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Geographies of diversity in Newham
OCTOBER 2013
• The ethnic minority population, as measured by non-white residents, increased between 1991 and 2011 by 122,700 in Newham.
•Despitethisgrowth,theWhiteBritishethnicgroup,onlymeasuredsince2001,remainsthelargestethnicgroupintheboroughaccountingfor17%ofthepopulation.
•IndianisthelargestethnicminoritygroupinNewhamaccountingfor14%ofthepopulation.Thegroupisfairlyevenlydistributedacrosstheborough,butthereareclustersinEastHam,GreenStreetEastandGreenStreetWestwards.
•ThesecondlargestethnicminoritygroupisAfrican,whichgrewinNewhambyoneandthree-quartersbetween1991and2011.Thegroupisevenlydistributedacrosstheboroughwiththegreatestclustersinthesouthwest.
• There is evidence of dispersal of ethnic minority groups from areas in which they have previously clustered.
•TheIndian,African,OtherWhiteandBangladeshiethnicgroupsaregrowingmostrapidlyinwardswheretheyareleastclusteredandslowerinwardswheretheyaremostclustered.
• New measures in the 2011 Census show that Newham is not becoming less British, despite its increased ethnic diversity. More people report a British or English national identity than report White British ethnic identity.
•PoorEnglishlanguageproficiencyishigherinNewhamthanthenationalaveragereflectingalocalneedforsupportservices.However,onlyasmallminorityofresidentscannotspeakEnglishwelleveninthoseareaswheretheneedisgreatest.
6%
12%
56% (inlcudes White Other)
34%
17%
13%
12%
14%
6%
13%
12%
4%
9%
12%
6%
8%
10%
3%
6%
8%
7%
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7%
9%
1991
2001
2011
White Other* White British Indian African Bangladeshi
Pakistani Other Asian Caribbean Other Black Others
Total population – 306,998
Total population – 250,397
Total population – 216,251
Figure 1.IncreasedethnicdiversityinNewham,1991-2011
*WhiteOtherincludesWhiteIrishin2001(3,278or1.3%)andWhiteIrish(2,172or0.7%)andWhiteGypsyorIrishTraveller(462or0.2%)in2011.Figuresmaynotaddduetorounding.
LOCAL DYNAMICS OF DIVERSITY: EVIDENCE FROM THE 2011 CENSUSPrepared by ESRC Centre on Dynamics of Ethnicity (CoDE)
Summary
1 www.ethnicity.ac.uk
The growth of ethnic diversity 1991-2011
Theethnicminoritypopulation(ornon-whitepopulation)increasedby122,700or128%inNewhambetween1991and2011(seeFigure1).Despitethisgrowth,theWhiteBritishethnicgroup,onlymeasuredsince2001(seebox),remainsthelargestgroupinNewham.InNewham,nooneethnicgroupaccountsformorethanafifthofthepopulation.TheWhiteBritish(17%),Indian(14%),African(12%),Bangladeshi(12%)andPakistani(10%)arethelargestethnicgroups.Theremainderofthepopulationcomprisesadiversemixofethnicgroups,includingOtherAsian(6%),Caribbean(5%)andOtherBlack(2%).
Census ethnic group questionTherehasbeenaquestiononethnicityintheUKCensussince1991.Thequestionhaschangedovertimeintermsofhowitisframedandthepre-definedresponsecategoriesofferedforpeopletochoosefrom.In1991,thecensusasked‘whichethnicgroupdoyoudescendfrom:White;Black-Caribbean;Black-African;Black-Other;Indian;Pakistani;BangladeshiandChinese.’Butin2001,itaskedabout‘yourethnicgroupintermsofculturalbackground.’Therewereadditionalpre-definedcategoriesofMixedandWhiteIrishin2001aswellasan‘Other’categoryforeachbroadgroupofWhite,Mixed,AsianandBlack.The2011questionchangedagain,simplyaskingabout‘yourethnicgrouporbackground’andtherewerecategoriesaddedforWhiteGypsyorIrishTravellerandArab.Thechangesinthephrasingofthequestionandthetickboxresponsecategoriesrestrictcomparisonacrosscensuses.
Geographies of diversity in Newham
Figure 2.GeographicaldistributionofNewham’slargestethnicminoritygroupsacrossEastLondonbyward,2011
0% - 5%
5% - 10%
10% - 20%
20% - 50%Newham average: 13%East London average: 3%England & Wales average: 3%
Percentage of popula�on
Newham
Waltham Forest
Hackney
Greenwich
Tower Hamlets
Redbridge
Barking & Dagenham
0% - 5%
5% - 10%
10% - 20%
20% - 50%Newham average: 12%East London average: 9%England & Wales average: 2%
Percentage of popula�on
Newham
Waltham Forest
Hackney
Greenwich
Tower Hamlets
Redbridge
Barking & Dagenham
0% - 5%
5% - 10%
10% - 20%
20% - 50%Newham average: 12%East London average: 5%England & Wales average: 1%
Percentage of popula�on
Newham
Waltham Forest
Hackney
Greenwich
Tower Hamlets
Redbridge
Barking & Dagenham Newham
0% - 5%
5% - 10%
10% - 20%
20% - 50%Newham average: 11%East London average: 17%England & Wales average: 4%
Percentage of popula�on
Waltham Forest
Hackney
Greenwich
Tower Hamlets
Redbridge
Barking & Dagenham
a)Indiangroup b)Africangroup
c)Bangladeshigroup d)WhiteOthergroup
Thesemapsarepopulationcartogramswhereeachwardisshownapproximatelyproportionalinsizetoitsresidentpopulation.
2 www.ethnicity.ac.uk
Geographical spread of diversityFigures2a-2dshowtheclusteringofthelargestethnicminoritygroupsinNewhamacrosswardsinEastLondonin2011.TheIndianethnicgroupisclusteredinwardsinpartsofNewhamandRedbridge(seeFigure2a).InNewham,morethanathirdofthepopulationinEastHamNorthward(38%),morethanaquarterofthepopulationinthewardsofGreenStreetEast(33%)andGreenStreetWest(32%),andmorethanafifthofthepopulationinthewardsofEastHamCentral(23%),WallEnd(21%)andManorPark(20%)haveanIndianethnicidentity.
TheAfricanethnicgroupaccountsforafifthofthepopulationintheNewhamwardsofCanningTownNorthandCustomHouse(seeFigure2b).TherearelargerclustersoftheAfricangroupinpartsofGreenwich,includingThamesmeadMoorings(36%),AbbeyWood(24%)andWoolwichCommon(24%),andinpartsofBarkingandDagenham,includingThames(27%)andGascoigne(26%).
TheBangladeshiethnicgroupisthemostclusteredethnicgroupinEastLondon(seeFigure2c).Morethantwo-fifthsofthepopulationintheTowerHamletswardsofStDunstan’s&StepneyGreen(47%),BethnalGreenSouth(45%),Bromley-by-Bow(45%),Shadwell(44%),MileEndEast(43%)andWhitechapel(40%)areBangladeshi.InNewham,thelargestclustersoftheBangladeshipopulationareinLittleIlford(20%)andManorPark(19%)wards.
TheWhitegroupismoreevenlydistributedacrossEastLondonthantheIndian,AfricanandBangladeshigroups.TheOtherWhitegroupaccountsforthegreatestproportionofthepopulationinthewardsofGroveGreen–WalthamForest(22%),NewRiver-Hackney(22%),Beckton-Newham(21%)andBrownswood–Hackney(21%)(seeFigure2d).TheOtherWhiteethnicgroupisverydiverseinNewham,includingpeoplewerecategorisedasEuropeanMixed(7,308),BalticStates(5,486),OtherEasternEuropean(5,268),Polish(4,686)andOtherWesternEuropean(2,390)usingcategorisationsofthewriteinresponses.
Dispersal of ethnic diversityDespitethefairlyevenspreadofmostethnicminoritygroupsinNewhamandtherestofEastLondon,thereisevidenceofdispersalawayfromthoseareaswheretheyaremostclustered.ThisisshowninFigure3,whichhighlightsthepercentagechange(2001-2011)inthepopulationoftheIndian,African,OtherWhiteandBangladeshiethnicminoritygroupsinEastLondonwardswheretheyaremostclustered(thosethatcontainedafifthofthepopulationofeachgroupin2001),andthepercentagechangeineachgroupinallotherlessclusteredwards.
Thereisaclearpatternofgreaterpopulationgrowthforeachethnicminoritygroupinthosewardswheretheyarelessclusteredcomparedwithsmallergrowthinthemostclusteredwards.Thedeconcentrationisduetomovementawayfrom
Geographies of diversity in Newham
Figure 3.GeographicalspreadingofNewham’slargestethnicminoritygroupsacrosswardsinEastLondon,2001-2011
0%
20%
40%
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140%
160%
Indian African Other White Bangladeshi
East London
Popu
latio
n gr
owth
(%),
200
1-20
11
Most clustered wards Less clustered wards
Notes:The‘mostclusteredwards’foreachethnicgroupcontainafifthofanethnicgroup’spopulationin2001inthewardswiththehighestpercentageofthegroup,andthe‘lessclusteredwards’containtheremainingfour-fifths.Themostclusteredwardsareasfollowsforeachgroup:Indian:EastHamNorth,GreenStreetEast,GreenStreetWest,SevenKings,Goodmayes,Clementswood;African:RoyalDocks,CanningTownSouth,CustomHouse,CanningTownNorth,StratfordandNewTown,King’sPark,Haggerston,ThamesmeadMoorings,WoolwichRiverside,WestHam,Hoxton;Other White:NewRiver,Lordship,Brownswood,Springfield,Cazenove,Millwall,Dalston,Clissold,Haggerston,StokeNewingtonCentral,Hoxton,StKatharine’sandWapping;Bangladeshi:BethnalGreenSouth,Whitechapel,Shadwell,StDunstan’sandStepneyGreen.
3 www.ethnicity.ac.uk
Thisbriefingisoneinaseries,Local dynamics of diversity: evidence from the 2011 Census.
Author:StephenJivraj
Centre on Dynamics of Ethnicity (CoDE) TheUniversityofManchesterOxfordRoad,ManchesterM139PL,UK
email:censusbriefings@ethnicity.ac.uk
www.ethnicity.ac.uk
theareaswhereethnicminoritiesareclusteredandnewimmigrationtoareaswheretherehasbeenlessimmigrationbefore.Whenmoredataisreleasedfromthe2011Census,itwillbepossibletodeterminetherelativeimportanceofthesecomponents.
Indicators of barriers to community participationEthnicidentitydoesnotprovideaclearindicationoftheassistancesomepeoplewillrequirefromlocalauthorityservicestoparticipateinthecommunitiestheysettlebecausemanyethnicminorityresidentswillhavebeenbornintheUKorhavelivedhereformanyyears.Indeed,Britishnessismultiethnic,asinformationfirstavailableinthe2011Censustellsus:inNewham,almostfourtimesasmanypeoplereportaBritishorEnglishnationalidentitythanreportaWhiteBritishethnicidentity.
Figure4showstheproportionofpeopleineachwardinNewhamwhohaveaforeignnationalidentity,arrivedintheUKrecently(2007-11),speakanon-EnglishmainlanguageandcannotspeakEnglishwell.Theaverageproportionofpeoplewithaforeignidentityis34%inNewham,wellabovethenationalaverageof8%.StratfordandNewTownward(39%)hasthehighestproportionandEastHamward(28%)hasthelowest.
Theproportionofpeoplewithaforeignidentityisstronglycorrelated(R=0.88)withtheproportionofpeoplewhoarrivedintheUKduring2007-11acrosswardsinNewham.Thisshowsthatareaswithhigherproportionsofpeoplewithaforeignidentityhavehigherproportionsofpeoplewhohaverecentlyarrived.GreenStreetEast,EastHamCentral,andStratfordandNewTownwardshavethehighestproportionofresidentswhoarrivedinthefouryearspriortothe2011Census(21%).InNewham,EastHamSouthwardhasthelowestproportionitspopulationwhorecentlyarrivedintheUK(12%)whichisconsiderablyhigherthanthenationalaverageof3%.
TheproportionofthepopulationwhocannotspeakEnglishwellisnotasstronglycorrelatedwithforeignnationalidentity(R=0.51).Thus,Englishtuitionneedsarenotnecessarilygreatestinareasofrecentimmigration.ThewardswiththegreatestproportionofthepopulationwhocannotspeakEnglishwellareGreenStreetWest(12%),EastHamNorth(11%)andGreenStreetEast(11%).TheaverageforNewhamis9%,whichishigherthanthenationalaverage
of2%suggestinganeedforEnglishlanguagetuitionintheborough.Nonetheless,the2011CensusshowsthatthevastmajorityofthepopulationinNewham,evenintheareaswhereethnicminoritiesareclustered,canspeakEnglishwell.
Incompleteness of ethnic group data 1991-2001Non-response(undercount)isthoughttohavebeenwell-estimatedwithinthe2011Census,butincompletelyestimatedin1991and2001.Non-responseisconcentratedinsomeethnicgroups.Ifthisbiasisnottakenintoaccount,comparisonsofpopulationcanbemisleading.Inthisbriefingwehaveusedthecompleteestimatesfor1991and2001availablefromtheUKDataArchive.
Geographies of diversity in Newham
Figure 4.AlternativemeasuresofimmigranthistoryinNewhamwards,2011
East Ham South
Stratford and New Town
East Ham South
Green Street East
Green Street East
Royal Docks
Green Street West
Royal Docks
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10
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60
Foreign identity Arrived 2007-11
Non-English main language
Poor English proficiency
Newham average
England & Wales average
Percentage of resident population
Notes:Basepopulationfor‘CannotspeakEnglishwell’onlyincludespeopleaged3andover
4 www.ethnicity.ac.uk
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