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GUIDELINESFOR THEIMPLEMENTATIONOF THE SPECIFICPHYTOSANITARYSURVEILLANCE SYSTEM
Montevideo,Uruguay2018
Inter-AmericanInstituteforCooperationonAgriculture(IICA),2018
GuidelinesfortheimplementationoftheSpecificPhytosanitarySurveillance
SystembyIICAispublishedunderlicenseCreativeCommons
Attribution-ShareAlike3.0IGO(CC-BY-SA3.0IGO)
(http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0/igo/)
Basedonaworkatwww.iica.int
IICAencouragesthefairuseofthisdocument.Propercitationisrequested.
Thispublicationisavailableinelectronic(PDF)formatfromtheInstitute'sWebsite:http://www.iica.int
Editorialcoordination:LourdesFonallerasandFlorenciaSanzTranslator:PaulaFredesLayout:VictorHugoVidartCoverdesign:VictorHugoVidartDigitalprinting
Guidelines for the implementation of the Specific Phytosanitary
Surveillance System / Inter-American Institute for Cooperation on
Agriculture,ComitéRegionaldeSanidadVegetaldelConoSur;JoséManuel
Galarza.–Uruguay:IICA,2018.
A4;21cmx29,7cm.
ISBN:978-92-9248-790-4
PublishedalsoinSpanish
1. Pestmonitoring 2. Diseasesurveillance 3. Pestsofplants 4. Plant
diseases 5. Phytosanitary measures 6. Communication 7. Risk
managementI.IICAII.COSAVEIII.Title.
AGRIS DEWEYH01 639.96
1
Acknowledgments:
ThisGuidewasdevelopedasaresultofthecomponentaimedatstrengtheningplantpestsurveillanceintheframeworkofSTDF/PG/502Project"COSAVE:RegionalStrengtheningoftheImplementationofPhytosanitaryMeasuresandMarketAccess".ThebeneficiariesareCOSAVEandtheNPPOsofthesevencountriesthatmakeupCOSAVE.TheStandardsandTradeDevelopmentFacility(STDF)fundit,theInter-AmericanInstituteforCooperationonAgriculture(IICA)istheimplementingorganizationandtheIPPCSecretariatsupportstheproject.
TheeditorialcoordinationwasinchargeofMariadeLourdesFonallerasandFlorenciaSanz.
MariadeLourdesFonalleras,FlorenciaSanzyJoséManuelGalarza,havedefinedtheoriginalstructureofthisGuide.
ThecontentdevelopmentcorrespondsexclusivelytoJoséManuelGalarzaexpertcontractedespeciallyfortheproject.
ThetechnicalreadersthatmadeimportantcontributionstothecontentoftheGuidearethespecialistsoftheNNPO'sparticipatingintheProject:
PabloCortese,IgnacioGarcíaVarona,FedericoAguirre,OscarVonBaczko,YaninaOutifromServicioNacionaldeSanidadyCalidadAgroalimentaria–SENASAfromArgentina;
LuisSánchezShimura,RemiCastroÁvila,GustavoLópezZenteno,EdgarDelgadoVargas,ImmerAdhemarMaytaLlanos,GeordanaZeballosfromServicioNacionaldeSanidadAgropecuariaeInocuidadAlimentaria–SENASAGfromBolivia;
RicardoKobalRaski,DalcideJesusBagolin,JesulindodeSouzaJunior,ÉrikoTadashiSedoguchifromSecretariadeDefensaAgropecuariadelMAPAfromBrasil;
MarcoMuñoz,FernandoTorresParada,JairoEladioAlegríaContreras,CarolinaPizarro,KarinaReyes,IlaniaAstorgafromServicioAgrícolayGanadero–SAGfromChile;
CristianMarecos,KatyaBogado,MarianoFrancoAquino,LizAdrianaOjeda,RosaLilianaEncina,MaríaBettinaChaparrofromServicioNacionaldeCalidad,SanidadVegetalydeSemillas–SENAVEfromParaguay;
2
Acknowledgments:
MoisésPachecoEnciso,JohnyNacchaOyola,CeciliaLévanoStella,BettyMatosNonogawa,CarmenOréVento,IvánGutiérrezMartínez,JorgeVelapatiñoFlores,PercyAlbertoMamaniSánchezfromServicioNacionaldeSanidadAgraria–SENASAfromPerú;
ElinaZefferinoandNoeliaCascofromDirecciónGeneraldeServiciosAgrícolas–DGSA/MGAPfromUruguay.
Weexpressspecialappreciationtoallofthem.
WealsothankthesupportreceivedfromtheIPPCSecretariatfortheimplementationofthiscomponentoftheproject.
Finally,wethanksVíctorVidartbydiagrammingthedocument.
TheStandardandTradeDevelopmentFacility(STDF)projectCOSAVE:
StrengtheningtheImplementationofPhytosanitaryMeasuresandMarket
Access,inrelationtophytosanitarysurveillanceactions,indicatestheneedto
developimplementationguidelines,aswellascasestudiesfortheregion,
sharingconceptsandinformationwitharegionalparticipatoryapproach
basedonISPM6"Guidelinesforsurveillance"inordertotrainNPPOsinthe
designandimplementationofspecificphytosanitarysurveillance(SPhS)
systems.
ForthedevelopmentoftheseGuidelines,aninitialworkshopwasheldto
determinethecontents.Subsequently,adraftGuidelinesdocumentwas
developedbasedonthesecontents.Inaddition,twoelectronicforumswere
setuptopromotetheactiveparticipationofCOSAVENPPOprofessionalsin
theanalysis,reviewandidentificationofadjustmentsoftheGuidelines.
Finally,twopestswereselectedascasestudiesfortheapplicationofthis
document.
3
About these guidelines
TheseGuidelinesaremainlyintendedforthe
staffresponsibleforSPhSactionsinthe
region'sNPPOs.Inaddition,itcouldalsobe
usefultootheractorsofthesystem,according
totheirroleregardingplantprotectionin
eachcountry,includinginstitutionsin
academiaandscience,universities,
researchers,extensionagents,farmadvisors,
farmers,andanypersonorentityinterested
inlearningaboutthisareaandidentifying
possibleformsofparticipation.
Table of contents
4
Acronymsandabbreviations.................................................................................................................6
Definitions ...............................................................................................................................................6
Section1.-Introduction ............................................................................................................................7
Section2.-Objectiveofspecificphytosanitarysurveillance ...............................................8
Section3.-Elementsofspecificphytosanitarysurveillance ...............................................8
3.1.Nationalorganization.................................................................................................................8 3.2.Regionalorganization..............................................................................................................10 3.3.Nationalpoliciesandlegislation.........................................................................................11 3.3.1.Nationallegislation....................................................................................................11 3.3.2.Phytosanitarypolicy .................................................................................................12 3.4.Systemparticipants..................................................................................................................13 3.5.Funding..........................................................................................................................................13 3.6.Diagnosticlaboratorycapacity............................................................................................14 3.7.Physicalresources.....................................................................................................................14 3.8.Stafftraining,monitoringandfrequenttesting ...........................................................15 3.9.Managinginformationrelatedtotheinformation managementsystem.........................................................................................................................16 3.10.Communicationstrategy .....................................................................................................16Section4.-Planning,prioritiesandbudget ................................................................................17
4.1.Specificphytosanitarysurveillancesystemplanning................................................17 4.2.Prioritysetting............................................................................................................................18 4.3.Phytosanitaryintelligence.....................................................................................................20 4.4.Budgetforspecificphytosanitarysurveillance ............................................................20
Section5.-Implementationandmethodologyofspecificphytosanitarysurveillance ..................................................................................................................21
5.1.Purpose..........................................................................................................................................22 5.2.Scope .............................................................................................................................................23 5.3.Targetpestandhost.................................................................................................................23 5.3.1.Targetpest.....................................................................................................................23 5.3.2.Targethost.....................................................................................................................24 5.4.Durationandappropriatetiming .......................................................................................25 5.5.Siteselection................................................................................................................................25 5.5.1.Siteselectionaccordingtothepurposeofspecific phytosanitarysurveillance.................................................................................................26 5.5.1.1Detectionsurvey...........................................................................................26 5.5.1.2.Delimitationsurvey....................................................................................27 5.5.1.3Monitoringsurvey .......................................................................................28
Table of contents
5
5.6.Statisticaldesign ...................................................................................................................................28 5.7.Surveillancemethodology .....................................................................................................29 5.7.1.Prospecting ...................................................................................................................29 5.7.2.Trapping.........................................................................................................................29 5.8.Collection,conditioningandsubmissionofsamples..................................................30 5.9.Biosafetyandsanitation..........................................................................................................30
Section6.-Informationmanagementsystem ...........................................................................31
6.1.Informationmanagement......................................................................................................31 6.1.1.Collection,storageandtraceability .....................................................................31 6.1.2.Documentation............................................................................................................32 6.2.Technologytoolsforinformationanalysis .....................................................................32 6.2.1Technologytoolsforspecificphytosanitarysurveillance..........................32
Section7.-Communicationofoutcomes ......................................................................................33
Section8.-Supervisionandaudit.....................................................................................................34
Bibliography.........................................................................................................................................35 Internetresources .............................................................................................................................36 Internationalstandards ..................................................................................................................36
Appendix:Priority-settingmethodologiesimplementedintheregion ....................37
TheseGuidelinesfollowthedefinitionsofISPM5and
ISPM6,andthefollowing:
•Targethost: Hosttowhichsurveillanceistargeted
(IPPC5,2016).
•Targetpest:Pesttowhichsurveillanceistargeted
(IPPC5,2016).
•Prospecting:Anofficialprocedureconductedovera
definedperiodoftimetodeterminethe
characteristicsofapestpopulationortodetermine
whichspeciesoccurinanarea.
Definitions
6
Abbreviations
AOP: Annualoperatingplan
COSAVE: ComitédeSanidadVegetaldelConoSur
[SouthernConePlantHealthCommittee]
CPM: CommissiononPhytosanitaryMeasures
FAO: FoodandAgricultureOrganizationoftheUnitedNations
IPPC: InternationalPlantProtectionConvention
ISPM: InternationalStandardsforPhytosanitaryMeasures
NPPO: Nationalplantprotectionorganization
RPPO: Regionalplantprotectionorganization
SPhS: Specificphytosanitarysurveillance
STDF: StandardsandTradeDevelopmentFacility
Introduction
7
Section 1Thephytosanitarysurveillancesystemsupportstradeinplantsandplantproducts,
whileprotectingcountriesfromtheintroductionofpestsofmajorimportance,by
providingtimelyinformationonthephytosanitarystatus.Thisinformationenablesthe
classificationofapestasaquarantinepest,asitsdefinitionincludesconsiderations
regardingitsstatus,distribution,economicimportance,andofficialcontrol.Thisisofkey
importanceinaworldglobalizedbyinternationaltrade,themovementofpeople,the
productionandflowofplantproductsandplantsforplanting,andtheeffectsofclimate
changeinrecentyears.
Surveillanceisdefinedas"anofficialprocesswhichcollectsandrecordsdataonpest
occurrenceorabsencebysurvey,monitoringorotherprocedures"(ISPM5,2016).This
impliesthattheNPPOisrequiredtodeterminethestatusofapestwithappropriate
procedurestoenhanceanddevelopinternationaltradecompetitivenessandnational
production.
Therearetwotypesofsurveillancethatcomplementeachotherandcoexist
permanently.Theyare:
GENERALSURVEILLANCE:“Aprocesswherebyinformationonparticularpestswhich
areofconcernforanareaisgatheredfrommanysourceswhereveritisavailableand
providedforusebytheNPPO”(ISPM6).
SPECIFICSURVEILLANCE:“ProceduresbywhichNPPOsobtaininformationonpestsof
concernonspecificsitesinanareaoveradefinedperiodoftime”(ISPM6,referredtoas
“Specificsurveys”).
ThedevelopmentoftheSPhSsystemisintegratedwiththegeneralsurveillancesystem,
andmanycharacteristicsaresharedbetweenthetwotypes.Inthisregard,thepresent
documentreferencestotheGuidefortheImplementationofGeneralPhytosanitary
SurveillanceSystemandcomplementsitwiththeconcepts,components,planning,and
proceduresofSPhS.Itsimplementationwillbebasedontherealityofeachcountry,the
assessmentofpriority-settingcriteriaandinternalpolicies.
Objective of specificphytosanitary surveillance
8
2
ThepurposeoftheSPhSsystemistocollect,
record,analyze,update,andcommunicate,ina
timelymanner,informationonthepresence,
absence,distribution,characteristicsofa
population,orprevalenceoftargetpestsinan
areaduringadefinedperiodoftime(ISPM6;
Acostaetal,2011).
Section
9
3Elements of specific
phytosanitary surveillance
TheelementsoftheSPhSsystemare:
3.1.Nationalorganization
TheIPPCestablishesinArticleIV.2.bthattheNPPOofeachcountryisresponsiblefor"thesurveillanceofgrowingplantsincludingbothareasundercultivation(interaliafields,plantations,nurseries,gardens,greenhousesandlaboratories)andwildflora,andofplantsandplantproductsinstorageorintransportation"andforSPhSaswell.
Theestablishmentofaphytosanitarysurveillancesystemrequirestheidentificationofcertainrolesinitsorganization,regardlessofthefunctionalstructureestablishedbytheNPPO.Conceptually,thesystemshouldhaveanationalheadofphytosanitarysurveillancewiththeauthoritytoestablishtargetsorgoalstoachieveandgiveinstructions,andwithanappropriate,territoriallydistributedchainofcommandinvolving:supervisorsorcoordinatorsatsubnational(regional,state,departmental,provincial,etc.)level,liaisonpersonnelandfieldstaff,withdefinedhierarchies,clearlyspecifiedroles,powersandresponsibilities,andwithanappropriateflowofinformationandcommunicationacrosslevels(Montes,G.2017).
Theexistenceofsupportingadministrativesupportandtechnicalunitsandotherareasisessential.Theadministrativesupportunitshouldmanageavailableresources,includinghumanresources,purchasetheinputsrequiredforthedifferentactivities,facilitatethemanagementofinformationfromphytosanitarysurveillance,ensureappropriateinformationcoverage,etc.Thetechnicalsupportunitmaybecomposedofspecialistsindifferentfieldsofplanthealthorotherrelatedfields(thatprovidetechnicalsupportinestablishingtargetsandinthedevelopmentofprocedureswithintheircompetence),includinglaboratories,expertsincomputerscienceandgeomatics,etc.Moreover,thesystemshouldhavesupportintheareasofcommunication,trainingandlibrarianship.Itshouldalsoincludetheparticipationofproductionandindustrysectors(packaging,coldstorage,collectioncenters,etc.),privateadvisorsandpublicand/orprivateinstitutionsthatprovidevoluntaryassistanceindifferentareasorthatconductcertainactivitiesfortheNPPOoronitsbehalf.Insomecountries,itmayberelevanttocreateoneorseveralsurveillanceadvisorygroups,coordinatedbytheNPPOandinvolvingkeysectors(Montes,G.2017).
Section
10
Figure1.Conceptualorganizationofanationalphytosanitarysurveillancesystem(Montes,G.2017).
SUPPORTUNITS
•Industrialandproductivesector•Privateadvisors•Publicand/orprivateinstitutions•Others
•Strategicplanning
•Resourcemanagement
•Purchases
•Informationmanagement
•Qualityassurance
•Generalservices
•Reporting
•Others
•Entomologists
•Phytopathologists
•Malacologists
•Weedscientists
•Integratedpestmanagement
•Laboratories
•Researchersinrelatedareas
•Computersciencesupport
•Geomatics
•Communication
•Bibliotecology
•Others
Administrative Technical Otherareas
NPPOnationalheadofphytosanitarysurveillance
NPPOsubnationalheadofphytosanitarysurveillance
Advisorygrouporcommitteeonphytosanitarysurveillance
Liaisonpersonnel
Fieldstaff
Thisconceptualorganizationorfunctionscanbeadaptedtotheinstitutionalstructuresestablishedineachcountry(Montes,G.2017).
3.2.Regionalorganization
Regionalplantprotectionorganizations(RPPOs)areintergovernmentalorganizationsthatactascoordinatingbodiesforNPPOsataregionallevel.NotallIPPCcontractingpartiesaremembersofanRPPO,andnotallRPPOmembersareIPPCcontractingparties.Furthermore,someIPPCcontractingpartiesaremembersofmorethanoneRPPO(Montes,G.2017).
ThefunctionsperformedbytheRPPOareestablishedinArticleIXoftheIPPC,andinclude(Montes,G.2017):
• coordinationofandparticipationinactivitiesbetweentheNPPOstopromote andachievetheobjectivesoftheIPPC;
• cooperationbetweenregionstopromoteharmonizedphytosanitary measures;
3Section
3
11
• compilationanddisseminationofinformation,especiallyinrelationtothe IPPC;
• cooperationwiththeCommissiononPhytosanitaryMeasures(CPM)andthe IPPCSecretariatinthedevelopmentandimplementationofISPMs.
Furthermore,RPPOscanconnectwithoneanotherandestablishforumstocoordinateactivitiesofcommoninterest(Montes,G.2017).
TheComitédeSanidadVegetal(COSAVE)[SouthernConePlantHealthCommittee]istheRPPOcomposedoftheNPPOsoftheGovernmentsofArgentina,Bolivia,Brazil,Chile,Paraguay,Peru,andUruguay,intendedtostrengthenregionalphytosanitaryintegrationandtodevelopintegratedactionstoaddressphytosanitaryissuesofcommoninteresttomembercountries.Oneofitsmainactivitiesisthecreationofworkinggroupsonvarioustopics,includingphytosanitarysurveillance;foresthealth;pest-riskanalysis;plantquarantine;sampling,inspectionandcertification;CPMmatters;propagationmaterialhealth;orotherspecificphytosanitaryissues,suchasHuanglongbingdisease(HLB)orLobesiabotrana.TheseactivitieshelptheSteeringCommitteeevaluatetheprogress,sharecriteriaandapproaches,identifystrengthsandlimitationspotentiallyconstitutinginputstoconductactivitiesrelatedtosanitaryandphytosanitarymeasures.
3.3.Nationalpoliciesandlegislation
3.3.1.Nationallegislation
Nationallegislation(includinglawsandregulations)ineachcountryshouldprovidetheappropriateframeworkfortheNPPOtofulfillitsnon-delegableresponsibilityforestablishingandconductingphytosanitarysurveillance,assetoutinArticleIV.2(b)oftheIPPC(Montes,G.2017).Tosupporttheactionsofthesurveillancesystem,thislegislationshouldconsider:
• TheestablishmentoftheNPPOastheofficialservicewithlegalauthorityanduniqueresponsibilitytodischargethefunctionsspecifiedbytheIPPC(IPPC1,2015);
• Theconsistencywithnationallegislationandregionalandinternationalagreementstowhichthecontractingpartyisasignatory,inaglobaltradingenvironment(IPPC1,2015);
• Independenceandaccountabilityinitsfunctions,creatingpredictabilityandcertaintythroughgoodgovernanceandrespectfortheruleoflaw(IPPC1,2015);
• Clearlydefinedfunctionsandpowers,describingtheroles,responsibilitiesandrightsofstakeholders(IPPC1,2015),aswellastheorganizationalstructurethatwillsupportthesystem(Montes,G.2017);
Section
12
• Theestablishmentofaclearhierarchicalrelationshipwithsubnationalauthorities,asappropriate(IPPC1,2015);
• TheimplementationofInternationalStandardsforPhytosanitaryMeasures(ISPMs)adoptedbytheCPM(IPPC1,2015);
• ProvisionsmadeforthirdpartyinstitutionsandpersonnelactingonbehalfoftheNPPO,forexample:mechanismsofengagement(e.g.letterofagreement(LoA),memorandaofunderstanding(MoU),contracts),mechanismsforrecognizinganddealingwithconflictsofinterest,levelofaccountabilitytotheNPPO,redressincasesofbreachoftrustorcontract(IPPC6,2015);
• Confidentialityintheuseofdata(IPPC6,2015);
• Identificationoffundingsourcesandprovisionoftheresourcesneededforthecorrectperformanceofphytosanitarysurveillanceactions(Montes,G.2017);
• Accesstotheplaceofsurveillance,inspectionandsamplingofplants,plantproductsorotheritemsthatmayharborpests;
• Continuoustrainingofdiagnosticpersonnel,theconstructionandthemaintenanceoffacilitiestoensurethecorrectidentificationofpests;
• LegalprotectionofNPPOofficersorNPPO-authorizedstafftoconductsurveillanceactivities(IPPC6,2015),includinginsuranceagainstaccidents,chargesforviolationofpropertyorphysicalattacks(Montes,G.2017);
• MandatoryreportingtootherNPPOs,RPPOsandtheIPPC,incaseofincursionsofabsentpestsorchangesinphytosanitarystatusinanarea.
3.3.2Phytosanitarypolicy
HorizontallyrelatedtoothersystemswithintheNPPO,thepolicyfortheSPhSsystemshouldinclude:
• ConsistencyofNPPOgoalsandoperationswithgovernmentpolicyandlegislation(IPPC1,2015);
• Institutionalstability(thisshouldbespecificallystatedandprovided)(IPPC1,2015);
• Well-definedpublicgoals,withguidanceonhowtoachievethemandadetailedcourseofactiontoaddressphytosanitaryrisks(IPPC1,2015);
• Disseminationofinformationamongstakeholdersinsupportoftransparency,andcooperationonphytosanitarymeasures(IPPC1,2015);
• Technicalandscientificdecision-makingthatisfreefrompoliticalinterference(IPPC1,2015);
• AdequateadministrativesupportforallNPPOprograms(IPPC1,2015);
3Section
3
13
• Ensuresustainabilityoftheiractions,including:adequateandproperlytrainedpersonnel,developmentandretentionofpersonnel;financingofactions,includingresourcestodealwithemergenciesandphytosanitarycrises;prioritysettingandadequatefinancing;engagementwithstakeholders;communicationprograms(IPPC1,2015),andinternalproceduresforcommunicatingsurveillanceoutcomes(IPPC1,2015;IPPC6,2015);
• ActionstoimprovetheinfrastructureandinstitutionalorganizationoftheNPPO,including:managementstructurewithappropriatelinesofauthorityandinformationflow;effectivecooperationandcollaborationbetweenthepartiesinvolved(privateandpublicsector);proveninspectionandverificationcapacityatbordersorentry/exitpoints;suitablediagnosticequipmentandlaboratories;effectivecommunicationsystemstoaddressinternalandexternalcommunications;andadequatedocumentationthatincludesaninformationretrievalsystem(IPPC1,2015);
• Periodicreview,incidentreviewandauditing(internalorexternal)(IPPC1,2015);
3.4.Systemparticipants
ThePhytosanitarySurveillanceSystemshouldincludethefollowingparticipants:
• NPPOStaff.
• EntitiesorauthorizedpersonnelbytheNPPO.
• EntitiesorpersonnelthatcollaboratewiththeNPPO.
Forinformationontheseitems,seetheGuidefortheImplementationoftheGeneralPhytosanitarySurveillanceSystem.
3.5.Funding
Inordertoaccessfunding,itisnecessarytohavetechnicalinformationthatsupportsthebudgetrequest.Forthispurpose,economicimpactstudiesofthetargetpest(coveringdirectandindirectlosses,suchasmarketclosure)aredeveloped,includingthebenefitofhavingaplannedanddevelopedSPhS,withthepurposeofprovidingtoolstoNPPOauthoritiesforthebudgetrequestand/ordecisionmakingwhenallocatingorreallocatingresources.
Section
14
Themainfundingsourcesfortheimplementationofthenationalphytosanitarysurveillancesystemarethefollowing:
• Nationalandsubnationalgovernmentbudget.
• Feesortariffspaidbyusers.
• Privatesector.
• Othercountries'government.
• Loansorgrants.
• Technicalassistanceprograms.
• Contingencyandotheremergencyfunds.
Forinformationonfundingsources,seetheGuidefortheImplementationofGeneralPhytosanitarySurveillanceSystem.
3.6.Diagnosticlaboratorycapacity
Somegeneralsurveillancefindings,mainlythoserelatedtotheincursionordetectionofpestsofconcernfortheNPPO,requiretheirverificationthroughlaboratorydiagnosisbasedonofficialsamples.Therefore,diagnosiscapacityisessentialtosupportsurveillance,includingdifferentplanthealthareas(entomology,plantpathology,malacology,weedscience,amongothers)(Montes,G.2017).
Diagnosiscapacitycoversnotonlytheavailabilityofthenecessaryfacilities,equipment,andlaboratorysuppliesbutalsoqualifiedstaff,consistentdiagnosticprocedurestoensureanaccurateidentification,verificationandthestorageofspecimens,specificsuppliesrequiredineachprotocol,adjustedtechniques,taxonomickeys,referencecollectionmaterialorpositivecontrolswhenappropriate.Thismaybedifficult,giventhehugerangeofpeststocoverandtheunpredictabilityandnoveltyofthegeneralsurveillancefindings.Inthissense,theNPPOcanbesupportednotonlybyitsownlaboratoriesbutalsobyrecognizedexternallaboratorieswithrecognizedtechnicalcompetence(accredited,certified,approved,authorized,etc.),atanationallevel(universities,researchinstitutes,privatelaboratories).Likewise,itmaybehelpfultodeterminethediagnosiscapacityoflaboratoriesinothercountries(mainlyintheregion)thatcanprovideassistanceinspecificsituations(Montes,G.2017).
TheNPPO,asrequiredbyISPM27(Diagnosticprotocolsforregulatedpests),isresponsibleforperformingorotherwiseauthorizingplantpestidentificationservicesthatsupportnationalplantpestsurveillanceorsurveys(IPPC4,2016).
3Section
3
15
3.7.Physicalresources
TheNPPOrequiresthefollowingphysicalresourcesforthedevelopmentofanSPhS
system,including:
• Accrediteddiagnosticlaboratoriesorlaboratorynetworksthatarepartofthe
system;
• Equipment,instrumentsandlaboratorysupplies;
• Officesforstaffinsuitableconditions;
• Infrastructure,equipmentandcomputersystemsfortherecordingandanalysis
ofdata;vehiclessuitablefortheactivities
• Communicationmaterial,
• Suppliestotake,packageanddeliversamples,
3.8.Stafftraining,monitoringandperiodicreview
TheresponsibilitiesoftheNPPO(identifiedintheIPPC,1997:ArticleIV.2(h))include
the“traininganddevelopmentofstaff”.TheNPPOmanagesawiderangeofactivities,
anditsstaffshouldhavetheappropriatequalifications,skillsandexperiencetomanage
thefollowingfunctionsofthesurveillancesystem:
• Legalandadministrativesystems ;(IPPC2,2015)
• Administrationandstrategicplanning ;(IPPC2,2015)
• Policyandoperationofregulatoryrequirements ;(IPPC2,2015)
• Regulatorydevelopmentandrevision ;(IPPC2,2015)
• Internationalregulations,specificallytheAgreementonSanitaryand
PhytosanitaryMeasuresandISPMs;
• Implementationofoperatingprocedures ;(IPPC2,2015)
• Pestsurveillanceprotocolsandprocedures.
• Pestfieldidentification,symptomatologyandsuspicioussigns;
• Inspectionandverificationprocedures ;(IPPC2,2015)
• Samplingandtesting(IPPC2,2015);
• Auditandverificationofcompliance(IPPC2,2015);
• Contingencyoremergencyactions ;(IPPC2,2015)
• Compliancewithreportingobligations
• Registration,training,evaluation,andauditofexternalpersonnel;
• Industry,communityandgovernmentliaison ;(IPPC2,2015)
• Internationalliaison ;(IPPC2,2015)
• Communication ;(IPPC2,2015)
• Stafftraininganddevelopment .(IPPC2,2015)
Section
16
3Section
However,takingintoaccountthattheeducationofferedbyuniversitiesandeducationalinstitutionsrarelycoversspecificphytosanitaryactivities,theNPPOmayprovideaprogramforthestaffevaluation,traininganddevelopmentthatcovers:
• Resourcemanagement;• Informationmanagementanddatabasemanagement;• Reportwriting;• Negotiation;• Surveillancestandards,protocolsandoperationalprocedures;• Pests(diagnosis,biology,etc.);• Epidemiology;• Accesstofacilitiesandequipment;• Specializedoutsourcing;• InterpersonalrelationshipswithotherNPPOsorrelevantorganizations;• Surveillancemethodsandgoodpractices;• Methodsforcollecting,preserving,transportingandrecordingsamples;• Biostatistics;• Geomatics.
3.9.Managinginformationrelatedtotheinformationmanagementsystem
Thenationalsurveillancesystemsshouldbedesignedforthecollection,collation,analysis,validationandnotificationofsurveillancedataandinformation,ensuringthedevelopmentofcomputersystemsforthestorageandprocessingofinformationonspecificphytosanitarysurveillanceandthusensuretheirintegrityfromdatacollectiontoreporting.
3.10.Communicationstrategy
Theelementsthatmakeupthecommunicationstrategyare:
• Communicationatthenationallevel,whichmaybeinternalor externaltotheNPPO;• Communicationattheinternationallevel.
Formoreinformationonthecommunicationstrategy,seetheGuidefortheImplementationofGeneralPhytosanitarySurveillanceSystem.
17
4Planning, priorities
and budget
4.1.Specificphytosanitarysurveillancesystemplanning
Thenationalphytosanitarysurveillancestrategyshouldbedirectlyrelatedtonationalprioritiesorstrategicareasinrelationtotradeandtheprotectionofplantresourcesandtheenvironmentandpresentaclearvisiontoachievethesupportandparticipationneededforitsproperfunctioning(Montes,G.2017).
TheIPPCstatesthatastrategicplanhelpsdefinetheorganization'sroadmapforamulti-yearperiod(forexample,5to10years),includingtheidentificationofvision,mission,strategicobjectivesandorganizationalculture,aswellasdetailedactionplans.ItalsoindicatesthatthevisionandmissionoftheNPPOshouldbealignedwiththeIPPCstrategicframework(IPPC2,2016).
Eachstrategicobjectiveshouldbesupportedbydefinedandachievableactivitiesandresults(IPPC2,2016).
InaccordancewiththeGuidefortheImplementationofGeneralPhytosanitarySurveillance(Montes,G.2017),theSPhSsystemrequirescarefulplanning,consistentwithgovernmentpolicies,NPPOfunctionsandthelegislationinforce,topredicttheavailabilityofresourcesthroughoutitsimplementationandtoachieveanefficientdevelopment(Montes,G.2017).
Thelaboratoryshouldbeawareoftheanticipatedsamplevolumepriortoarrivalinagivenperiod(IPPC5,2015)inordertoschedulefieldactivitiesbasedonthetechnicalandoperationalcapacityofthelaboratory.IftheNPPOlaboratorydoesnothavethenecessarytechnicalcapacity,capacitybuildingwillberequiredinthisandotherorganizations.
Itshouldalsobeconsistentwiththestrategicareasdefinedatthenationaland/orregionallevel.Planningshouldbereflectedinamanagementplandocument(Montes,G.2017)
Theshort-,medium-orlong-termmanagementplanshouldbeaccompaniedbyannualoperatingplans(AOPs)outlining,basedonthepriorities,theimplementationoftheactivities,theirterritorialandtemporaldistributionandthebudget(resourcesandsupplies)requiredforimplementation(Montes,G.2017).
Itisessentialtoprioritizetheepests,biologicalcontrolagentsandagriculturalandforestrycropsthatwillbeincludedintheAOP,todeterminetheallocationofresources.
ThedesignoftheSPhSwilldependontheobjectiveoftheactivity,whethertolookforapestofunknownstatusinanarea,togatherdataaboutanexistingpestpopulationinanareaortodeterminetheboundariesofaninfestationorincursion.
Section
18
Thus,anSPhSsystemshouldconsider:
• Asetofactionswithterritorialcoveragethatarecarriedoutattheappropriatetime,frequencyanddurationforthecollectionofinformation;
• Anorganizationalandtechnicalstructuretoconsolidatesurveillanceatthecentralandsubnationallevels,directcoordinationbetweentheselevels,resourceallocation,andadequateproceduresforanSPhS;
• OngoingengagementwithotherunitswithintheNPPO,suchasdiagnosticlaboratories,certificationandquarantine,controloreradicationprograms.Thisrequirestheidentificationandregistrationofsamplingsites;
• Activityplanninginaccordancewiththepests,cropsandareaspriorities,previouslyidentified;
• Preparationofoperatingprocedureswiththeobjectives,methodology,sampling,formatsandcollationofinformation;
• SystematizationofthecollectedinformationwithdigitalformatsandtheuseInternettodeliverinformationinrealtime;
• Collectingrecordstoanalyzeandtointegratethenationalinformation;
• Verificationofnewoccurrencerecords,especiallywhentheyhavenoprecedent;
• CommunicationofrelevantinformationandtheoutcomesoftheSPhSactivity.
4.2.Prioritysetting
WithintheplanningofSPhS,itisessentialtoprioritizepestsorcropsbasedonriskrating,economicandsocialimportance,andresourcesinvolved,amongothersfactors.Acategorizationmethodologyisthereforerequired.
Thus,countriesintheCOSAVEregionhavedevelopedproposalstocategorizepestsinordertodeterminetheSPhSactionstobeimplemented.TheseinitiativesarepresentedinAppendix1.
4Section
4
19
Itisimportanttoperiodicallyestablishpriorities,followingcriteriadeterminedbythe
NPPO,inalignmentwithnationalstrategicpillars,includingthefollowing(Montes,G.
2017):
• Compliancewithinternational(bilateralormultilateral)agreements;
• TheprovisionsofISPMs(pest-freeareas,eradicationormanagement
programs,etc.);
• Thelocalpresenceofemergingpests;
• Thepotentialriskofintroductionofabsentquarantinepestsoremergingpests
ataregionalorinternationallevel;
• Theneedforinformationtofacilitatetheaccessandmaintenanceofexport
marketsortheestablishmentofjustifiedimportrequirements;
• Therequirementtodetectthepresenceofbiologicalcontrolagents;
• NPPOresponsibilityforfoodsecurityandsovereignty;
• Thethreatofpeststhataffecthealthorproductionsoflocalimportance;
• EconomicimpactassessmentcomparedtothecostofimplementingSPhS.
Toolssuchaspestriskanalysis,bioecologicalmodelingandexpertjudgmentmaybe
importantinthedecision-makingprocess.
Inaddition,eachcountrycanusearatingsystem,basedonitsstrategicareas,to
contributetoprioritysetting.
Afailuretosetprioritiesmayresultin:
• Delaysinnewmarketaccess;
• Unnecessaryorunjustifiedimportrequirements;
• Delaysinpestdetection,whichmaycausesignificantanddevastatinglossesin
agriculturalandforestrycrops.
TheparameterstobeconsideredforNPPOimplementationofSPhSactionsshould
include:
• Technicalandeconomicfeasibilitytocarryoutthesurveillance,includingthe
pestprospectinganddiagnosismethod;
• Pestcategorization,descriptionofthesituationandcharacteristics;
• Strategicimportanceofthemain,secondaryandwildhosts,dependingonthe
valueofproduction,numberofproducers,numberofworkers,productionarea,
andvalueofexports;
• Plantproductsinvolvedinpestspread,dependingonwhethertheyarefood
productsorpropagationmaterial;
Section
4
20
• Historicaldataonpestintroductiononaworldwidebasis,dependingonits
presenceincountrieswithmoretradebasedonreportedstatistics;
• TemporaryfeasibilitytoconductSPhS.
Basedontheanalysiscarriedout,theprioritizationdocumentshouldbeprepared,
indicatingatleast(Montes,G.2017):
• Nameoftheprioritizedpest/crop/biologicalcontrolagent;
• Justification(selectioncriteriaandotherelementssuchasriskanalysis,
bioecologicalmodeling,ratingsystem,etc.,ifapplicable);
• Targetproduct,environmentorspecificlocation,asappropriate;
• (Generalandspecific)surveillanceactionstobedeveloped;
• Relatedstakeholders;
• Appropriatetime;
• Requiredresources;
• Implementationcost.
4.3.Phytosanitaryintelligence
Inordertoidentifywhichpestsorcropstomonitor,theNPPOshouldfollowan
informationanalysisapproachthatconsidersmultiplevariables(forexample,reporting
ofemergingpests,commercialandmovementofpeopleandproducts,climatechange,
etc.)bothatnationalandinternationallevel,withthesupportofgeographicinformation
systems,databasesandstatisticalanalysis,bioecologicalmodeling,inordertocarryout
"phytosanitaryintelligence"asanactiontostrengthentheprioritizationofpestsand
areasformonitoring,designandevaluationofsurveillancesystems.
4.4.Budgetforspecificphytosanitarysurveillance
Intheplanning,itisessentialtoprepareanAOPtoaccompanyeachassignedoperating
procedurepriortotheimplementationofSPhS.TheAOPshouldreflectthe
correspondingrequirementsforoperational,logistical,technologicalexpensesand
necessaryinputsfortheimplementationoftheactionsplannedintheSPhSprotocol.
Section
4
21
Itisessentialtoknowtherequiredresources,theirsuppliersandtheiravailabilityover
timesothattheallocationofavailableeconomicresourcesismaderationallyforthe
activitiesrequiredandaccordingtotheprioritiesidentified(Montes,G.2017).
Whenevaluatingtheseresources,thedescriptionofrequiredproductsandinputs,units
ofmeasurement,quantity,estimatedcosts,andtheappropriatetimewhenitshouldbe
available.
Operatingexpensesincludethestaffresources(salary,feesforthirdparties,national
internationalconsulting,andovertime,amongothers),training(workshops,internships,
courses),travelallowance,transportation(vehicle,fuel,toll),SPhSsupplies,investment
(GPS,notebook,magnifyingglass,laboratoryequipment,software,etc.).
Alongwiththisbudgeting,itisadvisabletolistthetechnicalcharacteristicsandtermsof
referencesofallthespecificsuppliesasrequiredinordertofacilitateprocurementand
contractingprocesses.
Section
22
Implementation and methodology ofspecific phytosanitary surveillance
InSPhSdesign,itisadvisabletoinclude:
5.1.Purpose
TherearemanypurposesforSPhS,including:
• Earlydetectionofabsentpestsinanarea;
• Compliancewithphytosanitaryrequirements/requestfrominterestedthirdcountriesto:
- Generateinformationforthelistofpestsofaplantproduct,whentheGeneralVigilancedoesnotprovidetherequiredinformation;
- Certificationprogramsforpest-freeand/orlow-prevalenceproductionareas/sites.
• Determinationofpest-freeorlow-prevalenceareas;
• Delimitationofpestincursions;
• Continuousorsemi-continuoussurveillanceto:
- Determinethepestpopulationcharacteristicsinanarea.
- Generateinformationonthepresentpest,itsdistributionand/orpopulationlevelsasaninputfortheimplementationofpestmanagementandcontrolprograms.
- Verifythesuccessofpestanderadicationcontrolcampaigns.
OtherpurposesmaybefoundforSPhS;theobjectiveofthesystemmayevenbeasetofmorethanoneofthoselistedabove.
Basedonthepurposesdescribed,thefollowingtypesofSPhSareidentified:
Earlydetection:
Theearlydetectionandrapidapplicationofphytosanitarymeasuresagainstthe
incursionofapestarefrequentlyoneofthe tothesuccessofan System.keys SPhS
Thedeterminationoftheimplementationofthistypeofsurveillancesystemismainly
focusedonthe riskofpestentryanditspotentialeconomicimpactonthecropshigh
and/ortheirmarketing,whichwouldbemuchhigherthanthecostofimplementingthe
SPhSsystem.
5Section
5
23
Requestfromthirdcountriesinvolved:
Thissystemisdevelopedtocomplywithphytosanitaryrequirementsestablishedby
interestedthirdcountries.Forthesuccessofthistypeofsystem,thesupportofthe
stakeholdersisessential,includingtheproductivesectorandtheNPPOsoforiginand
destinationoftheproduct.Externalstakeholdersmayneedonpeststatusinformationto
completeaPestRiskAnalysis(PRA)foraproduct.
Determinationofpest-freeorlow-prevalenceareas:
Thedecisiontodetermineapest-freeorlow-prevalenceareaisbasedonphytosanitary
requirementsfromthirdcountriesand/oronthehigheconomicimpactofapest,leading
totheprotectionoftheproducingareaswhereapesthasnotdetectedoritspopulation
levelislow.
Thedelimitationoftheseareasshouldberelatedtothebiologyofthetargetpest.This
willaffectthescaleatwhichitisfeasibletodefinethemandthetypesofbordersby
whichtheyshouldbedelimited.Inprinciple,areasshouldbedelimitedbasedonpest
presence.Inpractice,however,theyaregenerallydeterminedbyeasilyrecognizable
boundaries,whichconsiderthebiologicallimitsofapestinanacceptablemanner.These
couldbeadministrative(forexample,national,provincialorcommunityborders),
geographicalcharacteristics(rivers,seas,mountainranges,roads),orproperty
boundariesthatarecleartoallparties.
Delimitationofpestincursions:
TheresponsibilityoftheNPPOinthedetectionofanincursionnotonly involvespest
detection,diagnosisandconfirmation,butpestspreaddelimitationisalsoanimportant
partofthework.Althoughnotallpestincursionsareformallydeclaredasphytosanitary
emergencies,theycouldjustifytheirconsiderationintheestablishedpriorityactivity.
Forquarantinepestswitha riskofintroductionandeconomicimpact,itishigh
importanttopreparedelimitationproceduresinadvanceforarapidresponseand
identificationofthegeographicallimitsoftheincursion.
Continuousorsemi-continuousmonitoring:
Thismonitoringisimplementedaccordingtotheinformationneedsofthephytosanitary
managementprogramsimplementedbytheNPPO.Theresultsoftheimplementationof
the systemwillbetheinputsforthephytosanitarymanagementprogramsinorderSPhS
todetermine:theresultsoftheimplementedmanagementmeasures;therequirementto
implementcontrolmeasuresandtheirintensity;changesinthecharacteristicsofa
populationthatrequiresinterventionthroughtheapplicationofoneormore
managementmeasures.
Section
24
5.2.Scope
Thescopedescribestheextentoftheareatobecoveredbythesurveillance,bothgeographicallyandintermsof(allorpartsof)theproductionsystem(IPPC ,2016).6
Inthisregard,itisequallyessentialtoconsiderthedistributionofthehostinthecountryatthemostdetailedsub-nationalleveloratleastthereasonsfortheareadefinition.
Inordertodefinethetargetarea,predictionmodelsforbioclimaticriskfrompestoccurrencecanalsobeused.Thistypeofmodelingwillallowforidentificationofhighertolowerriskareas,delimitationofsurveillanceareaanddifferentiationofintensityaccordingtothesemodels.
5.3.Targetpestandhost
WhendefiningthepurposeandscopeofSPhS,itisessentialtosimultaneouslydefinethetargetpestandhost.
5.3.1Targetpest
ThetargetpestisthepestisexpectedtobecharacterizedbySPhSintheconcernedarea—itsrelationshipwiththehostmayormaynotbeconsidered.Thetargetpestwillbedefinedinthepestprioritization.
Thedefinedtargetpestshouldbedescribedwithcollatedinformationthatincludesthespeciesofinterest,theirbiologicalcycles,bioclimaticrequirements,andidentifiablecharacteristics.Itisadvisabletocontactexpertsororganizations,reviewpublicationsorpestdatabases,researchinstitutions,universities,scientificsocieties(includingamateurspecialists),producers,consultants,museums,thegeneralpublicandcontemporaryobservations,internationalsourcessuchasFAOorregionalplantprotectionorganizations(RPPOs),existingPRAreports,pestinterceptiondatabases,amongothers(McMaugh,T.2005).
Inaddition,itisnecessarytoidentifythelistofscientificandcommonnamesofpestsandtheirtargethosts,includingtheirsynonyms,aswellas,thevectorsinordertoconsiderthemintheactivity(McMaugh,T.2005).
Itisalsonecessarytomanageandconfirmthepestdiagnosisprotocol,specialistsandlaboratorieswithexperienceandcapacitytoidentifypests(McMaugh,T.2005).
5Section
5
25
Moreover,itisadvisabletohaveimageswithpestdiagnosticcharacteristics,communicationmaterial,areferencecollectionofaffectedhostsandpestsamples,susceptiblehostproducts,associatedphenologicalstage,descriptionofpreferredplacement(e.g.fruit,bark,leaves,roots),climateconditions,preferentialtimeoftheyear,andinformationaboutpestlifecycle(McMaugh,T.2005).
Thisinformationshouldbeusedtodevelopdescriptivesheetsaboutpestssummarizingdiagnosisdetailsforsurveillanceteamfieldactivitiesthataresimpleandeasytoread,whichmayincludecommonandscientificpestnames,hosts,symptoms,andrecognition,photographswiththetypicalcharacteristicsinseveralhosts,preferredhabitatandhostweeds,aswellaspartsfortheirrecognitioninflowers,leavesorbuds(McMaugh,T.2005).
5.3.2.Targethost
Incaseswherethegeneralphytosanitarysurveillancedoesnotprovidethenecessaryinformationforthepreparationofthelistofpeststhataffectahost,itwillbethepurposeofSPhSactions.
Thefollowinginformationshouldbeprovided:
•Commonandscientifichostname;
•Productivecycleandcharacteristics;
•Productioncharacteristicsofthetargethost,includingproductionsites, backyardgardens,publicspaces,storageanddistributionsites,amongothers.
5.4.Durationandappropriatetiming
ThedurationandtheappropriatetimingfortheimplementationofSPhSshouldbeindicatedinthesurveillanceprogramtakingintoaccountthefollowing:
•Thedurationwilldependontheestablishedpurpose.Startandenddatesshouldbedetermined.
•Fortargetpests,thechoiceoftheappropriatetimingshouldtakeintoconsiderationitsbiology,especiallythetimeinwhichthepestisinamostfeasiblestateofdetectionanddiagnosis,thepresenceofnaturaloranthropicvectors,datesofsowing,emergence,flowering,fruiting,harvestingofthehost,ortimeofevidentpestsymptoms(McMaugh,T.2005);
•Fortargethosts,theappropriatetimingshouldconsidertheirfullcycle.
Section
26
5.5.Siteselection
Theselectionofthesitemaybedeterminedby:reportsofpresenceanddistributionofthepest,theroutesofintroductionanddispersionofthepest,thebiologyofthepest,thefavorableclimaticconditionforthepest,thedistributionofhosts,controlprograms(incommercialornon-commercialsites),placestostoreproducts,geographicalbarriersandriskareas(IPPC ,2016).6
Regardingtheapproachtochoosesites,thereisnosinglemethodrecommendedfortheselectionofthesite.Itisessentialtodocumentthejustificationofthechoicesmade.ThefollowingconsiderationscanprovideindicationsontheselectionofsitesforSPhS:
•Dispersalpatternofthepest,assumingitspresenceinthetargetarea.Pestsmaypreferparticularaspectsofanarea,suchasthewatercourseorwinddirection.Ifitisassumedthatthepestisrandomlydispersed,thenasamplinginanypartofthefieldshouldhavethesamechancesofdetectingthepest(McMaugh,T.2005).
• Ifthepestispresent,apreliminarySPhSpilotactioncanbecarriedout,inadditiontotheconsultationswiththeproducersorfieldstaffonanypatternofpestdistribution(McMaugh,T.2005).
5.5.1.Siteselectionaccordingtothepurposeofspecific phytosanitarysurveillance
5.5.1.1Detectionsurvey
Thedetectionsurveillanceiscarriedouttodetermineifpestsarepresent.Itcanbedonewithindividualorintegratedactions,in:
•Selectedareas
Intheselectionofareas,itisimportanttoinclude:pestreports,thespreadcharacteristicsofthepest,meansoftransport,bioecologicalmodelingorhostdistribution.SPhSisintensifiedinareasofhigherrepresentationorriskandthenreducedwithrespecttodistance.
Thisselectionofareascouldbedoneinpolygonsrepresentingthemostdetailedgeopoliticallevel,gridsorradiosinwhichitidentifiesthehighestrisksites.
•Routesortracks
Throughthelocationofstrategicpointsoncommunicationroutesortracks,backyards,
urbanareas,wildlands,pointsofconsolidation,productionsites,bordersonwhichthe
inspections,collectionsorfrequenttrappingscanbeperformed.
5Section
5
27
Figure2.Referentialdiagramforoutbreakdelimitation(Source:SENASAArgentina,2013)
•Productionsitesorplantsinriskareas
Throughtheselectionofproductionsitesorplantslocatedinpotentialhighpestrisk
areas,whereinspectionsorfrequentcollectionsarecarriedout.
•Verificationofpestnotifications
Throughtheattentionofinformationcomingfromstakeholdersrelatedtothesystem
outsideandinsidetheNPPO,thisinformationshouldsaveresourcesfortheearly
detectionofpests.Thus,itisveryimportanttoinformaboutthecharacteristicsofthe
targetpestandthenotificationsprocedures.
5.5.1.2.Delimitationsurvey
Thedelimitationsurveillanceiscarriedouttodeterminethelimitsofanareaassumedto
bepestinfestedbyapestorpestfree.Itcanincludetheuseof:
•Concentriccircles
Afterapestorvectordetection,thedelimitationsurveillanceisperformed,usuallyin
concentricringsintheoppositedirectiontotheinitialoccurrence,onwhichpolygons
canbeestablishedtoselectsitesforinspection,samplingortrapping.
Section
28
5.5.1.3.Monitoringsurvey
Monitoringsurveyisanongoingactivitytoverifythecharacteristicsofapestpopulation
andmaybeimplementedinthefollowingplaces:
Intheplacesofproduction
Forthis,itisimportanttotakeintoconsideration:
•Theselectionofpestrepresentativesites,whereinspectionsorfrequent
samplingarecarriedout.
•Hostrepresentativenessintheselectedarea.
•Relationshipofthehostanditsvarietiesandthetargetpest.
•Sowingandharvestcalendar.
•Phenologyofthehosts,toselectthecriticalstagesforpestdetection.
•Representativelocationandaccessibilitytoplaces.
•Representativetechnologicallevel,selectedwithmediumtolowpreference,
becauseitiswhereyouwillfindmorediversityofpests.
•Representativesizeoftheplaceofproduction.
Inproducts
AccordingtoISPM6,thisactivitycanprovideimportantinformationforthelistofpests
ofproductsobtainedunderspecificculturalpractices.Theycanalsobeusedtoprepare
listsofpesthostswheregeneralsurveillanceinformationisneeded.Inaddition,ISPM6
indicatesthatsurveillancesitesmaybedeterminedby:
•Geographicaldistributionoftheproductionareasandtheirsize.
•Pestmanagementprograms(commercialandnon-commercialsites).
•Cultivarspresent.
•Pointsofconsolidationoftheharvestedcommodity.
Italsoindicatestherequirementfortheprocedurestakeintoconsiderationthe
phenologyofthecropandtheappropriatesamplingtechniquefortheproduct.
5Section
5
29
5.6.Statisticaldesign
IftheNPPOhasthepossibilityofcarryingoutastatisticaldesign,itsimplementationissuggested.
5.7.Surveillancemethodology
ThereareseveralmethodsavailableforSPhS,whichshouldbeselectedaccordingtothetypeofpest,effectiveness,technicalavailabilityandtimeliness,whichcouldbeusedindependentlyorinanintegratedfashion(IPPC5,2016).Thesemethodsinclude:
5.7.1.Prospecting
Itreferstothevisualexaminationofthehost,orpest,includingitsassociatedsignsorsymptoms.Itcanconsiderthesurveillanceinallthesitesinanareaorsomeofthem,whichcanbeselectedinarandom,stratified,systematicorselectivemanner.Prospectingmayincludesamplingcarriedoutthroughthecollectionofthehost,product,pestorsoilforidentificationandanalysis.Thetypesofsamplingthatcanbeperformedare:random,stratified,systematic,andselective.
•Random,inwhicheachunithasthesamechancesofbeingselected(IPPC5,2016).ISPM6indicatesthatitisimportanttoincludeitinordertodetectunexpectedevents.
• Stratified,whichimpliessplittingthepopulationintocategoriesbasedontheidentificationoffactorinvolvedinpestdistributionandconductarandomsamplingonthem(IPPC5,2016).
• Systematic,whichconsidersacertainpatternorregularinterval,suchasgridsortransectsintheformofX,W,Z,orcircular.Thismayinvolvethecollectionofsymptomaticornon-symptomaticplants(IPPC5,2016).
• Selective,whichimplieschoosingthesamplebasedonexperience-baseddifferences(IPPC5,2016).
5.7.2.Trapping
Throughtheuseofphysicalorchemicaltrapstocapturethetargetpest.Usedwhenthereistechnicalandeconomicavailabilityforitsuse.Itusuallyinvolvestheselectionoflocationsinarandom,stratified,systematic,orselectiveway.
Section
30
5.8.Collection,conditioningandsendingofsamples
TheprotocolsandtrainingforthecollectionandsubmissionofsamplesshouldbeclearlyprovidedtoSPhSspecialists,includingthedetailsaccordingtothetypeofsampleandthetargetpestofthesurveillance.
Inthesespecificationsitisimportanttoinclude:
•Thesamplingmethodologywithdetailsofthematerialand/orpesttobecollected,howtopickitandhowtoprepareit.
• Identificationofsamplesenablingtheirtraceability(dateofsampling,nameofthecollector,geo-referencingofthesamplingsite,nameofthehost,ifapplicable).
• Sampledeliveryconditions(refrigeration,maximumarrivaltimetothelaboratory,etc.).
5.9.Biosafetyandsanitation
WhendevelopingSPhSprotocols,NPPOsshouldincludeprocedurestoensurethatthespreadofpestsduringsurveillanceactivitiesisnotfacilitated(IPPC6,2016).Inthissense,theuseofdisposablematerialinclothing,glovesanddisposableshoecoversisrecommended,alongwiththeuseofsoapordisinfectantgelapprovedforthefieldstaffhandsanddisinfectantsfortools.
Forallsamples,itisnecessarytotakeappropriateprecautionstoavoidthespreadofpests.Withsomeexceptions,theshipmentofliveinsectsshouldbeavoided.
Fieldpersonnelshouldcomplywithexistingbiosecurityproceduresintheplaceswheresurveillanceiscarriedout(IPPC6,2016).
Itisimportanttoimplementgoodsurveillancepracticesthatincluderequestingpermissiontoenterproductionsites,communicatingtheobjectivesandmethodologytobeused,theappropriateorderandoperationalcleanliness,aswellasmakingthecorrectfinaldisposalofactivitywaste(forexamplepheromones,flasks,traps).
5Section
31
6Information
management system
6.1.Informationmanagement
InformationmanagementisessentialfortheSPhSsystemandincludes:
6.1.1.Collection,storageandtraceability
Itisimportantforsurveillancedatatobecompiledinauniformandconvergentwayregardingthefollowing:
• Unifiedcatalogofpestandhostspecies;
• Unifiedregistrationofsamplingsites;
• Codificationofdifferentiatedphytosanitaryactions.
Thus,datacanbeusedtofacilitateintegrationwithprocessinganddataanalysisITplatforms,thuscontributingtosupportthepeststatusin:anarea,apest-freeareaoralow-prevalencearea,phytosanitarycertification,pestriskanalysis,anddecisionmakingintheimplementationofphytosanitarymeasures.
SPhSactivityrecordsmaybesystematizedandshouldincludethefollowingfields:
• Identificationofplacesofproduction,facilitiesorproducers,where appropriate;
• Surveillanceactivity;
• Dateoftheactivity;
• Nameofthepersonresponsiblefortheactivity;
• Scientificnameofthehost,whereappropriate(IPPC ,2015);6
• Detailedsubnationallocalityandgeo-referencing(IPPC ,2015);6
• Informationoftheprospectingsite,includingthecharacteristicsandconditions ofthehost,area,management,etc.;
• Dateofcollectionandnameofthecollector,whereappropriate(IPPC ,2015);6
• Detailsofthesample;
• Scientificnameofthepestwhenitisfeasibletoidentifyitonthefield;
• Surveyand/oritssamplingcode.
Ifsamplesaresubmittedtothediagnosticlaboratory,thedeliveryshouldalsoinclude:
• Typeofprotocol;
• Delivery,receptionanddiagnosisdates;
• Techniqueused;
• Pestscientificname,familyandtaxonomyinformation(IPPC ,2015);nameof6
theanalyst(IPPC ,2015);6
Section
6
32
Inthecaseofdiagnosingthepresenceofquarantinepests,itisadvisabletocarryoutavalidationwithatleasttwodiagnostictechniquesintheNPPOorinanationalorinternationalreferenceinstitution.
TheinformationgeneratedinthedifferentphasesofSPhSshouldensuretraceabilityandbestoredpreferablyinsystematizeddatabasesthatmaybeavailableasrequired.Itshouldhaveasafebackuptoavoidlossofinformation.
6.1.2.Documentation
Appropriatedocumentationshouldensuretheuniformity,qualityandavailabilityoftheproceduresdevelopedandtheinformationcollectedacrossthenationalterritoryandovertime,anditsconsistencywiththedefinedsurveillancestrategy(Montes,G.2017).Formoreinformationonthismatter,seetheGuidefortheImplementationofGeneralPhytosanitarySurveillanceSystem.
6.2.Technologytoolsforinformationanalysis
Itisadvisabletohaveexpertswhohavethecapacitytoperformstatisticalandgeo-statisticalanalysisoftheobtaineddatafromSPhSprocesses,inordertogenerateinformationforthedecisionmakingand/orthesupportofactions.
Atpresent,therearenumeroustechnologytoolsfortheSPhSprocessthatfacilitatethemanagement,processing,analysis,andinterpretationofdata.Thesetoolsmayincludegeographicinformationsystems,remotesensing,andpestmodeling.
Section
33
7Communication
of outcomes
Surveillancestaffwillengageindifferentlevelsofcommunicationinregardtotheactorsinvolvedwithdifferentdecision-makinglevels,andastrategyofresultscommunicationtotheproductivestakeholdershouldbedeveloped.
Section
Supervision or audit
34
8Section
SurveillanceactivitiesdevelopedbytheNPPOorbyorganizationsauthorizedbythemshouldbemonitoredperiodicallyonthebasisofindicatorsdefinedintheactionplans,throughsupervisionorinternalauditsfollowingthechainofcommand(Montes,G.2017).
On-sitesupervisionhastheadvantageofassessingthequalityandquantityoftheactionscarriedout,incontrasttotheanalysisofremotedatathatassessescompliancewithproceduresintermsofquantityanddistributionoftheactionswhichallowstheevaluationofthequalityoftheactivity.
Inordertoverifythedegreeofinternalization,acceptance,positioning,andexternalimageofthesurveillancesystem,andtoidentifyitsactivitieswiththecollaboratorsandstakeholdersrelatedtothesystematthenationallevelandtoidentifydirectpossibleimprovements,theNPPOcanpromotethecreationofagroupforreviewandexchangeofresults,withthepurposeofcarryingoutaparticipatoryevaluation,inreferencetoNPPOfunctions,resourcesandpriorities.Moreover,internationalcommercialpartnerscanperformexternalauditstoverifythefunctioningofthesystemanditsreliability(IPPC52016&Montes,G.2017).
Interinstitutionalactivitiescanalsobeintegratedwithresearchers,representativesofnationalorregionalorganizations,representativesoftheprivatesector(commissionsoradhoctechnicalgroups,committees,advisorygroups,others),whoarepresentedwithSPhSresultsandactionswithformonitoringandproposingimprovementswithanintegratedvision.
ThisinformationiscomplementedwiththeprovisionsoftheGuidefortheImplementationofGeneralPhytosanitarySurveillanceSystem.
35
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IPPC6.2016.DraftrevisionofISPM6forNationalsurveillancesystems(2009-004).CurrentconsultationfordraftISPMs.AvailableonJanuary10,2016,at:https://www.ippc.int/en/core-activities/standards-setting/member-consultation-draft-ispms/#.
McMaugh,T.2005.GuidelinesforsurveillanceforplantpestsinAsiaandthePacific.ACIARMonographNo.119.Bruce,ACT.192pp.AvailableonJanuary10,2016,at:https://www.aciar.gov.au/node/8941
Montes,G.2017.GuíadeImplementacióndelSistemadeVigilanciaFitosanitariaGeneral.ProjectSTDF/PG/502.“COSAVE:Regionalstrengtheningoftheimplementationofphytosanitarymeasuresandaccesstomarkets”.
36
Bibliography
Internetresources
• IPPC:www.ippc.int
• COSAVE:www.cosave.org
• NPPOfromArgentina:http://www.senasa.gob.ar/
• NPPOfromBolivia:http://www.senasag.gob.bo/
• NPPOfromBrazil:http://www.agricultura.gov.br/
• NPPOfromChile:http://www.sag.cl/
• NPPOfromParaguay:http://www.senave.gov.py/
• NPPOfromPeru:http://www.senasa.gob.pe/
• NPPOfromUruguay:http://www.mgap.gub.uy/unidad-organizativa/direccion-
general-de-servicios-agricolas
Internationalstandards
• IPPC.-InternationalPlantProtectionConvention.
• ISPM5.-Glossaryofphytosanitaryterms.
• ISPM6.-Guidelinesforsurveillance.
• ISPM8.-Determinationofthesituationofapestinanarea.
• ISPM17.-Pestnotification.
• ISPM27.-Diagnosticprotocolsforregulatedpests.
• ISPM30.-Establishmentofareasoflowprevalenceofpestsforfruitflies
(Tephritidae).
37
Priority-setting methodologiesimplemented in the region
Appendix
PrioritizingmethodimplementedbytheDepartamentodeSanidadeVegetal(DSV)oftheMinistériodeAgricultura,PecuáriaeAbastecimento(MAPA)ofBrazil
TheDepartamentodeSanidadVegetal(DSV)oftheMinistériodeAgricultura,PecuáriaeAbastecimento(MAPA)withtheFederalAgriculturalResearchCorporationofBrazil(EMBRAPA)createdateamof20professionals,includinginspectorsandresearchers,inthemethodologyofthehierarchicalanalysisprocess(HAP),whichisrequiredincomplexandimportantdecisionmakingprocess.Themethodisusedtostructure,measureandsynthesizeinformationbasedontheactors'experienceandknowledgecriteria.TheHAPusescomparisonsbetweenelements,buildingmatricesfromthesecomparisonsandthusidentifyingpriorityvalues.
TheHAPallowedthegrouptodefineandclassifyfollowingaratingofimportancethefactors,takingintoconsiderationtherisksofentry,establishmentandthelevelofdamagecausedbyquarantinepestsinhostsofeconomicimportanceintheBrazilianregions.
Asaresultoftheworkshop,20priorityquarantinepestswerechosen,startingfrom500pestsfromtheListofQuarantinePestsnotPresentinBrazil,inordertotargetphytosanitarysurveillanceandresearchactions.
Someusefulreferencescanbereviewedin:
• Moreno-Jiménez,J.2002lProcesoAnalíticoJerárquico.Fundamentos,MetodologíayAplicaciones.InCaballero,R.andFernández,G.M.Tomadedecisionesconcriteriosmúltiples.RECT@SerieMonografíasnº1,21-53.AvailableonJuly17,2018,at:https://app.cloudstorage.es/share.php?enlace=5uPzx8NAPaz736aRkmpg%2FF04Yo0qGDDA9R4K4guzxx5QgZzhun6fYHBrNTaGmCCjk5q2OyY%3D
• CooperativeAgriculturalPestSurvey(2017).PestAssessmentandPrioritizationProcess.EE.UU.Disponibleel17dejuliode2018
https://caps.ceris.purdue.edu/pest-lists
38
PrioritizingmethodimplementedbytheServicioAgrícolaGanaderoofChile
TheServicioAgrícolaGanaderoofChileimplementedthe“Approachfortheassessmentofagriculturalandforestabsentquarantinepests”,withthepurposeofratingtheprioritiesforthesurveillanceofabsentquarantineorabsentexoticagriculturalorforestpests.ThisisapplicabletopestsnotpresentinChile,includingabsentquarantinepests;absentexoticpests;interceptedpests;incursions;emergingpests;recentlydetectedpestsinneighboringcountries;quarantineorexoticpestsassociatedwithnewhostsorspreadtracks;quarantineorexoticpestspotentiallyassociatedwiththeexportation.
Itprovidesdefinitionsandguidancethatfacilitatetheunderstandingandtheapplicationofthe“Approachfortheassessmentofagriculturalandforestabsentquarantinepests”sothattheresultsareconsistentfortheidentificationofprioritiesforthepossibleimplementationofPhytosanitarySurveillancePrograms.
Itincludesthefollowingassessmentfactors:
Entrycomponent
(1)Importation:Fortheassessmentofthecharacteristicsoffrequencyandvolumeofimportedplantproductsasafactorofgreaterriskfortheentryofpests,theavailablestatisticsoftheproductassessedshouldbeconsidered.
(2)Meansoftransport:Anytypeofmeansoftransport,cargoorpassengers,air,landorsea.Itdoesnotapplytophytopathogenicagents,sothevaluetobeassignedis"0",unlessithasbeeninterceptedasacontaminant.
Establishmentandspreadcomponent
(3)Incursions:Iftherearepestincursions,thatis,pestpresencehasbeendetectedinthenationalterritorybuthasnotbeenestablished,itshouldincludethedateoftheincursion(s),places,characteristics,appliedphytosanitarymeasures,etc.
(4)Climaticzones:AccordingtotheKöppenclimateclassification.ThissystemcreatedbyWladimirKöppenisbasedontwoclimaticelements,airtemperatureandamountofavailablewater,inrelationtothephytogeographiccharacteristics.
Appendix
39
(5)Reproductionrate:Thereproductionlevelsofthepestshouldbeassessedandratedagainstsimilarpests.
(6)Formofreproduction:Incaseofparthenogenesis,theanswercriteriashouldbeyes.
(7)Spreaddistance:Itshouldbedefinedinreferencetothepest,inrelationtothetypeanditsnaturalmobilitywithouthumanaction.
(8)Eradicationofthepest:Ifthepesthasbeeneradicatedfromthenationalterritory,thedateoferadication,places,characteristics,appliedphytosanitarymeasures,etc.shouldbeindicatedanddescribed.
Economicandenvironmentalimpactcomponent
(9)Areaandproducers:Thearearangesofthehostspeciesorproducersshouldbeconsideredsignificantorhigh,ifapplicable,dependingontheassessedagriculturalcroporforestspeciesandtheimportanceassignedbytheassessorbasedonobjectiveinformation.
(10)Environmentaleffect:pesticideuseandresistanceshouldbeconsidered
(11)Generalandspecificsurveillance:peststhatrequirespecificsurveillanceshouldberatedhigher.
Finalresultoftheassessment
Thefinalresultoftheassessmentistheratedrisklevelforpestentry,establishmentandspreadandforeconomicorenvironmentalimpactanddamage.
Appendix
40
Thematrixisshownbelow:
Nameofthepest:
2.1HOST
30%
50%
1.3.ENTRYPRESSURE 40%
Thepestisdifficulttointercept,regardlessofitsentrypathway.
Thepesthasbeeninterceptedinmeansoftransport.(2)
Thepestcanentertheterritoryonitsown.
Theplagueisavectororcanenterwithavector.
RISKCOMPONENT
CRITERIAOFCONSIDERATION(Sub-component)Answer
(Yes/No)Score
Justificationandobservations
1.ENTRY
1.1.ENTRYPATHWAY
25%
40%
Plantproductscapableofcarryingthepestareimportedfrequentlyoringreatvolumes.(1)
1.2.DISTRIBUTIONANDSPREADOFTHEPEST 20%
Theplagueispresentinareaswithsimilarclimaticconditionstoours.
ThepestispresentinacountrythatbordersChile.
Thepesthasspreadbetweencountriesinthelastfiveyears.
Thepesthasspreadbetweencontinentsinthelastfiveyears.
Thepesthasbeeninterceptedinproducts,materialsorgoodsofplantoriginthatareimportedorintroducedintothecountry,inmeansoftransports(includinggeneralcargo),passengersortheirluggage.
Thepestoritsvectorhasbeenintercepted,inaviablestate,inthelastfiveyears.
Thepestoritsvectorhasbeenintercepted,inaviablestate,morethanfivetimesinthelasttwoyears.
Therehavebeenpestorvectorincursionsinthelastfiveyears.(3)
Therehasbeenmorethanonepestorvectorincursionsinayear,duringthesameperiod.(3)
2.ESTABLISHMENTANDSPREAD
Thepestaffectsmorethanafamilyofplantspecies.
Theintendeduseoftheplantmaterialforimportisthespread.
Thepestmayestablishinmorethantwoclimaticregions,wherehostspeciesarepresent.(4)
Appendix
41
3.5.IMPACTONTHEENVIRONMENT 12.5%
3.3.IMPACTONAGRICULTURALANDFORESTEXPORTS 25%
2.2.PESTBIOLOGYANDLIFECICLE 50%
Thepesthasdevelopedresistancethatfacilitatesitsestablishment.
Thepesthasmorethananannuallifecycleorhasahighrateofreproduction.(5)
Thepesthasmorethanoneformofreproductionorinfectionstatus.(6)
Thepestcantravelgreatdistancesonitsownornaturally.(7)
Thepestcompletesitslifecycleinmorethanahostspeciesorgroupofspecies.
3.1.POTENTIALPESTDAMAGE
40%
25%
3.ECONOMICANDENVIRONMENTALIMPACT
Thepestaffectsorhasthepotentialtoaffectstrategiccrops.
Thepestkillsorseriouslyaffectsthehostplant.
ThepesthasbeeneradicatedfromChile.(8)
3.2.IMPORTANCEOFTHEHOST(S)INTHECOUNTRY 25%
Thehost(s)cover(s)asignificantareainthecountry,it/theyhas/haveproductionpotential,ortherearemanyproducersofhostspecies.(9)
ItisaquarantinepestindestinationcountriesforChileanhostexports.
ThepestisunderofficialcontrolinadestinationcountryforChileanexports.
Destinationcountriesrequirepest-specificphytosanitarymeasures.
3.4.IMPACTONAGRICULTURALANDFORESTPRODUCTION
12.5%
Directdamagehasbeenfoundinplantspeciesorproducts,representingover10%inothercountries.
Ithaspotentialnegativeimpactonproductionandlabor.
Thepestaffectsnatural,conservationorprotectionenvironments(woodedurban,erosioncontrol,parks,soilbioremediation,etc.).(10)
4.SURVEILLANCE
5%
Generalsurveillancesystemsareinsufficientforearlypestdetectioninthenationalterritory.(11)
100%FINALPESTRATING
RISKCOMPONENT
CRITERIAOFCONSIDERATION(Sub-component)Answer
(Yes/No)Score
Justificationandobservations
Appendix
ArrozBlanco
Maız
Trigo
ArrozCascara
Cıtricos
Naranja
Papa
Uva
Sandıa
Cebolla
Limon
Manzana
Tomate
Camote
Durazno
Palta,Aguacate
Pera
10579215
4836655
3492735
243200
134481
46062
46323
226388
9131
24344
47582
33508
15975
22937
25745
579
26995
Argentina
1543979
469708
228123
183172
46646
24955
196188
4565
1265
9310
3211
560
5434
1375
6342
933
406
Bolivia Brasil Chile Paraguay Perú Uruguay
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
Nº
21851934
15432909
2834945
2340878
778003
680324
132058
78765
94375
59190
43399
37041
64363
39705
18206
9450
1473
567641
117418
254857
22398
17673
7452
48965
198028
2746
6766
5993
37207
13459
1315
18137
31727
7299
1505000
800000
560000
120000
11150
7700
240
348
23587
5351
450
83
1330
5200
194
2569
33
1246878
484047
140737
381368
66079
28057
318380
23588
3230
18206
20455
9661
6004
16108
5542
30320
481
889500
131100
399000
167400
15340
7844
4041
7512
650
1206
1352
2758
508
8100
1604
763
Cultivos
42
Appendix
Fortheratingoftheproposedpests,usingthemethodologydevelopedbytheServicioAgrícolaGanaderofromChile,thecomponentsinvolvedwereratedwiththerequiredbibliographicjustification.Thesearesummarizedinthefollowingtable
Table1.
Prioritizationmethodologyforcropsandpestsfortheseguidelines
AsindicatedatthebeginningofthisGuide,twopestsaredefinedascasestudiesfortheapplicationofthisdocument.
ThefollowingtablewasdevelopedbasedonFAOagriculturallandstatisticstoidentifycommoncropsintheregion:
Areaofthemaincropsincosavecountries
Fuente:FAO,disponible(enabril2018):http://www.fao.org/faostat/en/#data/QC
43
ENTRY
ECONOMICIMPACT
REQUIREDSURVEILLANCE
VALORACIÓNFINAL
ESTABLISHMENT
Bactrocera
dorsalis
Thaumatotibia
leucotreta
Aphisglycines
Mycosp
haerella
fijien
sis
Spiroplasm
a
citri
Hopstunt
viroid
Parlatoria
ziziphi
Lymantria
dispar
X.oryza
epv.
oryza
e
X.oryza
epv.
oryzicola
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
2.2
1.55
1.4
2.15
1.55
1.55
1.8
2.6
1.65
1.05
1.875 1.5 1.125 1.25 1 1 1.25 2.125 1.5 1.125
2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5 1.5 3 2 1
2.6 0.6 0.6 3.4 1.4 1.4 3.2 3.2 1.6 1
COMPONENT
ThecomparativeanalysisincludedMycosphaerellafijiensis(blacksigatoka),Aphisglycines(soybeanaphid)
andLymantriadispar(forestpest)asreferencesalthoughtheyarerelatedtonotpreviouslyprioritized
crops.Thegraphoftheresultsisthefollowing:
Graph1.ProposedpestratingforthecasestudiesintheseGuidelines
109876543210
Bactroderadorsalis
Thaumatotibialeucotreta
Aphisglycines
Mycosphaerellafijiensis
Spiroplasmacitri
Hopstuntviroid
Parlatoriaziziphi
Lymantriadispar
X.oryzaepv.oryzae
X.oryzaepv.oryzicola
Entry Establishment RequiredsurveillanceEconomicimpact
Appendix
PreparedforSTDF/PG/502COSAVEProject
Table2.PestratingtableproposedintheForum
PreparedforSTDF/PG/502COSAVEProject
GUIDELINESFOR THE
IMPLEMENTATIONOF THE SPECIFICPHYTOSANITARY
SURVEILLANCE SYSTEM
Recommended