View
13
Download
0
Category
Preview:
Citation preview
GLOBALISATION AND MARITIMISATION
Are regional and national maritime policiesup to the challenge?
The case of Europe and East AsiaLunch-seminar 14 March 2014 – Maison Franco-Japonaise
Yves Henocque, IFREMER – JAMSTEC Guest Researcher and OPRF Visiting Fellow
Indian ocean
Southern ocean
Pacific ocean
Atlanticocean
Arctic ocean
84,000 kms of seamless mountains
INCREASING RED ZONES LEADING TO CUMULATIVE IMPACTS
Source: The Stockholm Resilience Centre www.stockholmresilience.org
• Land-based pollutions • Overfishing• Invasive species• Seawater warming • Seawater rising• Oceans acidification• Climate extreme events• Ice melting• Waste disposal• Seabed mining ?
Adapting to a fast-changing global context
?Financial and economic crisis
Resilient people
Environmentalcrisis
Resilient planet
Climate crisisand
Sustainable developmentThe twin tracks of human development and environmental protection
Community-based / Integrated coastal management, ecosystem-based approach, Public-private partnership, Green growth, Blue growth, Blue society ……
A much needed convergencebetween
The problem of the coast and the ocean is a problem of human behaviour
It must be tackled at a multi-scale level, both ways:
from global to local and vice versa
It is a problem of governance, i.e. the way decisions are made while generating a sense of ownership for each category
of stakeholders
Restoring the ecosystem resilience through multi-scale governance processes
The UN Convention on the Law of the SeaCommon Heritage of Mankind (the Area)
The surface and water column
Regional Sea Strategies (Transboundary)
National Maritime Policies (EEZ)
Local implementation
Still a very fragmented approach to jurisdictiondespite the irrefutable unity of oceans as ecological systems
Deep sea minerals: UNCLOS - ISAFishing: RFMO – FAOBiodiversity and habitats (MPAs): CBD Shipping and pollution: IMOLand-based pollution and debris: (UNEP)Waste disposal: London Dumping ConventionScientific research: Voluntary code of conductCable & pipelines: unregulatedBioprospecting: unregulated.........
MOREOVER…..Universality far from being achieved,UNCLOS: 166 countries (big absent: USA…)UN Fish Stocks Agreement: 81 only…
Non compliance by ratifying countries themselvesTerritorial waters boundaryNon respect of deep/fragile ecosystems (deep trawling)Illegal Unreported Unregulated (IUU) fishing
To be adapted to new problems and issuesConservation of high seas living resources (fisheries subsidies)Bioprospecting (no existing rules in the high seas)Climate change and ocean acidificationDrug smuggling, piracy, etc.
MARINE GOVERNANCE, SCOPE AND HISTORIC PERSPECTIVE
1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010
NATIONAL
EUROPEAN UNIONRegional
INTERNATIONALGlobal - Regional
UNCHE1972
UNCLOS1982
UNCED1992
WSSD2002
HELCOM1974BARCELONA
1975BLACK SEA
1992
OSPAR1992
FSA1995
CCRF1995 KYOTO
1997UNFCC
2009
ICZM2002
ENV. STRATEGY2004
MSFD2008
Green Paper2006
Maritime Policy/Action Plan2007
NZ1991
BR1994
CA1996
DE1997
US2000
CN2001
AU1998
UK2001
RU2001
BE2003
NL2004
US2004
NO2002
NO2006
UK2007
PT2006
FR2009
JP2007COL2007
SCT2008
GPA1995
US2010
Rio+202012
UNFCC2015
REG. SEAS STRATEGYBaltic, East Atlantic, Med…
CBD2010
European Marine Ecoregions
A- Groenland /Iceland SeaB- Barents SeaC- Feroe islandsD- Norvegian SeaE- Celtic SeasF- North SeaF1- Baltic SeaG- South AtlanticH- Western MediterraneanI- Adriatic/Aegean SeaJ- Aegean-Levantine SeaJ1- Black SeaK- North-East Atlantic Ocean
F1
J1
4 regional conventions
The European frameworkIntegrated Maritime Policy (2006)
Environmental pillar: Framework DirectiveGood environmental status of European marine waters by 2020
Six main should-be articulated areas of work:
-Integrated maritime governance at European, national and regionallevel (broader view in decision making)-European regional seas (in relation to the various sectoral policies)-Maritime spatial planning and integrated coastal management-Marine knowledge infrastructure (provide marine data to users) -Information sharing environment (surveillance / monitoring system)
-Sustainable economic growth, innovation and employment (Europe2020 strategy for smart, sustainable and inclusive growth)
In the East Asian Seas?
No regional convention
COBSEACoordinating body on the seas of East Asia
Depending on the goodwill of countries
PEMSEAPartnerships inEnvironmental managementFor the seas of East Asia
THE RULE OF SOVEREIGN COUNTRIES
NATIONALCONSIDERATIONS
Comparatively… from a landscape perspective
JAPAN FRANCE
Land area364,485 km²
Land coverForest (70%)
Coastline34,812 Km
Coastline artificialisation15,597 Km
Land area674,843 km²
Land coverRural (55%), Forest (27%)
Coastline4,853 km
Construction ratex 2.5 than average
Comparatively… from a seascape perspective
JAPAN FRANCE
EEZ (A)6,479,358 Km²
Land Area + EEZ (B)6,857,193 Km²
Maritime Index (A/B)0,92
EEZ (A)11,035,000 Km²
Land Area + EEZ (B)11,709,843 Km²
Maritime Index (A/B)0,94
Japan EEZ: a seascape view
Secrétariat général de la mer
France EEZ and continental shelf extension boundaries
Polic
ies
/ Str
ateg
ies
Gov
erna
nce
mec
hani
sms
Inter-sectoral application
Cross-cutting application
Sharedinstruments
Knowledge
Monitoring
Evaluation
Funding
Multi-scale application
Nested approachAdministrative boundariesSense of place
Environment (risks, biodiversity, pollution…), international activities, research and innovation, security and defense, etc.
Uses of mineral, energy, biological resources ; maritime transport, tourism…
The making of an integrated maritime policy
National strategyVisionPrinciples, goals,Overall objectives
Coastal and Ocean National Board
Maritime Partnership
Maritime Partnership ….
Overall organisation for the maritime strategy implementation
Interregional Strategy(Regional Strategies)
Marine EcoregionStrategy and Action Plan ObjectivesIndicators
CO
PIL
pro
jets
loca
ux
SMVM
CO
PIL
pro
jets
loca
ux
SMVM
Inter-municipalities Executive committees
Inter-municipalities Executive committees
Local initiativesLocal Action Plan (SMVM, PGEM, PNM…)Management plans
(Regions)
Legal and institutional aspects
Integratedcoastal
management
Integrated water resources management
Integrated regional seasand ocean management
An issue about cultural values
The forest is the lover of the sea – satoyama / satoumi
Thinking boundaries from the land to the sea
Biogeographic regions+
socio-political and
cultural criteria‘Ligue Roc’ NGO
Japan regions and Prefectures
Legal and institutional aspects
Three driving forces structuring the coast and
sea management
WaterMarine Protected Areas
Wind farming
The Water Agency and its River Basin Committees
Managingwatersfromlandto
beyondthe
shoreline
MPA types and numbers in JapanBottom-up / Top down
YaeyamaIslands,Okinawa
- Total: 1,161 MPAs
Including more than 1,000 implemented in conjunction with fishery Regulations (legal or self-imposed no-take zones)
Maritime activities sensitivity and potential conflicts with wind farmsMaritime Spatial planning on the making
Artificial reefs
Management plan in preparationManagement plan in operationSpecific river/bay contractWater use action plan
PARTICIPATORY MANAGEMENT IN THE COASTAL ZONE
Dealing with existing initiatives at local level
High diversity of local coastal management projects
• 12 water use management projects• 9 specific lagoon/bay projects• 1 Sea Enhancement Scheme• 1 Observatory• 7 No-take zones (fisheries)• 2 National Parks• 1 Marine Park• 5 coastal use management plans• 9 « ICZM » projects (out of 25 in France)
Mainly terrestrial planning tools
Water use and quality managemente.g. SDAGE/SAGE
Regional Land Planning e.g. SCOT
Habitats/Species protection e.g. Natura 2000 (land and sea)
Maritime uses managementSea Enhancement Scheme
MAPPING LOCAL PROJECTSIN JAPAN ?
Strong willingness to establish networksBetween projects / between stakeholder groups /between areas
Acquiring a common language
Indicators:-Multi-use approach-Nested approach (scales/institutions)-Knowledge integration-Land-sea interface-Participation dynamic-Monitoring, evaluation and sustainability
Spread the word
Make the peopleexchange between
each other
A nested governance approach
Between municipalities
Within a Region (department/province)
In a regional sea context with transboundary considerations
and under aNATIONAL MARITIME POLICY
An articulation which requires robust governance mechanisms
JAPAN
Basic Ocean Act (2007)Basic Plan on Ocean Policy (2008)
12 measures:Development and use of marine resourcesPreservation of marine environmentDevelopment of EEZ and continental shelfSecuring maritime transportSecuring safety and security at seaMarine surveysR&D in marine science and technologyInternational competitiveness of industryIntegrated management of coastal zonesPreservation of islandsInternational coordination and cooperationCitizen’s awareness and education
FRANCE
Grenelle Environment Act 1-2Blue book: National Maritime Strategy (2009)
Recommendations:Sustainable management of marine resourcesDevelopment / regulation of maritime industriesReduction of maritime pollutionsReduction of land-based pollutionsContribution to European / international governanceStrengthening of surveillance and controlGovernance and integrated management of the coast and the seaPromotion of education and trainingStrengthening of maritime jobs attractivenessR&D in marine science and technology
Ecoregions strategic plans
MARITIME POLICIES
Ecoregions strategic plans ?
Scaling up through an iterative approach
Stocktaking: what is there already ?Ask the people (social surveys)
Make it known to the people (feedback)Instore a regional dialogue (forum?)
(e.g. France: water basin committeesJapan: Sea-area Fishery Adjustment Commissions (Seto Inland Sea, Genkai Sea, Ariakekai Sea)
Draft policy brief on appropriate issuesDon’t re-invent the wheel
Build on existing frameworks(e.g. France: Regional Consultative Body for the Sea: ICZM in PACA)
Regional Economic, Social and Environmental councilsJapan: Association for the Environmental Conservation of the Seto Inland Sea
Build up constituencies !
It’s not because things are difficult that we darenot venture. It’s because we dare not venture thatthey are difficult. Seneca (1 BC-AD 65)
Recommended