Grammar book

Grammar BookChabela Dover

3rd period

Tabla de Materias

• Preterite- Slide 4

– Trigger WordsSlide 5

– -car,-gar-zar

Slide 6– Spock

Slide 7– Snake

Slide 8– Snakey

Slide 9– Cucaracha

Slide 10 • Imperfect

Slide 11– Trigger Words

Slide 12– Irregulars

Slide 13• Preterite vs Imperfect

Slide 14• Ser vs Estar

Slide 15• Verbs like Gustar

Slide 16• Comparatives and Superlatives

Slide 17– TriggerWords

Slide 18• Future

Slide 19

– Trigger Words

Slide 20– Irregulars

Slide 21• Por

Slide 22• Para

Slide 23• Demonstrative Adjectives

Slide 24• Demonstrative Pronouns

Slide 25• Table of Contents Semester 2

Slide 26• Conditional

Slide 27• Irregulars

Slide 28• Perfect tense

Slide 29• Present Perfect

Slide 30• Present Perfect Irregulars

Slide 31

• Past Perfect

Slide 32• Subjunctive Perfect

Slide 33• Tanto y tan

Slide 34• Impersonal “se”

Slide 35• Saber vs conocer

Slide 36• Los mandatos

Slide 37• Informal affirmative

Slide 38• Informal negative

Slide 39• Informal irregulars

Slide 40• DOP/IOP placement

Slide 41• Formal affirmative

Slide 42• Formal negative

Slide 43

• Formal irregulars

Slide 44• DOP/IOP placement

Slide 45• Nosotros affirmative

Slide 46• Nosotros Negative

Slide 47• Mono verbs

Slide 48• Subjunctive

Slide 49• Irregulars

Slide 50• Tirgger phrases

Slide 51• Impersonal Expressions

Slide 52

• Expressions of emotions Slide

53• Conjunctions of time

Slide 54• Demonstrative Adjectives

Slide 55

• Demonstrative Pronouns Slide

56

Preterite Preterite

Completed action

occured in fixed time

actions performed a specific number of times

used for actions that are chained

used for sudden changes of moods, feelings, or opinions.

-Er/Ir verbs

-Ar verbs

yo-é tú-aste él, ella, ud.- ó

nosotros-amos uds- aron

yo-í tú-iste él, ella, ud.- ió

nosotros-imos uds- ieron

Preterite Trigger Words

Ayer-yesterday

Anoche- last night

Después- Afterwards

Anteayer- the day before yesterday

La semana pasada- last

week

El mes pasado- last

month

El año pasado- last year

El fin de semana

pasado- last weekend

-qué

-aste

-ó

-amos

-aron

Car

-gué

-aste

-ó

-amos

aron

cé aste ó amos aron

Gar

Zar

“Spock”

Ir/Ser•Fui•Fuiste•Fue •Fuimos•Fueron

Dar/Ver•D/Vi•D/Viste•D/Vio•D/Vimos•D/Vieron

Hacer•Hice•Hicisite•Hizo•Hicimos•Hicieron

“Snake”

Dormí Dormiste Durmío

Dormimos Durmieron

“Snakey”Leí Leíste

LEYO Leímos LEYERON

Creí Creíste CREYO

Creímos CREYERON

Cucaracha Verbs Andar

• Anduv-

Estar

• Estuv-

Poder

• Pud-

Poner

•Pus-

Querer

•Quis-

Saber

•Sup-

Tener

•Tuv-

Vener

•Vin-

Conducir•Conduj-

Producir•Produj-

Traducir•Traduj-

Decir •Dij-

Traer•Traj-

é imos

iste

ieronó

é imosiste eronó

Imperfect

Uncompleted action

no definite beginning or end

descriptive tense- Who, What, When, Where

-Ar verbs

yo- aba tú-abas

él, ella, ud.- aba

nosotros-ábamos

uds- aban

-Er/Ir verbs

yo- ía tú-ías

él, ella, ud.- ía

nosotros-íamos

uds- ían

Imperfect Trigger Words

Nunca- never

A veces- sometime

s

Todo el tiempo- all the time

Todos los dios-

everyday

Cada mes- every

month

Simpre- always

Muchas veces-

many times

A muendo- often

Frecuentemente-

frequently

Preterite vs Imperfect

Ir• Iba•Ibas•Iba• Ibamos• Iban

Ser

•Era •Eras•Era•Eramos•Eran

Ver

•Veía•Veías•Veía•Veíamos•Veíran

Irregulars

Ser vs Estar

Ser

Descriptions

Origin

Characteristics

Time

OccupationRelationships

Possessions

Events

Dates

Estar

Health

Emotion

LocationPresent Condition

ING- iendo/ando

Verbs like Gustar• When gustar is

followed by one or more verbs in the infinitve, take singular form.

• Gustar is often used in conditional (would, should, could) to soften a request

ía ías ía Íamos ían

Examples

Encantar Faltar Fascinar Importar Interesar Molestar Doler disgustar

Conditional

Comparatives

Más adjective que

Menos adjective que

el menos adjective de

El/la más adjective de

y

Superlatives

Mejor

Bueno

Peor

Malo

MayorViejo MenorJoven

Transition Words

•Even though

Aunque

•While

Mientras

•But

Pero

•Therefore

Por la tanto

•Nevertheless

Sin embargo/ no obstante

•Also

También

•In spite of

A pasar de

El Futuro• I/You/He, She,

They/We/You all- WILL

• Infinitive + ending (endings are the same for -ar, -er, -ir verbs

é emos

ás án

á

Trigger Words

La semana Proxima Mañana Pasado

mañanaPasado semana Año Pasado

año

Caber Cabr To fit into

Decir Dir To tell

Haber Habr To have

Hacer Har To do or make

Poder Podr To be able to

Poner Pondr To place

Querer Querr To want

Saber Sabr To know facts

Salir Saldr To arrive

Tener Tendr To have

Valer Valdr To be worth

Venir Vendr To come

IRREGULARS

Por

• Passing through- PORtal• General rather tan specific location- PORtugal• How long something lasts- PORever• The cause of something- PORpuse • An exchange- imPORt/exPORt• Doing something in place of or instead of

someone else- Im por, pay for me• A means of transportation- trasnPORtation

Para• For whom something is done- surprise PARAty • Destination- PARAguay• The purpose for which something is done-

PARAsite• To express an opinion- PARAdon me, but…• To contrast or compare– Para meastra, no sabe mucho de las matematicas.

• To express idea of deadline- PARAmedic

Demonstrative Adjectives • Typically placed

before the nouns that they modify.

• Must agree in number and gender

Masculine Singular

Este (this)

Ese (that)Aquel (that over there) Masculine

Plural

Estos (these)

Esos (those)Aquellos (those over there)

Feminine Singular

Esta (this)

Esa (that)Aquella (that over there)

Feminine Plural

Estas (these)

Esas (those)Aquellas (those over there)

Demonstrative Pronouns

Masculine Singular

éste (this)

ése (that)Aquél (that over there) Masculine

Plural

éstos (these)

ésos (those)Aquéllos (those over there)

Feminine Singular

ésta (this)

ésa (that)Aquélla (that over there)

Feminine Plural

éstas (these)

ésas (those)Aquéllas (those over there)

Same as demonstrative adjectives except demonstrative pronouns have an accent over the first –e.

• Conditional Slide 27• Irregulars Slide 28• Perfect tense Slide 29• Present Perfect Slide 30• Present Perfect Irregulars Slide 31

• Past Perfect Slide 32• Subjunctive Perfect Slide 33

• Tanto y tan Slide 34• Impersonal “se” Slide 35• Saber vs conocer Slide 36• Los mandatos Slide 37

• Informal affirmative Slide 38• Informal negative Slide 39• Informal irregulars Slide 40• DOP/IOP placement Slide 41• Formal affirmative Slide 42• Formal negative Slide 43• Formal irregulars Slide 44• DOP/IOP placement Slide 45

• Nosotros affirmative Slide 46• Nosotros Negative Slide 47

• Mono verbs Slide 48• Subjunctive Slide 49

• Irregulars Slide 50• Tirgger phrases Slide 51

• Impersonal Expressions Slide 52• Expressions of emotions Slide 53• Conjunctions of time Slide 54• Demonstrative Adjectives Slide 55• Demonstrative Pronouns Slide 56

Conditional

Would/Should/Could

Infinitive +

• ía íamos• ías íais • ía ían

Conditional irregulars

• Same as futuro

Caber Cabr To fit into

Decir Dir To tell

Haber Habr To have

Hacer Har To do or make

Poder Podr To be able to

Poner Pondr To place

Querer Querr To want

Saber Sabr To know facts

Salir Saldr To arrive

Tener Tendr To have

Valer Valdr To be worth

Venir Vendr To come

Perfect tenses

• Compound tenses made of two parts – Helping verb – past participle

• three main tenses: present, past, future• portray action as completed, not in progress

Present

To have happened recently

Still in present • He hemos + ar er,ir• has habeis ado ido• ha han

Present- Perfect Irregulars

•abierto

Abrir

•cubierto

Cubrir

•Dicho

Decir

•Escrito

Escribir

•Hecho

Hacer

•Muerto

Morir

•Puesto

Poner

•Resuelto

Resolver

•Roto

Romper

•Visto

Ver

•Vuelto

Volver

•Ido

Ir

PastA past-time situation is normally indicated by

the preterit and imperfect

views an action or state as having

occurred —and been completed— at a time prior to another past action, state or time

NOT used to indicate an action which began in previous past time and is still in progress

in

To express the idea “to had just (done

something)”, Spanish usually employs the

imperfect of acabar de plus the infinitive

habíahabíashabíahabíamoshabíaishabían

because the past perfect is a compound tense, two verbs are required: the main verb and the auxiliary verb.

Perfect Subjunctive

• The perfect subjunctive is the same thing as past perfect. • In Spanish, the past perfect tense is formed by using the

imperfect tense of the auxiliary verb "haber" with the past participle. Haber is conjugated as follows:– había

habíashabíahabíamoshabíaishabían

• because the past perfect is a compound tense, two verbs are required: the main verb and the auxiliary verb.

Tanto y tan

Tan …como…

Adj/adv

As____ as ____

Tanto/a tantos/as

cuandoNoun/verb

Impersonal “se”

“Se”

Use ‘se’ to avoid specifying a person

who is doing the action of the verb

When using se, the verb is always in 3rd

person.

“Se can be used in all tenses.

Saber vs conocer

Conocer

To know a person, place, literary work

ConozcoConocesConoce

Conocemosconocen

A personal

Saber

Saber + infinitive

Se SabesSabe

Sabemossaben

To know facts, information

Los mandatos

• Commands are used when ordering, or telling someone to do something. This is often referred to as the "imperative" form of the verb.

Informal Affirmative

telling someone TO

DO something

tú form

drop the –s.

Informal Negative

yo

drop o

opps vowel

add s

Telling someone NOT TO DO something

Informal irregularsIregulars: Affirmative

• TenerTen

• VenirVen

• Decir/DarDe

• IrVe

• SalirSal

• Hacer/HaberHaz

• Estar Este

• SerSe

Negative

• decir --> no digas

• hacer --> no hagas

• ir --> no vayas

• poner --> no pongas

• salir --> no salgas

• venir --> no vengas

• ser --> no seas

DOP/IOP Placement

Affirmative DOP is attached to the end of verb.

Accent is added where the stress

would naturally fall.

Negative

DOP/IOP is to be placed in front of the verb but after the no.

Formal affirmative

Start with the yo form of the

present indicative.

Then drop the -o ending.

add opposite vowel ending

telling someone TO DO something

Formal negative

• Telling someone NOT TO DO something • conjugated just like formal affirmative

Start with the yo form of the

present indicative.

Then drop the -o ending.

add opposite vowel ending

Formal irregulars• dé Ud.

den Uds.Dar• esté Ud.

estén Uds.Estar• vaya Ud.

vayan Uds.Ir• sea Ud.

sean Uds.Ser• sepa Ud.

sepan Uds.Saber• digan• diganDecir• haga• haganHacer• ponga • ponganPoner• salga• salganSalir• tenga• tenganTener • venga• venganVenir

DOP/IOP placement

Affirmative DOP is attached to the end of verb.

Accent is added where the stress

would naturally fall.

Negative

DOP/IOP is to be placed in front of the verb but after the no.

Nosotros Affirmative commands

Conjugate to nosotros person. Drop ending

Add opposite ending (ar-emos

er/ir- amos)

Nosotros negative commands

Conjugate to nosotros person.

Drop ending

Add opposite ending (ar-emos er/ir-

amos)

Add “no” before

DOP/IOP or before verb

Nosotros- mono verbs

• When the verb is reflexive, (DOP is nos) use amonos or emonos instead of amosnos or emosnos.

• Ar- emonos• Er/Ir- amonos

Subjunctiveattitudes uncertainhypothetical

facts realdefinite

Subjunctive

Indicative

Have to have: Two opposing

subjects Trigger phrase First clause

indicates use of subjunctive Conjugation: Make like formal commands Iregulars: TVDISHES Tener

VenirDecir/DarIrSerHacer/HaberEstar Saber

irregulars

Iregulars: TVDISHES

•TenerTen

•VenirVen

•Decir/DarDe

•IrVe

•SalirSal

•Hacer/HaberHaz

•Estar Este

•SerSe

Trigger phrases

Es bueno que…

Es mejor que…

Es malo que…

Es importante que..

Es necessario que

Es urgente que…

Impersonal expressions

Es beuno que…

Es necessario que…

Es posible que…

Es probable que…

Es mejor que… Es malo que…

Es importante que…

Es urgente que…

Expressions of emotion

to be happy•alegrarse de•es alegre

to be sad•es triste

to fear, be afriad•temer•tener miedo de

to hope•esperar

to feel sorry, regret•sentir •dar lástimaSorprender Ojalá (que)

Conjunctions of Time

Cuando Antes (de) que

Despues (de) que

Luego que

Tan pronto como

En cuanto

Hasta que

Cont tal (de) que

A menos

que

Para que

En caso (de) que

Demonstrative Adjectives • Typically placed

before the nouns that they modify.

• Must agree in number and gender

Masculine Singular

Este (this)

Ese (that)Aquel (that over there) Masculine

Plural

Estos (these)

Esos (those)Aquellos (those over there)

Feminine Singular

Esta (this)

Esa (that)Aquella (that over there)

Feminine Plural

Estas (these)

Esas (those)Aquellas (those over there)

Demonstrative Pronouns

Masculine Singular

éste (this)

ése (that)Aquél (that over there) Masculine

Plural

éstos (these)

ésos (those)Aquéllos (those over there)

Feminine Singular

ésta (this)

ésa (that)Aquélla (that over there)

Feminine Plural

éstas (these)

ésas (those)Aquéllas (those over there)

Same as demonstrative adjectives except demonstrative pronouns have an accent over the first –e.