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‘Small’ Industrial Sources GAINS Baseline for selected sources
Zig Klimont (klimont@iiasa.ac.at) GAINS (http://gains.iiasa.ac.at)
Workshop on Global Emission Scenarios until 2030
IIASA, Laxenburg, October 8-10, 2012
Global anthropogenic emissions of SO2 and contribution of
industrial processes GAINS model
• About a third of emissions
originate from China; about half
from brick, cement, steel, and
coke production
• Globally, CLE does not lead to a
significant reduction; varies by
region
• Sizable technical removal
potential, strongly depended on
region and considered time
horizon
Industrial processes [Gg]
MFR
-43%
Global anthropogenic emissions of SO2 and contribution of
industrial processes; GAINS model
Steel [Gg] Brick kilns [Gg]
MFR
-75% MFR
-70%
Cement [Gg] Coke oven [Gg]
MFR
-72%
MFR
Small?
• Most emissions originate from
brick and coke making
• Coke production dominated by
China and steps to eliminate
polluting technology initiated
leading to expected reduction in
future emissions
• Brick production dominated by
Asia; the reduction potential until
2030 might be limited but GAINS
is probably too conservative
Global anthropogenic emissions of BC and contribution of
industrial processes GAINS model
Brick kilns [Gg] Coke ovens [Gg]
MFR
-11%
MFR
>90%
Energy performance
• Specific Energy Consumption (MJ/kg fired brick)
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0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
Tunnel
Zigzag ND
Zigzag HD
VSBK
FCBTK
Clamps
Source: Energy utilization in brick kilns, Dr. Sameer Maithel , PhD thesis, IIT Bombay,,
Environment performance
• Suspended Particulate Matter* (g/kg fired brick)
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0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 1.2 1.4 1.6 1.8
Tunnel
Zigzag ND
Zigzag HD
VSBK
FCBTK
Downdraught
* Preliminary Results based on monitoring by GKSPL, Enzen & Entec
75% reduction
GAINS range
NOT INCLUDED
NOT INCLUDED
Environment performance Black Carbon* (g/kg fired brick)
9
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* Preliminary Results based on monitoring by GKSPL, Enzen & Entec
0 0.05 0.1 0.15 0.2 0.25 0.3 0.35
Tunnel
Zigzag ND
Zigzag HD
VSBK
FCBTK
Downdraught
85 – 90% reduction
GAINS range
NOT INCLUDED
NOT INCLUDED
Average used in Bond et al (2004) global inventory
Implied used in GAINS
for India in 2000-2005
Implied used in GAINS
for China in 2000-2005
Contribution of brick production to regional
and global emissions of air pollutants in
2010, %; Source: GAINS model
Region BC OC PM1 SO2 CO
Africa 0.3 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1
East Asia & Pacific 8.2 5.1 2.3 6.5 2.3
Latin America & Caribbean 0.5 0.2 0.1 0.1 0.1
North America & Europe 0.2 0.1 0.2 <0.1 0.2
South-West-Central Asia 10.4 4.6 3.7 0.9 3.7
GLOBAL 5.5 2.6 1.6 2.9 1.6
Additional comments (bricks)
• Temporal resolution, e.g. in some areas brick kilns produce only for 5-
6 months a year due to monsoon, this is also a factor that might limit
potential for some technology application
• Spatial resolution – brick production concentrated in specific areas
rather than evenly distributed
• Fuel type used in brick manufacturing varies strongly between regions
resulting in significant (though uncertain) differences in emission
factors
• Depending on the type of kiln, significant amounts of biomass and
waste can be used
• Statistical information about brick production and fuel use in
developing countries typically of poor quality or not available
• Projections of future production shall include assumptions about non-
fired products
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