chemistry
H 2
H 2+
C H 3+
C H 5+
C H 4
C H2 3+
C H2 2
C H3+
C H3 3+
C Hm n
C H+
C H 2+
N H2
+
H C O+
O H+
H O2+
H O3
+H O2
O H
C H C N H2 5
+
C H C N H3
+
C H N H3 2
+
H C N2
+
H C N
C H N H3 2
C H N H2
C H C N3
C H C N2 5
C H
C H C O3
+
C H O H3 2
+
C H C O2
C H O H3
H C OC H O H
C H O C H
2
2 5
3 3
C H2 5
+C H2 4
H C O2 3
+C O3
C H2
H C N3 3
+H C N3
H C N5
H C N7
H C N9
H C N11
C H3
C 4
+
C H4+
C H4 2+
C H4 3+
C H4
C H3 2
cosm ic ray
H 2N 2
C OO
H 2
H 2
e
e
e
ee
e
e
N
N H 3
H C N
C H C N3
e
C O
H O2
C H O H , e3
C
H 2
H 2
H 2
e
e
C H 3
+e
e eH C N
C+
e
C+
H 2
e eC
+
H 2H 2
e
C O
C
H
+
e
e
HH33++ in Dense Clouds in Dense Clouds
1.02
1.00
0.98
0.96
0.94
36700366803666036640 3717037150
AFGL 2136
AFGL 2591
R(1,1)u R(1,0) R(1,1)l
Wavelength (Å)
N(H3+) ~ 31014 cm-2
Consistent with expectations
McCall, Geballe, Hinkle, & OkaApJ 522, 338 (1999)UKIRT Kitt Peak
Nature 384, 334 (1996)
Role of Laboratory AstrophysicsRole of Laboratory Astrophysics
• Four and a half years – much of it assembling the IR laser system and discharge cell
• Scanned from:– 6/12-8/3 (1978)– 12/18-1/26 (1978-79)– 4/24-12/18 (1980)
• Success on April 25, 1980
Surprise: HSurprise: H33++ in Diffuse Clouds! in Diffuse Clouds!
observed at UKIRT observed at Kitt Peak
~ 4 × 1014 cm-2 !Similar column density
to dense clouds!!
B. J. McCall, T. R. Geballe, K. H. Hinkle & T. Oka,Science 279, 1910 (1998)
Cygnus OB2 12
Rate = ke [H3+] [e-]
[H2]
Diffuse Cloud HDiffuse Cloud H33++ Chemistry Chemistry
H2 H2+ + e-
H2 + H2+ H3
+ + H
cosmic ray
H3+ + e- H + H2 or 3H
Rate =
Formation
Destruction
[H3+]
=
ke[e-]
Steady State
[H2]=
(310-17 s-1)
(510-7 cm3 s-1) (2400)
= 10-7 cm-3Density
Independent
If L ~ 3 pc ~ 1019 cm, expect only N(H3
+) ~ 1012 cm-2!
HH33++ in Lots of Diffuse Clouds! in Lots of Diffuse Clouds!
8
6
4
2
0
H3+
Col
umn
Den
sity
(10
14cm
-2)
6543210
E(B-V) (mag)
OphP Cygni
HD 183143
WR 118
Cyg OB2 12
WR 104
Cyg OB2 5
WR 121
HD 168607
HD 194279
GC IRS 3
2 Ori
HD 20041
1.01
1.00
0.99
0.98
0.97
Rel
ativ
e In
tens
ity
3.7173.7163.7153.6693.6683.667
Wavelength (µm)
R(1,1)u
R(1,1)l
R(1,0)
HD 183143
McCall, et al.ApJ 567, 391 (2002)
Cygnus OB2 12
Big Problem with the Chemistry!Big Problem with the Chemistry!
Steady State: [H3+]
=
ke[e-][H2]
To increase the value of [H3+], we need:
• Smaller electron fraction [e-]/[H2]
• Smaller recombination rate constant ke
• Higher ionization rate
>1 order of magnitude!!
PerseiPersei
HH33++ toward toward Persei Persei
Cardelli et al. ApJ 467, 334 (1996)Savage et al. ApJ 216, 291 (1977)
N(H2) from Copernicus
N(C+) from HST
[e-]/[H2]not to blame
McCall, et al. Nature 422, 500 (2003)
Big Problem with the Chemistry!Big Problem with the Chemistry!
Steady State: [H3+]
=
ke[e-][H2]
To increase the value of [H3+], we need:
• Smaller electron fraction [e-]/[H2]
• Smaller recombination rate constant ke
• Higher ionization rate
Enigma of HEnigma of H33++ Recombination Recombination
• Laboratory values of ke have varied by 4 orders of magnitude!
• Problem: not measuring H3
+ in ground states
Ion Storage Ring MeasurementsIon Storage Ring Measurements
20 ns 45 ns
electron beam
H3+
H, H2
+ Very simple experiment
+ Complete vibrational relaxation
+ Control H3+ – e- impact energy
+ Rotationally cold ions from supersonic expansion source
CRYRING
30 kV30 kV
900 keV900 keV
12.1 MeV12.1 MeV
CRYRING ResultsCRYRING Results
• Considerable amount of structure (resonances) in the cross-section
• ke = 2.6 10-7 cm3 s-1
• Factor of two smallerMcCall, et al.Phys. Rev. A 70, 052716 (2004)
Agreement with Other WorkAgreement with Other Work
• Reasonable agreement between:– CRYRING
• Supersonic
expansion
– TSR• 22-pole trap
– Theory
S.F. dos Santos, V. Kokoouline and C. H. Greene, J. Chem. Phys 127 (2007) 124309
Big Problem with the Chemistry!Big Problem with the Chemistry!
Steady State: [H3+]
=
ke[e-][H2]
To increase the value of [H3+], we need:
• Smaller electron fraction [e-]/[H2]
• Smaller recombination rate constant ke
• Higher ionization rate
(71013 cm-2)
Implications for Implications for Persei Persei
[H3+]
L =
ke N(e-)
N(H2)==L
N(H3+)
N(H2)
N(e-)
L = 5300 cm s-1
ke N(H3+) (1.610-7 cm3 s-1) (4.710-4)
Adopt =310-17 s-1
Adopt n = 215 cm-3 → L=2.4 pc
L = 60 pcn = 9 cm-3
=7.410-16 s-1
(25x higher!)
(firm)(densecloudvalue)
Similar results in many other sightlines N. Indriolo, T. R. Geballe, T. Oka, & B. J. McCall, ApJ 671, 1736 (2007)
Surprise Surprise → Conventional Wisdom→ Conventional Wisdom
• Higher in diffuse (vs. dense) clouds initially greeted with “skepticism”
• Incorporated into models without incident
• Now generally accepted (but not understood!)
Low Energy CRs?Low Energy CRs?• Could there be
a large flux of low energy cosmic rays?
M.D. Stage, G. E. Allen, J. C. Houck, J. E. Davis, Nat. Phys. 2, 614 (2006)
T. E. Cravens & A. Dalgarno, ApJ 219, 750 (1978)
.13
.44830160600
AV
1 MeV
2 MeV
10 MeV
20 MeV
50 MeV
(diffuse) (dense)
Cosmic Ray ObservationsCosmic Ray Observations
W.R.Webber, ApJ 506, 329 (1998)
Inferred interstellar
Theoretical SpectraTheoretical Spectra
Consider This SpectrumConsider This Spectrum
Inferred Ionization RateInferred Ionization Rate
dense~6×10-17 s-1
Inferred Ionization RateInferred Ionization Rate
dense~6×10-17 s-1
diffuse~3.1×10-16 s-1
See poster 05.04(Nick Indriolo)
SummarySummary
• H3+ surprisingly abundant in diffuse clouds
– Enabled by laboratory spectroscopy
• H3+ is now a direct probe of ionization rate
– Enabled by storage ring measurements & theory
• Ionization rate ~10× higher than thought– only in diffuse clouds– would still be unknown if not for laboratory
astrophysics work
• Two proposed explanations– MHD self-confinement (Padoan & Scalo)– high flux of low energy cosmic rays
AcknowledgmentsAcknowledgments
http://astrochemistry.uiuc.edu
Nick Indriolo(U. Illinois)
Brian Fields (U. Illinois)
Tom Geballe(Gemini)
Takeshi Oka(U. Chicago)
NASA LaboratoryAstrophysics
NSF Divisions of Chemistry & Astronomy
Astronomer's Periodic TableAstronomer's Periodic Table
H He
C N O Ne
Mg
Fe
Si S Ar
Observing Interstellar HObserving Interstellar H33++
• Equilateral triangle• No rotational spectrum• No electronic spectrum• Vibrational spectrum is
only probe
• Absorption spectroscopy against background or embedded star
1
2
Interstellar Cloud Classification*Interstellar Cloud Classification*Diffuse clouds:
• H ↔ H2
• C C+
• n(H2) ~ 101–103 cm-3
– [~10-18 atm]
• T ~ 50 K
PerseiPersei
Photo: Jose Fernandez Garcia
• Diffuse atomic clouds– H2 << 10%
• Diffuse molecular clouds– H2 > 10% (self-shielded)
* Snow & McCall, ARAA, 44, 367 (2006)
Barnard 68 (courtesy João Alves, ESO)
Dense molecular clouds:
• H H2
• C CO• n(H2) ~ 104–106 cm-3
• T ~ 20 K
[H2]
Dense Cloud HDense Cloud H33++ Chemistry Chemistry
H2 H2+ + e-
H2 + H2+ H3
+ + H
cosmic ray
H3+ + CO HCO+ + H2
Rate =
Formation
Destruction
Rate = k [H3+] [CO]
[H3+]
=
k [CO]
Steady State
=(310-17 s-1)
(210-9 cm3 s-1)
[H2]
(6700)
= 10-4 cm-3Density
Independent!
(fast)
McCall, Geballe, Hinkle, & OkaApJ 522, 338 (1999)
HH33++ as a Probe of Dense Clouds as a Probe of Dense Clouds
• Given n(H3+) from model, and N(H3
+) from infrared observations:– path length L = N/n ~ 31018 cm ~ 1 pc
– density n(H2) = N(H2)/L ~ 6104 cm-3
– temperature T ~ 30 K
• Unique probe of clouds• Consistent with expectations
– confirms dense cloud chemistry (forbidden)
32.9 K
K
R(1
,0)
R(1
,1)u
R(2
,2)l
33 K151 K(0,0)(0,0)
(2,0)(2,0)
(J,G)(J,G)
probe of temperature
not detected
HH33++ Energy Level Structure Energy Level Structure
Spectroscopy of HSpectroscopy of H33++ Source Source
• Confirmed that H3
+ produced is rotationally cold, as in interstellar medium
Infrared Cavity Ringdown Laser Absorption Spectroscopy
McCall, et al.Nature 422, 500 (2003)
Theoretical CalculationsTheoretical Calculations
TSR ResultsTSR Results
H. Kreckel, et al.Phys. Rev. Lett. 95, 263201 (2005)
CRYRING TSR
Ion sourceSupersonic expansion
RF 22-pole ion trap @ 13 K
Electron targetkT~ 2 meV
ne~6.3×106 cm-3
kT~ 500 µeV
ne~4.5×105 cm-3
Electron cooler (same as target)kT~ 10.5 meV
ne~1.6×107 cm-3
Beam energy 12.1 MeV 5.25 MeV
CRYRINGTSR
theory• Good agreement
• Different ion production
• Different conditions
• Experiments likely “right”!
Supersonic Expansion Ion SourceSupersonic Expansion Ion Source
• Similar to sources used for laboratory spectroscopy
• Pulsed nozzle design• Supersonic expansion
leads to rapid cooling• Discharge from ring
electrode downstream• Spectroscopy used to
characterize ions
H2Gas inlet
2 atm
Solenoid valve
-900 Vring
electrode
Pinhole flange/ground
electrode
H3+
Observational Consequences?Observational Consequences?
• Energy required for acceleration– about 0.2 × 1051 ergs/century
• Heating of diffuse clouds– about 1/10 of photoelectric heating
• Production of LiBeB (spallation)– roughly consistent with observed abundances
• γ-ray line production (nuclear excitation)– below detectable limits
our spectrum is not excluded by observations!
The Future (The Dream?)The Future (The Dream?)
• Improved precision in determinations– improved density estimates– more sophisticated cloud models
• Measure H3+ in wider range of sightlines
– diffuse, translucent, dense clouds
• Infer (AV) → cosmic ray spectrum
– information on acceleration mechanism(s)– information on galactic propagation
Recent Astronomical ResultsRecent Astronomical Results
• Range of ζ from 1.1-7.3 10-16 s-1
• Biggest uncertainty is in adopted n N. Indriolo, T. R. Geballe, T. Oka, & B. J. McCall, ApJ 671, 1736 (2007)
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