Geography How did the following impact Greece? Sea Mountains Climate Why did the Greeks have so...

GeographyHow did the following impact Greece?

Sea Mountains Climate

Why did the Greeks have so many colonies throughout Mediterranean?

Standard WHI.5Students will be able

to demonstrate knowledge of ancient Greece in terms of its impact on Western civilization by: Identifying the social

structure and role of slavery, and comparing the city-states of Athens and Sparta

Evaluating the significance of the Persian wars

Essential QuestionsHow did Sparta

differ from Athens?Why were wars with

Persia important to the development of Greek culture?

Polis750 B.C.E.Fundamental political

unit in Ancient GreeceMade up of a city and

surrounding countryside

Often less than 20,000 residents

Had agora (public center) and acropolis (fortified hill top)

Greek Political StructuresSeveral types of

governments Monarchy• Kings and Queens rule

Aristocracy• Ruled by a small group of

people, usually nobles Oligarchy• Ruled by a few powerful

people, usually wealthy merchants

New kind of Army Iron emerges

Cheaper than bronze, more available

Ordinary citizens could afford weapons

Citizens expected to defend Polis

Emergence of Phalanx

Tyrants seize powerCitizen-soldiers started

to rebelTyrants, powerful

individuals, gained power by appealing to poor

Lived in the Peloponnesus

(southern Greece)

LocationSouthern GreecePeloponnesusGulf of Corinth

Conquerors Conquered neighbors

Messenia 725 B.C.E. Messenians became helots Revolt of helots in 600

B.C.E. forced Spartans to strengthen military

Government and Society Oligarchy – headed by two

kings Council of Elders• Proposed laws to assembly• Made up of 2 kings and 28 citizens

over 60 years old• Ephors- 5 elected officials carried

out laws Led education of youth

Social Structure Diverse social groups Rigid structure

Education Men

Life centered around military training

Age 7- left for barracks Did not encourage arts Stressed duty, strength, discipline• Militaristic and aggressive society

Women Hardy lives Service to Sparta above family Women had more rights than

most areas

Spartans prepared for military life

Every newborn examined, sickly children killed

At age 7 boys went into military training

At age 20 a man could marry, but lived in barracks another 10 years

At age 30, he took his place in the assembly

WomenExpected to produce

healthy, warrior sonsExercised and

strengthened their bodies

Had to obey husband and father

Had right to inherit property

Ran family estates while men were at war

Affairs Isolated itselfLooked down on

trade and wealthForbade travel

Located in Attica Under protection of

Goddess Athena Evolved from

monarchy to aristocracy

“cradle of democracy”

Noble landowners had power

Monarchy Aristocracy Oligarchy Direct Democracy

State ruled by King

State ruled by Nobility

State ruled by a small group of citizens

State ruled by its citizens

Rule is hereditary Rule is hereditary and based on land ownership

Rule is based on wealth

Rule is based on citizenship

Some rulers claim divine right

Social status and wealth support ruler’s authority

Ruling group controls military

Majority rule decides vote

Practiced in Mycenae (1450 B.C.E.)

Practiced in Athens (584 B.C.E.)

Practiced in Sparta (800-600 B.C.E.)

Practiced in Athens (461 B.C.E.)

Stages of evolution in Athenian government Early Athens was ruled by a king Aristocracy took power in 7th

century They owned land and political

power

Tyrants who worked for reform Draco Solon

Origin of democratic principles Direct democracy Public debate Duties of the citizen

LocationLocated on rocky hillEastern Greece

Political DevelopmentPower struggle b/w

rich and poorAvoided civil war with

reformsLed to creation of

democracy Only for free adult males

Life Slaves

1/3 population No political rights

Women No political rights Took care of children

Clashes between aristocrats and common people

Draco 621 B.C.E. Wrote first legal code Contracts/property

ownership Conflicts continued

594 B.C.E. Aristocrats prevented civil

war by electing Solon to head the government

Gave him power to reform law

Political Reforms Outlawed slavery All citizens allowed to

participate in Athenian assembly

Bring charges against wrongdoers

Neglected land reforms Led to fighting Pisistratus 546 B.C.E.

seizes power as a Tyrant

Economic Reforms Encouraged export of

grapes and olives Profitable overseas trade

Pisistratus 546 B.C.E.TyrantProvided funds to help

peasants buy farm equipment Financed reform by a tax

on agricultural productionMassive building

program Gave jobs to poor Earned him support of

poor

Cleisthenes 508 B.C.E. Introduced more

reformsWanted to makes

Athens a full democracy and break up nobility

Increased power of assembly Anyone allowed to

propose lawsCouncil of 500

Proposed laws Counseled the assembly Chosen by lot

Created limited democracy

Only males could participate in AssemblyWomen were “imperfect

beings” without the ability to reason

Wealthy women lived in seclusion in homes and managed household.

Poor women tended sheep, were spinners or weavers.

Girls received no education

Boys attend school if affordable

Studied reading, writing, poetry, and music

Studied public speaking

Received military training

Angry at an insult, sent messengers into Greece asking for gifts of “earth and water”

Most city-states obeyed

Athens and Sparta did not submit

United Greece

500 B.C. Athens was wealthiest city-state and had helped Ionian Greeks rebel against Persia Persians crushed the

rebel cities

Darius wanted to punish the Athenians Sent the Persian army,

landed at Marathon

Persian War united Athens and Sparta against the Persian Empire

Battle at Marathon490 B.C.E.Persian fleet lands with

25,000 menGreek phalanx destroyed

the PersiansAthens was defenselessPheidippides “raced”

back to Athens to warn the city Saved the city

After Darius’ death, his son Xerxes wanted revenge480 B.C. brought a larger

force to Greece Met resistance with a

small force of Spartans at ThermopylaeLed by King LeonidasGreeks divided and weak300 Spartans sacrificed themselves at Battle of Thermopylae

After defeating the Spartans, marched to Athens and burned it to the ground Athenians had already

left

Themistocles had built ships to help defend Greece after Marathon

Greeks lured the Persians ships into the straight of Salamis and tore them to pieces

Battle at Salamisdestroyed the Persian

fleet 1/3 sank

Left Greeks in control of the Aegean Sea

Greeks then marched into Asia Minor and ended the Persian invasionSpartans finally

defeated Persians at Plataea 479 B.C.E.

An Athenian army commander, statesman, and archonDesigned the Piraeus naval

harbor Never popular with fellow

citizens despite being the hero of Battle of Salamis

Ostracized in 470 B.C. and was sentenced to deathCommitted suicide 460

B.C.

Athens emerged most powerful city-state

Organized an alliance with other city-states called the Delian agreement

Athens emerges in a position of strengthAthens was pursuing

aggressive policies against neighboring state

Athens was moving towards democracyPericles will come to

power and take Athens’ into its Golden Age.

Who? The united Greek city-states vs. the Persian Empire. Greece Wins!!!!

When? 499 B.C.E. – 449 B.C.E.

Why? Control of the Aegean and Mediterranean Seas and the economic advantages that go along with controlling the seas.

Major Battles? 2 Major Battles were at Marathon and Salamis. The Greeks defeated the Persians in both.

Results of War Athens emerges as the dominant power in Greece after the formation of the Delian League. The Delian League was an alliance between Athens and other Greek city-states (not Sparta) that made Athens wealthy and powerful.

Standard WHI.5Students will be able

to demonstrate knowledge of ancient Greece in terms of its impact on Western civilization by: Identifying the social

structure and role of slavery, and comparing the city-states of Athens and Sparta

Evaluating the significance of the Persian wars

Essential QuestionsHow did Sparta

differ from Athens?Why were wars with

Persia important to the development of Greek culture?