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General Physics 12011/2012

I Semester 3+2

Prof. Dr Rajfa Musemić

Faculty of Mechanical Engineering Sarajevo, Vilsonovo setaliste 9

/315 room, tel. + 387 33 72 98 42/

E-mail:musemic@mef.unsa.ba

Assistant Eldin Sejmen

Meet our team !

Rajfa MusemićFaculty of Mechanical Engineering UNI Sarajevo

- Full Professor at Mathematics and Physics department(MEF) since 2010

- PhD In Applied Physics / Fluid Mechanics(Mechanical Engineering Faculty Ljubljana, Slovenia)

- MSc in Applied Mechanics of Continuum(Mechanical Engineering Faculty, UNI-Sarajevo)

- Physical Engineering degree (Faculty of Natural Sciences, UNI-Sarajevo)

-Teaching:

General Physics

Mathematical Methods in Physics

Physics 1 and Physics 2

Technical Physics

Environmental Modelling

- Turbulence /MSc course/

Research:

Biophysics

Solar energy, salt solar ponds

Mathematical modeling of turbulence

Turbulent Double-Diffusive Convection

-Technology is the technical means thatpeople use to improve their surrounding.

- It is a knowledge of using tools andmachines in order to do some tasksefficiently.

The Technology; what and why?

The Technology; what and why?

We use technology to control theworld in which we live.

Technology is people usingknowledge, tools, and systems tomake their lives easier and better.

People use technology to improve their abilityto do work.

• Through the technology peoplecommunicate better. Technology allows themto make more and better products. • Our buildings are better through the use of technology. We travel in more comfort and speed as a result of technology. • Yes, technology is everywhere and canmake life better.

Definition of technology

General Physics1 – subject ofthe Course

• Basic physical world principles and its applications in technology

• What is Physics?Unique fundamental natural science based on relatively small number of fundamental laws, but that generatesgreat number of experimental facts.

Program – subject of the Course

• The General physics gives the knowledge which the student would use as important introductory foundation for the natural laws application in different branches of engineering and technologies.

Goals

Through the program of moduls of :

kinematikinematics,cs, ddyynaminamicscs, , momentummomentum, , forceforce and and energenergyy, energ, energy exchange with environment, y exchange with environment, conservation lawsconservation laws, , oscillations, waves, oscillations, waves, optioptics cs and optical instrumentsand optical instruments, laser, laserss, atom, atomicicstrustructures of matter, nuclear physics andctures of matter, nuclear physics andrradioaadioacctivtivityity, students will acquire very practical and useful basic knowledge in order to overcome study of information engineering program.

Aims/objectives

• Stress on solving the problems inexamples and experimentalassignments

• Combination of theoretical andpractical learning necessary forunderstanding phenomena in thenature at all

Program

Foundation of mechanics. Physical quantities and units. Measurements. Vectors in Physics.

Kinematics of particle.

Newton's laws.

Diferential equation of motion. Motion of the particle in the gravitational, electrical and magnetic field.

Program Work and energy. The field of Potential

forces. Conservative forces. The work in gravitational and electrostatic force field. Potential energy and force - relation.

Conservation laws. The conservation of momentum, energy and angular momentum and impulse. Rigid-body rotation.

Program

Collisions, perfectly elastic and non-elastic collisions. Center of the mass.

Power.

Fluids – base, elements of fluids

Oscillations. Simple Harmonic motion. Damped and forced oscillations

The Simple pendulum.The physical pendulum.

Program Wave motion. Propagating waves. Wave

description and terminology. In-phase vibrations. Wave equation. Speed of a transverse and longitudinal waves. Energy of elastic wave. Wave superposition. Standing waves.

Sound. Speed of sound in gases. Intensity. Loudness. Intensity (or loudness) and sound level. Doppler effect. Ultrasound.

Program

Optics. Geometrical and wave optics.Optical instruments.

Literature

Halliday, Resnick, Walker: Fundamentals of Physics,

D.C. Giancoli: Physics for scientist and engineers, Prentice Hall, New Jersey, 2000

The other sources from cited fields. It is possible to use all books and Collection of problems made on university level.

General Physics 1 – The rules

Teaching Method: lectures, examples through the numerical problems, written exercises, home works,seminaries

Prerequisits: Calculus 1

Activity by students: active contribution to the lectures, auditorial exercises, home works and seminaries

Method of examination: written exam, partly oral final exam

General Physics 1 – Evaluation and examination

Associated points for the activity :

1. Full-time active presence at the lectures and exercises/practices

........... max. 8 points

2. Home works ............max. 20 points

General Physics 1 – Evaluation and examination

3. Partial exam

Midterm exam ..

.................max. 22 points

Partial exam consists of problems solving and theory review from elected fields (usually and mostly in writen form and Test form).

4. Final exam ....max 40 points

5. Seminar ......max 10 points It will be organised two term for final exam:

ordinary and re-examination

Marks, atributes and descriptions:

Satisfy minimum criteria

SufficientlyE655 – 64

Firm work, but with significant errors

Requirement satisfy

D765 – 74

Generally good work, but with lot of errors

GoodC875 – 84

Over average, but with small errors

Very goodB985– 94

Excellent result with neglected errors

ExcellentA10≥ 95

Description

AtributECTS mark

Mark – according to B&H existing

system

Total points

Introduction- (φυσις – nature) Atom – indivisible particle, but it is not so!

The atom consists of the nucleus/ protons, neutrons and other particles are in nucleus/ and electrons which are moving around the masive nucleus

Protons, neutrons & electrons – are they enough to make all the matter, all matter’s forms? Neutrons and protons are consisted of more elementary particles – quarks

Is quark elementary? Is there any end over?

Introduction

Each particle has also anti-particle, neutrino-antineutrino, quark – antiquark ...

They have opposite charge

Antimatter can arise from ordinary matter in the accelerators.

There is no antimatter in the Universe. This is great mystery of the cosmology

Hierarchy between objects in nature

Elementary particles – 10-15 m

Nucleus - 10-14 m

Atoms - 10-10 m

Molecules - 10-9 m

Macroscopic bodies/solids, liquids, gases, plasma/

Planets – Earth-Radius R = 6 . 10 6 m

Stars – average size 7 . 10 8 m

Galaxies - 10 21 m

Universe (Cosmos) - 10 26 m

Elementary particles

Elementary particles are theparticles that have no internalstructure

Standard model: elementary particles are: quarks, leptons and checked bosons.

Quarqs + W and Z bosons

Bosons

W & Z bosons are the carriers of the weak nuclear forces, responsible for the decay of the protons to the neutrons and opposite.

Checked bosons: foton | W & Z bosons |

Not discovered yet: Higgs’s boson

named as “God’s particle”

God’s particle – Higgs boson

Higgs’ boson is a hypothetic particle

Standard model explains the MASS of other particles by Higss’ bozon

Scotish Physicist Peter Ware Higgs.

Higgs’ boson is not proved experimentally till now

It is predicted that it will be proved by the Large Hadron Collider or LHC) in CERN- Institute of Nuclear Science, Swiss

It will be proved by the proton-proton collisions

Elementary particles

Why “quark"?

The name “quark" is taken by Murray Gell-Mann from book "Finnegan's Wake" by James Joyce. "Three quarks for Muster Mark..." from fantastic book

Gell-Mann has got Nobel’ PRIZE in Physics 1969 .

Quarks: 3 x 2 = 6

Interaction of quarks – an example

Proton-proton collision

The most important experiment inhistory - LHC

CERN - GenevaExperiment happened on 10.09.08.u Lab CERN, 100 meters under the ground close to France-Swiss border, some called it as ‘The experimentof the Judgment Day'.

The most powerfull particle accelerator, is long about 30 km and costs about 4,4 billion of British Pounds.

LHC – the most important experiment in history of Physics

First beam in the LHC –accelerating science

This experiment marks a key moment in the transition from over two decade of preparation to a new era of scientific discovery

The Large Hadron Collider - LHC

It will be possible to get understanding about the origins and evolution of the universe ?

LHC – gigant scientific instrument located at the border between Swiss and France, 100 meters under the ground

This is the accelerator of particles which the physicists use in order to investigate the smallest known particles – fundamental particles from which the whole matter is consisted.

understanding make revolutionar, from misterious world deep in atoms to the universe destroying

What is LHC ?

The Large Hadron Collider (LHC) is a gigantscientific instrument near Geneva, where it spans the border between Switzerland and France about 100 m underground. It is a particle accelerator used by physicists to study the smallest known particles – the fundamental building blocks of all things. It will revolutioniseour understanding, from the minuscule world deep within atoms to the vastness of the Universe.

What is LHC ?

Two beams of subatomic particles called 'hadrons' – either protons or lead ions – will travel in opposite directions inside the circular accelerator, gaining energy with every lap.

Physicists will use the LHC to recreate the conditions just after the Big Bang, by colliding the two beams head-on at very high energy. The Physicists from around the world will analyse the particles created in the collisions using special detectors in a number of experiments dedicated to the LHC.

LHC - part

What is the mass? LHC – Newton’s not finished work

What is the mass origin?

Why some particles are so heavy ?

Why some particles have no mass?

There are no answer to this questions.

The most likely explanation may be found in the Higgs boson, a key undiscovered particle that is essential for the Standard Model to work. First hypothesised in 1964, it has yet to be observed.

Mini Big Bang?

Two beam of the protons cicrles around great ring 11,000 times in a second in the opposite directions. They will travel through two tubes surrounded by heated box accelerating themselves in vacuum which is cooler then surrounding space

Elementary particles - sumary

Quarks

Ordinary matter consists

of:

u and d quarks and leptons

The famous web for everybody

http://hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu/hbase/HFrame.html

or

www.hyperphysics.com

What is the Physics, at generall?

The subject of mechanics ?

(φυσις – natura)Classification :

Clasical-Newton's Physics and Quantum Physics – Modern Physics

Clasical Physics (till 1900. y.)

Search the macro – world phenomena, that can be directly seen and measured

Newton's mechanics and

Maxwell' electrodynamics

Classification

MODERN PHYSICS (XX century),

(M. Planck, A. Einstein, E. Schrodinger, W. Heisenberg & P. Dirac)

At the end of XIX century the phenomena like photoelectrical effect, heat radiation, Michelson's exsperiment, etc. have been discovered.

Modern Physics involves : Relativity and Quantum Physics.

RelativitySpecial theory of relativity is dealing with the objects which move with the speed close to the light speed

Quantum Physics:

- deal with the phenomena from the atom world (micro – world) where the border between the corpuscle and physical field is erased. Besides the corpuscular properties the Microparticle has also the wave properties associated to it.

Nuclear Physics and Radioactivity

Physics of elementary particles

William Thomson, lord Kelvin(1824-1907):

The measurement in Physics

“When you measure what you are speaking about and express it in numbers, you know something about it, but when you cannot express it in numbers your knowledge about is of a meagre and unsatisfactory kind.”Quoted in D MacHale, Comic Sections (Dublin 1993)

Classification by the research method

Two path ways in research of Physics:

Experimental

Theoretical

Experimental Physics Based on the experiment and measurement

Sometimes it is possible to come to a law using theory, mathematics and after that to prove it by experiment.

When the theoretical statement or prediction is certified by the experiment, then it can be accepted as the natural law; contrary, if this prediction is not confirmed or is cut down, then this statement must be changed in order to be in accordance with the measurement.

PHYSICS 1930.- simple teaching process only through the oral

lectures

PHYSICS 1950 – some toolsfor obvious teaching

PHYSICS 1990.- a lot of useful teaching tools

PHYSICS 2000.- Multy media assistance

Microchip - integrated logicalcomponent complex

STRUCTURE OF the HELIUMATOM-example