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Teknologi Pemrosesan Gas(TKK564)Instructor:Dr.Istadi
(http://tekim.undip.ac.id/staf/istadi )
Emai :ista i@un ip.ac.i
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ns ruc or s ac grouny
BEng.(1995):Universitas Diponegoroy Meng.(2000):Institut Teknologi Bandungy PhD.(2006):Universiti Teknologi Malaysiay Specialization:
y CatalystDesignforEnergyConversiony rocess es gn or nergy onvers on
y CombustionEngineering
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CourseS llabus:
Part
2Course
S llabus:
Part
2
1. Hydrocarbons Recovery (Pengambilan Kembali Hidrokarbon)
2. Nitrogen Rejection/Removal (Penghilangan Nitrogen)
3. Trace Component Removal (Penghilangan Komponenlainnya)
.
(Pemrosesan Cairan Gas Alam dan Penghilangan Sulfur)
5. Gas Transportation and Storage (Transportasi dan
6. Liquified Natural Gas #1 (Gas Alam Cair)
7. Liquified Natural Gas #2 (Gas Alam Cair)
8. Second Assignment
9. Ujian Akhir Semester
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Thischapterdiscusses
Liquidstreamproceedinaglassplan
Condensateprocessing NGLprocessing
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CONDENSATE
PROCESSING
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TwostepsofCondensate
y
Water washing
to remove salt andadditives
yCondensate stabilizationy
and recombined with the gas that leaves theinlet receiver
y u uspecifications to be sold as natural gasolineor slop oil
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y Ideally, the sulfur compounds go with the light gases stripped
in the stabilizer so that the can be removed in as treatin .
yMost of the H2S and CO2 will be removed along with COS,CS2, and mercaptans.
,as a stripping gas.
y
This process can reduce H2S levels to the 10 ppmv range., .
y If the natural gasoline is sour, the plant can either treat it ortake a price penalty and sell the liquid as sour crude.
need for sweetening.
y In many cases, the liquid volumes are low and sweetening at.
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NGLProcesssing
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SweeteningMet o inNGL
y Amine Treating
ost remove on y an . wo am nes, an , w remove
COS, but none remove CS2 and merchaptans. Amine treating is often usedupstream of caustic treaters to minimize caustic consumption caused by
irreversible reactions with CO2.
y Adsorption
Able to remove sulfur compounds down to low levels when no water is
present, which makes it attractive for treating demethanizer bottoms.
y Either promoted alumina, 13X or 5A molecular sieve will remove H2S, COS,
and mercaptans from LPG.
y The larger pore 13X is usually preferred because it has a higher capacity
y Caustic TreatingRegenerative = sodium hydroxide.
Nonregenerative = ZnO, KOH
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Regenerat vecaust cwas an
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Chemistr
involved
in
Washin
yAir is added to the rich caustic, with a catalyst tooxidize the mercaptan to a disulfide:
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Deh dration
Process
in
NGLy Adsorption Processes
y
Desiccant Dehydrationy Gas Stripping
y Distillation
y
Absorption
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y Currently only two methods are available for dealing
with large quantities of H2S:
1. Disposal of the gas by injection into underground
formations
. ,
elemental sulfur
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PropertiesofSulfur
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SULFUR
RECOVERY
PROCESSES
1. Claus Process
step in a furnace. The combustion
catalytic converters, each of which
elemental sulfur.
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y Basic Process
H2S + 3/2 O2 H2O + SO2
2 H2S + SO2 2 H2O + (3/x) Sx
e rs reac on s a g y exo erm c com us onreaction, whereas the second is a more weakly exothermic
reaction promoted by a catalyst to reachequilibrium.
y Kohl and Nielsen (1997) point out that at a sulfur partial
pressure o 0.7 ps a 0.05 ar an temperatures e ow700F (370C), the vapor is mostly S6 and S8, but at thesame partial pressure and temperatures over approximately1,000F (540C), S2 predominates.
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2.CLAUSTAILGASCLEANUP
Before sulfur emissions restrictions were
,
flared to convert the remaining H2S to SO2.,
sulfur recovery than can be achieved with a
standard Claus unit, and additional treating of theClaus tail gas is needed. The tail gas cleanup
entails either an add-on at the end of the Claus
un or a mo ca on o e aus un se .
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y three categories for final sulfur removal
(Kohl and Nielsen, 1997):
Sub-dew point Claus processes
re uc on an recovery o
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Catalytic Reaction :
2H2S + O2
2S + 2H2OThe selective oxidation catalyst in the third reactor
oes no promo e e reac on
2H2S + 3O2 2SO2 + 2H2O
or e reverse reac on o su ur w
3S + 2H2O 2H2S + SO2
=
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SO2
reduction
and
recover
of
H2S
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SulfurStorage
y Sulfur from the Claus unit is withdrawn as a liquid and isgenerally stored and transported in the molten state.
y storage, including release of H2S dissolved in the moltensulfur and the possibility of sulfur fires, which will producehighly toxic SO2.y Sulfur fires. Uncommon, but they can produce large amounts of
SO2.
y H2S. Any H2S dissolved in the molten sulfur from the condensersma be a si nificant hazard if a ro riate de assin techni uesare not used.
y Corrosion. A wet sulfidic atmosphere can lead to severe corrosionof carbon steel.
.the presence of water.
y Static discharge. Because of the excellent insulating properties ofmolten sulphur, static discharge may occur under certaincon ons an ea o poss e res or exp os ons.
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