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GreenSeeker Sensor
Brian Arnall
Precision Nutrient ManagementPlant and Soil Sciences Department
Oklahoma State University
Sensor Based Technologies
• Implemented By OSU– Green-Seeker Sensor
– N-Rich Strip
– Ramp Strip
– VRT
Progress timelineProgress timeline• 1991: Developed optical sensors and sprayer control systems to detect bindweed in fallow fields and to spot spray the
weed • 1993: Sensor used to measure total N uptake in wheat and to variably apply N fertilizer.• 1994: Predicted forage biomass and total forage N uptake using NDVI (Feekes 5).• 1994: First application of N fertilizer based on sensor readings. N rate was reduced with no decrease in grain yield.• 1996: Worlds first optical sensing variable N rate applicator developed at OSU • 1997: OSU optical sensor simultaneously measures incident and reflected light at two wavelengths, (670 ±6 nm and 780 ±6
nm) and incident light is cosine corrected enabling the use of calibrated reflectance. • 1997: Variable rate technology used to sense and treat every 4 square • 1998: Yields increased by treating spatial variability and OSU’s In-Season-Estimated-Yield (INSEY)• 1998: INSEY refined to account for temporal variability • 1999: Found that adjacent 4 square foot areas will not always have the same yield potential • 1999: Entered into discussions with John Mayfield concerning the potential commercialization of a sensor-based N• 2000: N fertilizer rate needed to maximize yields varied widely over years and was unpredictable; developed RI• 2001: NDVI readings used for plant selection of triticales in Mexico.• 2001: NFOA algorithm field tested in 2001, demonstrating that grain yields could be increased at lower N rates when N
fertilizers were applied to each 4 square feet (using INSEY and RI)• 2002: Ideal growth stage in corn identified for in-season N applications in corn via daily NDVI sampling in Mexico as V8.• 2003: CV from NDVI readings collected in corn and wheat were first used within NFOA’s developed at OSU.• 2003: When site CV’s were greater than 18, recovery of maximum yield from mid-season fertilizer N applications was not
possible in wheat• 2004: Calibration stamp technology jointly developed and extended within the farming community• 2004: OSU-NFOA’s (wheat and corn) used in Argentina, and extended in China and India. • 2005: USAID Grant allowed GreenSeeker Sensors to be delivered in China, India, Turkey, Mexico, Argentina, Pakistan,
Uzbekistan, and Australia.• 2006: Delivery of 586 RAMPS and 1500 N Rich Strips (using RCS and SBNRC approaches respectively) in farmer fields
across Oklahoma resulted in an estimated service area exceeding 200,000 acres and increased farmer revenue exceeding $2,000,000.
19931993
Sensor readings at ongoing bermudagrass, N rate * N timing experiments with the Noble Foundation in Ardmore, OK. Initial results were promising enough to continue this work in wheat.
Dr. Marvin Stone adjusts the fiber optics in a portable spectrometer used in early bermudagrass N rate studies with the Noble Foundation, 1994.
New ‘reflectance’ sensor developed.
Samples were collected from every 1 square foot. These experiments helped to show that each 4ft2 in agricultural fields need to be treated as separate farms.
19951995
Extensive field experiments looking at changes in sensor readings with changing, growth stage, variety, row spacing, and N rates were conducted.
www.dasnr.okstate.edu/nitrogen_use
In 1997, our precision sensing team put together two web sites to communicate TEAM-VRT results. Since that time, over 20,000 visitors have been to our sites. (www.dasnr.okstate.edu/precision_ag)
19971997
00
10001000
20002000
30003000
40004000
50005000
60006000
0.010.01 0.020.02 0.030.03 0.040.04 0.050.05 0.060.06 0.070.07
NDVI F4+NDVI F5/days from F4 to F5NDVI F4+NDVI F5/days from F4 to F5
Gra
in Y
ield
Gra
in Y
ield
Perkins, N*PPerkins, N*P
Perkins, S*NPerkins, S*N
Tipton, S*NTipton, S*N
y = 1E+06x2 - 12974x + 951.24R2 = 0.89y = 1E+06x2 - 12974x + 951.24R2 = 0.89
00
10001000
20002000
30003000
40004000
50005000
60006000
0.010.01 0.020.02 0.030.03 0.040.04 0.050.05 0.060.06 0.070.07
NDVI F4+NDVI F5/days from F4 to F5NDVI F4+NDVI F5/days from F4 to F5
Gra
in Y
ield
Gra
in Y
ield
Perkins, N*PPerkins, N*P
Perkins, S*NPerkins, S*N
Tipton, S*NTipton, S*N
y = 1E+06x2 - 12974x + 951.24R2 = 0.89y = 1E+06x2 - 12974x + 951.24R2 = 0.89
The first attempt to combine sensor readings over sites into a single equation for yield prediction A modification of this index would later become known as INSEY (in-season estimated yield), but was first called F45D.
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
0 0.001 0.002 0.003 0.004 0.005 0.006 0.007 0.008
INSEY (NDVI Feekes 4-6/days from planting to Feekes 4-6)
Gra
in Y
ield
, M
g h
a
-1
N*P Perkins, 1998
S*N Perkins, 1998
S*N Tipton, 1998
N*P Perkins, 1999
Experiment 222, 1999
Experiment 301, 1999
Efaw AA, 1999
Experiment 801, 1999
Experiment 502, 1999
N*P Perkins, 2000
Experiment 222, 2000
Experiment 301, 2000
Efaw AA, 2000
Experiment 801, 2000
Experiment 502, 2000
Hennessey, AA, 2000
VIRGINIA (7 Loc's)
Cooperative research program with CIMMYT. Kyle Freeman and Paul Hodgen have each spent 4 months in Ciudad Obregon, MX, working with CIMMYT on the applications of sensors for plant breeding and nutrient management.
19981998
Cooperative Research Program with Virginia Tech
0
0.5
1
1.5
2
2.5
3
0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3
y = 1.06x + 0.18
R2 = 0.56
RI HarvestRI Harvest
RI NDVIRI NDVI
Predicted potential response to applied N using sensor measurements collected in-season. Approach allowed us to predict the magnitude of response to topdress fertilizer, and in time to adjust topdress N based on a projected ‘responsiveness.’
20002000
Fertilized N required to maximize yield (Lahoma, OK).
y = 0.65x + 27 (CV = 62)
0
10
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30
40
50
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80
90
19
71
19
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19
76
19
78
19
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19
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20
00
Year
Fe
rtili
zer-
N (
lb/a
cre
)Discovered that the N fertilizer rate needed to maximize yields varied widely over years and was unpredictable in several long-term experiments. This led to his development of the RESPONSE INDEX.
Feekes 10
y = 0.0438e6.2862x
R2 = 0.75
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
0.3 0.5 0.7 0.9Red NDVI
Bio
ma
ss
(M
g/h
a)
20012001
Feekes 10
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
0 2 4 6 8Visual Score
Bio
mas
s (M
g/h
a)
N Fertilizer Optimization Algorithm (NFOA):
1. Predict potential grain yield or YP0 (grain yield achievable with no additional N fertilization) from the grain yield-INSEY equation, where;
INSEY = NDVI (Feekes 4 to 6)/days from planting to sensing (days with GDD>0)
YP0 = 0.74076 + 0.10210 e 577.66(INSEY)
2. Predict the magnitude of response to N fertilization (In-Season-Response-Index, or RINDVI). RINDVI, computed as; NDVI from Feekes 4 to Feekes 6 in non-N-limiting fertilized plots divided by NDVI Feekes 4 to Feekes 6 in the farmer check plots (common fertilization practice employed by the farmer). The non-N limiting (preplant fertilized) strip will be established in the center of each farmer field.
3. Determine the predicted yield that can be attained with added N (YPN) fertilization based both on the in-season response index (RINDVI) and the potential yield achievable with no added N fertilization, computed as follows:
YPN = (YP0)/ (1/RINDVI) = YP0 * RINDVI
4. Predict %N in the grain (PNG) based on YPN (includes adjusted yield level)
PNG = -0.1918YPN + 2.7836
5. Calculate grain N uptake (predicted %N in the grain multiplied times YPN)
GNUP = PNG*(YPN/1000)
6. Calculate forage N uptake from NDVI FNUP = 14.76 + 0.7758 e 5.468NDVI
7. Determine in-season topdress fertilizer N requirement (FNR)= (Predicted Grain N Uptake - Predicted Forage N Uptake)/0.70
FNR = (GNUP – FNUP)/0.70
Engineering, plant, and, soil scientists at OSU release applicator capable of treating every 4 square feet at 20 mph
Work with wheat and triticale plant breeders at CIMMYT, demonstrated that NDVI readings could be used for plant selection
Handheld Unit – •Temporal Variability•In season environmental
conditions
Plant Reflectance
Wavelength (nm)
Ref
lect
ance
(%
)R
efle
ctan
ce
(%)
0.25
0.5VisibleVisible Near InfraredNear Infrared
450 550 650 750 850 950 1050500 600 700 1000900800
0.00
PhotosyntheticPotential
Measure of living plant cell’s ability to reflect infrared light
Indicator of Available Chlorophyl
Spectral Response to Nitrogen
5 5 0 6 5 04 5 0
0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
0.7
0.8
0.9
1
400 500 600 700 800
Wavelength, nm
Ref
lect
ance
0 Nitrogen
100 lb Nitrogen/ac
Winter Wheat at Feekes 5 in potted soil
Measure of living plant cell’s ability to reflect infrared light
Photosynthetic Potential
5 5 0 6 5 04 5 0
0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
0.7
0.8
0.9
1
400 500 600 700 800
Wavelength, nm
Ref
lect
ance
0 Nitrogen
100 lb Nitrogen/ac
Winter Wheat at Feekes 5 in potted soil
Measure of living plant cell’s ability to reflect infrared light
Photosynthetic Potential
Normalized Difference Normalized Difference Vegetative Index - Vegetative Index - NDVINDVI
• Calculated from the Calculated from the red and near-infrared red and near-infrared bandsbands
• Measures BiomassMeasures Biomass• Correlated with:Correlated with:
– Plant biomassPlant biomass– Crop yieldCrop yield– Plant nitrogenPlant nitrogen– Plant chlorophyllPlant chlorophyll– Water stressWater stress– Plant diseasesPlant diseases– Insect damageInsect damage
GreenSeekerGreenSeeker®® Sensor Sensor FunctionFunction
Emits Red & InfraRed Emits Red & InfraRed WavelengthsWavelengths
Outputs NDVIOutputs NDVI—— indicates Biomass and indicates Biomass and Plant VigorPlant Vigor
Day or Night UseDay or Night Use
No Effect from CloudsNo Effect from Clouds
Emits Red & InfraRed Emits Red & InfraRed WavelengthsWavelengths
Outputs NDVIOutputs NDVI—— indicates Biomass and indicates Biomass and Plant VigorPlant Vigor
Day or Night UseDay or Night Use
No Effect from CloudsNo Effect from Clouds
GreenSeekerTM Sensor Light Detection and Filtering
Detection ofReflected
NIR and RED+Sun
Target
NIR and REDModulated
Illumination
Direction
Sensor Function
Lightgeneration
Light signal
Lightdetection
Valve settings
Calculate NDVILookup valve settingApply valve settingSend data to UI
“Sensor”
Valves and
Nozzles
Exp. 502, 1971-2007
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100
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Gra
in y
ield
, b
u/a
c
0 lbs N/ac
100 lbs N/ac
1
2
3
4
19
71
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76
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00
20
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04
20
06
Res
po
nse
to
Nit
rog
en
Pop-up out 10%In-field grounder 9%
In-field single 25%In-field out 15%
In field double-triple 12%Pop fly-out 25%
Home Run 4%
Lahoma, OK, Winter Wheat
Optimum N Rate (assuming 40 lbs N/ac preplant) Average YieldAvg. 60 N/ac 42.8 bu/ac +/- 12.7Avg. Loss = $27.5/acre (N at $0.70/lb)
Exp. 502, 1971-2007N rate = (N uptake 100 lb/ac - N uptake 40 lb/ac)/0.5
Extension
Obstacles to Adoption
• Risk
• Initial Investment
• Producer Charateristics
• Communication
Risk
• Perception of risk inhibits adoption. (Feder et al., 1985)
• Agriculture is inherently filled with risk.• Winter Wheat slim profit margin.
Money
• Initial cost– Sensor– Applicator
The Producer
• The average age of the producers.• The legacy.• Soil sampling being adopted.
QUESTIONS
For More Informationwww.nue.okstate.eduwww.nue.okstate.edu
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