General Astronomy Instructor: Prof. Kaaret 702 Van Allen Hall E-mail: philip-kaaret [at] uiowa.edu...

General Astronomy

Instructor:

Prof. Kaaret

702 Van Allen Hall

E-mail: philip-kaaret [at] uiowa.edu

Phone: 335-1985

Class website:

http://astro.physics.uiowa.edu/~kaaret/2013s_29c62

Course topics

• Sun, stars

• Black holes, neutron stars

• Galaxies

• Cosmology

Course elements

• Lecture

• Homework

• In-class exams

• Final exam

• Laboratory (must pass lab to pass course)

Lectures and Homework

Lectures: MWF 1:30 pm – 2:20 pm, LR70 VANTextbook: Foundations of Astrophysics, Ryden

and PetersonHomework: About once per week, usually due on

Mondays, do in groups of 2-3 if that helps.Help: Help is available during office hours Help: Astronomy tutorial in 310 VAN. Hours

posted at http://www.physics.uiowa.edu/academics/astron_tutorial_sched.html

Laboratory

Lab: T 7:00 pm – 9:00 pm, 666 VAN

Lab will consist of several `canned’ labs and a research project. Get started on the research project early. It is possible to get extra credit for an imaginative or extensive research project.

Grading

One-hour exams (3 exams, each 100 points) 300

Final exam 200

Homework 100

Laboratory (up to 25 points extra credit) 200

Total 800

Scales in length, time, and motion

• Astrophysics requires knowledge of the Universe on the entire range of length scales from sub-nuclear to cosmological.

• Knowing the typical size and time scales of a system gives significant insight into that system.

• Astronomical time scales can be extremely long.

Sizes are in meters

People

Height of (small) person is about 1 m

People

• If the small person spins around, she can make one revolution in about 1 second.

• The typical time scale for people, i.e. how fast they react to some event (how long does it take you to slam on the brakes if the car in front of you stops), is of order seconds.

• The typical velocity scale for people is Velocity = length/time ~ 1 m/1 s = 1 m/sTypical walking speed is 3 mph = 1.3 m/s

Earth to Moon

Image taken by Galileo spacecraft

Distance Earth to Moon is 3.8108 m

Moon’s Orbit

• The Moon makes one revolution about the Earth in one month, or about 2.4106 seconds.

• A month is the time scale of the Moon’s orbit.• The velocity scale for the Moon’s orbital motion is

Velocity = 2 3.8108 m/2.4106 s = 1000 m/s

= 1 km/s = 2000 mph

• This is comparable to the fastest Earth bound speeds A `speeding bullet’ travels at about 1000 m/s = 2000 mph.

Earth to Sun

Distance from Earth to Sun is 1.51011 m

This is one “Astronomical Unit” = 1 A.U.

Earth’s Orbit

• The Earth makes one revolution about the Sun in one year, or about 3107 seconds.

• A year is the time scale of the Earth’s orbit.• The velocity scale for the Earth’s orbital motion is

Velocity = 2 1.51011 m/3107 s = 3104 m/s

= 30 km/s = 70,000 mph

• This is much faster than Earth bound speeds.A `speeding bullet’ travels at about 1000 m/s = 2000 mph.

• This is faster than the orbital speed of the Moon.

to Center of Milky Way

Distance to Center of our galaxy is 2.61020 m

or 28,000 ly

Sun’s Orbit• The Sun makes one revolution about the center of the

Milky Way in 230 million years, or about 71015 seconds.

• This is the `time scale’ of the Sun’s orbit and a reasonable time scale for interactions of galaxies (how long does a galaxy take to react to an event like a collision with another galaxy).

• The velocity scale for the Sun’s orbital motion is Velocity = 2 2.61020 m/71015 s = 2105 m/s = 200 km/s

• This is an order of magnitude faster than the orbit of the Earth around the Sun.

to Nearest (big) Galaxy

Distance to nearest (big) galaxy is 2.41022 m or 2.6 106 ly

to edge of Observable Universe

Distance to edge of observable universe is 1.31026 m or 1.4 1010 ly

Scale models

Use scale models to gain some sense of the (relative) scales of physical objects or systems.

What is a scale model?

1. made out of plastic?

2. corresponds to a real object?

3. has the same proportions as a real object?

4. has the same colors as a real object?

Scale models• A scale model is a representation

of a real object or set of objects in which all of the different parts of the model have sizes in the correct proportions to the real thing.

• For scale factor s, real dimension D, then model dimension d = sD

• For example, with a scale factor s = 1:50 = 1/50 = 0.02, an airplane with a length of D = 36 feet becomes a model with a length of d = 0.02*36 feet = 8.64 inches.

Scale models

• In a scale model of Earth-Moon-Sun system that could fit into this room (5 meters), how large would Earth be?

• Need measurements of real system: – Distance from Earth to Sun is 1.51011 m– Diameter of Earth is 1.3107 m

• Find scale factor s = 5/1.51011 = 3.310-11

• Model Earth diameter = sD = 3.310-111.3107 m = 4.310-4 m = 0.43 mm

'Cosmic Calendar' by Carl Sagan

If the age of the Universe were compressed into one year, your life to date would be about 0.046 seconds, or 1/10 a blink of an eye.

Review Questions• How long does it take light to travel from the

Sun to the Earth?

• Find Earth’s rotational speed at the equator from the Earth’s diameter and the length of a day.

• If you make a scale model of the Universe that can fit into your bedroom, how large is the Earth? Is there a physical object of about that size?