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General Purpose Machine Tools
1. General classification of machine tools
Conventional or traditional machine tools like
Lathes, Milling machines, etc. are used more widely
for faster material removal by shearing or brittlefracturing.
Non-conventional or non-traditional machine
tools: like EDM, ECM, UM, etc. which remove
material from e!otic materials slowly by electro"
#hysical, electro"chemical #rocesses.
Modern numerical and computer controlled
machinetools$ Like C%C lathe, C%C milling
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General Purpose Machine Tools
&he basic machine tools which are commonly used for general#ur#oses are$
1. Lathes
2. Drillin machines
!. "hapin machines
#. Plannin machines
$. "lottin machines
%. Millin machines
&. 'orin machines
(. )o**in machines
+. Gear shapin machines
1,. 'roachin machines
11. Grindin machine
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Classification f Lathes
'a( )ccording to configuration
*ori+ontal "Most common for ergonomic conveniences
ertical " -ccu#ies less floor s#ace, only some large lathesare of this ty#e.
'b( )ccording to #ur#ose of use eneral #ur#ose
ery versatile where almost all #ossible ty#es of o#erations arecarried out on wide ranges of si+e, sha#e and materials of /obs0e!am#le$ centre lathesingle #ur#ose$ -nly one 'occasionally two( ty#e of o#erationis done on limited ranges of si+e and material of /obs0 e!am#le1 facing lathe, roll turning lathe etc.
#ecial #ur#ose " 2here a definite number and ty#e ofo#erations are done re#eatedly over long time on a s#ecificty#e of blank0 e!am#le$ gear blank machining lathe etc.
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Classification f Lathes
'c( )ccording to si+e or ca#acity
mall 'low duty( " 3n such light duty lathes 'u#to 4.4 k2(, onlysmall and medium si+e /obs of generally soft and easilymachinable materials are machined
Medium 'medium duty( " &hese lathes of #ower nearly u#to 44k2 are most versatile and commonly used
Large 'heavy duty(
Mini or micro lathe " &hese are tiny table"to# lathes used fore!tremely small si+e /obs and #recision work0 e!am#le $ swissty#e automatic lathe
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Classification f Lathes
'd( )ccording to degree of automation
%on"automatic " )lmost all the handling o#erations are donemanually0 e!am#le$ centre lathes
emi"automatic " %early half of the handling o#erations,irres#ective of the #rocessing o#erations, are doneautomatically and rest manually0 e!am#le$ ca#stan lathe, turretlathe, co#ying lathe relieving lathe etc.
)utomatic " )lmost all the handling o#erations 'and obviouslyall the #rocessing o#erations( are done automatically0 e!am#le1 single s#indle automat 'automatic lathe(, swiss ty#e automaticlathe, etc.
e( )ccording to ty#e of automation 5i!ed automation " Conventional0 e!am#le 1 single s#indleautomat, swiss ty#e automatic lathe etc.
5le!ible automation " Modern0 e!am#le C%C lathe, turningcentre etc.
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Classification f Lathes
'f( )ccording to configuration of the /obs being handled
6ar ty#e " lender rod like /obs being held in collets Chucking ty#e " Disc ty#e /obs being held in chucks
'g( )ccording to #recision
-rdinary
7recision 'lathes( " &hese so#histicated lathes meant for highaccuracy and finish and are relatively more e!#ensive.
'h( )ccording to number of s#indles
ingle s#indle "Common
Multis#indle '8, 9, : or ; s#indles(uch uncommon lathes are suitably used for fast and mass#roduction of small si+e and sim#le sha#ed /obs.
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i ti " t 0 d i P i i l
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inematics "/stem 0nd orin Principle
f Lathes
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Machinin perations 3suall/ Done 4n Centre Lathes 5acing Centering . combining longitudinal feed and cross feed, if feasible.
6oring 'internal turning(0 straight and ta#er 5orming0 e!ternal and internal Cutting helical threads0 e!ternal and internal 7arting off ?nurling
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Machinin perations 3suall/ Done 4n Centre Lathes
&urning
5acing
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Machinin perations 3suall/ Done 4n Centre Lathes
rooving
7arting
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Machinin perations 3suall/ Done 4n Centre Lathes
6oring
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'asic purposes of use of drillin machines
Drilling machines are generally or mainly used tooriginate throuh or *lindstraight cylindrical holes insolid rigid bodies and@or enlarge 'coa!ially( e!isting'#re"machined( holes $
1 of different diameter
1 of varying length de#ending u#on the reAuirement
and the diameter of the drill1 in different materials e!ce#ting very hard or very
soft materials like rubber, #olythene etc.
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Classification of drilling machines
05 General purpose drillin machines of common
use
Ta*le top small sensitive
drillin machine: &hese small
ca#acity 'B .> k2( u#right
'vertical( single s#indle drillingmachines are mounted 'bolted(
on rigid table and manually
o#erated using usually small si+e
'B 4 mm( drills.
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Classification of drilling machines
05 General purpose drillin machines
Pillar drillin machine :&hese
drilling machines are Auite similar
to the table to# drilling machines
but of little larger si+e and higherca#acity '.>> 4.4 k2( and are
grouted on the floor 'foundation(.
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Classification of drilling machines
05 General purpose drillin machines
Column drillin machine:&hese bo! sha#ed column ty#e
drilling machines are much more
strong, rigid and #owerful than
the #illar drills. 3n column drills
the feed gear bo! enables
automatic and #ower feed of the
rotating drill at different feed rates
as desired.
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Classification of drilling machines
05 General purpose drillin machines
6adial drillin machine:
&his usually large drilling
machine #ossesses a
radial arm which along withthe drilling head can swing
and move vertically u# and
down. &he radial, vertical
and swing movement of
the drilling head enableslocating the drill s#indle at
any #oint within a very
large s#ace reAuired by
large and odd sha#ed /obs.
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Classification of drilling machines
05 General purpose drillin machines
CNC column drillin machine: 3nthese versatile and fle!ibly automatic
drilling machine having bo!"column
ty#e rigid structure the work table
movements and s#indle rotation are
#rogrammed and accom#lished by
Com#uter %umerical Control 'C%C(.
)and drills$ hand drill is a #ortable drilling
device which is mostly held in hand and
used at the locations where holes have to
be drilled.
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Classification of drilling machines
'5 General purpose drillin machines 7ith more
specific use
Gan drillin machine: &his is
almost single #ur#ose and more
#roductive machine a number '8
to :( of s#indles with drills 'ofsame or different si+e( in a row
are made to #roduce number of
holes #rogressively or
simultaneously
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Classification of drilling machines
'5 General purpose drillin machines 7ith more
specific use
Turret 8t/pe5 drillin machine:&urret drilling machines are
structurally rigid column ty#e but are
more #roductive like gang drill by
having a #entagon or he!agon turret.
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Classification of drilling machines
'5 General purpose drillin machines 7ith more
specific use
Multispindle drillin machine:
3n these high #roduction machine
tools a large number of drills work
simultaneously on a blank
through a /ig s#ecially made for
the #articular /ob. &he entire
drilling head works re#eatedly
using the same /ig for batch or lot
#roduction of a #articular /ob.
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Classification of drilling machines
'5 General purpose drillin machines 7ith more
specific use
Deep hole drillin machine:ery dee# holes of L@D ratio : to even
=
Machinin Parameters:
Cuttin motion
9eed motion
3n drilling machines, generally both the cutting motion and feed
motion are im#arted to the drill.
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Milling machines
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Classification of Milling machines
0ccordin to confiuration and motion of the 7or-holdin ta*le
nee t/pe: small and medium duty
machines the table with the
/ob@work travels over the bed
'guides( in hori+ontal 'F( andtransverse 'G( directions and the
bed with the table and /ob on it
moves vertically 'H( u# and down.
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Classification of Milling machines
0ccordin to confiuration and motion of the 7or-holdin ta*le
'ed t/pe : Usually of
larger si+e and ca#acity0
the vertical feed is given to
the milling head instead ofthe knee ty#e bed
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Classification of Milling machines
0ccordin to confiuration and motion of the 7or-holdin ta*le
Planer t/pe : &hese heavy
duty large machines, called
#lano"miller, look like
#laning machine where thesingle #oint tools are
re#laced by one or a
number of milling heads0
generally used for
machining a number of
longitudinal flat surfacessimultaneously.
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Milling machines
6otar/ ta*le t/pe : &his
high #roduction milling
machines #ossess one
large rotary work"table andone or two vertical s#indles.
the #ositions of the /ob's(
and the milling head are
ad/usted according to the
si+e and sha#e of the /ob.
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Classification of Milling machines0ccordin to the orientation of the spindle8s5.
)oriontal spindle t/pe$
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Classification of Milling machines0ccordin to the orientation of the spindle8s5.
;ertical spindle t/pe$
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Classification of Milling machines0ccordin to the orientation of the spindle8s5.
3niversal head millin
machine$
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