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7/25/2019 FTTH Pre-con-2 (proyecto en ingles).pdf
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2 Nov 09 Pre-Conference Session
Agenda
FTTH Overview
FTTHs Enabling Technologies
Principles of Fiber Optics
Building Blocks of FTTH
Deployment
Testing and Commissioning FTTH Network
Future Trends
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What is Fiber-to-the-Home ?
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2 Nov 09 Pre-Conference Session
Current Telecom Network Linking Your Home
Upstream speed < 1Mbps
Downstream speed < 10 Mbps
TelephoneExchangeBuilding
Optical fiber
backbone
HDB
Landed Houses
Condominium
Optical fiber
Copper cable
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Fiber-to-the-Home (FTTH) Network
Upstream speed up to 1 Gbps
Downstream speed up to 1 Gbps
TelephoneExchangeBuilding
Optical fiber
backbone
HDB
Landed Houses
Condominium
Optical fiber
Optical fiber all the way to subscriber
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FTTH Supports Existing and New Exciting Applications
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Fiber-To-The-X
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Variations of FTTx
OLT
ONU
ONU
FTTH
FTTB
FTTC
FTTN
Passive Splitter
Optical Fiber
Optical Fiber
Optical Fiber
Optical Fiber
Copper Cable
Copper Cable
ONU
ONU
Voicenetwork
DataNetwork
Videoserver
Satellitestation
FTTH : Fiber-to-the-HomeFTTB : Fiber-to-the-BuildingFTTC : Fiber-to-the-CurbFTTN : Fiber-to-the-Node
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Phone Line 64kbps
High Speed Internet 1.5 Mbps
SD TV 3.5Mbps
HD TV 16Mbps
Escalating Growth of Bandwidth Demand
Total : 21 Mbps per subscriber Household
Todays Bandwidth Requirement
* SDTV and HDTV using MPEG2 compression technique. Using MPEG4, 2Mbps (SDTV) and 6Mbps (HDTV)
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VoIP 160 kbps
High Speed Internet* 50 Mbps
SD TV 3.5 Mbps*
HD TV 16 Mbps*
Escalating Growth of Bandwidth Demand
Total : > 50 Mbps per subscriber Household
Tomorrows Bandwidth Requirement
Tele-working/ e-Learning 5 Mbps
VoD/PVR* 5 Mbps
* High-Speed Internet usage includes IPTV, online shopping, online gamingSDTV and HDTV using MPEG2 compression technique. Using MPEG4, 2Mbps (SDTV) and 6Mbps (HDTV)VOD/PVR : Unicast Interactive Video-On-Demand/Personal Video Recording
New applications (Ultra HDTV etc.)
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2 Nov 09 Pre-Conference Session
Demand for Bandwidth Keeps Spiraling Upwards
Mobile applications, wirelessInternet
Online gamingVideo conferencing
Tele-working
E-learning
Tele-medicineStreaming video
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2 Nov 09 Pre-Conference Session
Fiber-To-The-Home
Point to Multipoint Passive Optical Network (PON)
Advantages of PON : No active equipments in the field increased network reliability, lowered operation cost Sharing of OLT by multiple subscribers lower cost per subscriber Scalability, unlimited bandwidth to each subscriber
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Variations of PON systems
APON ATM PONITU G.983 compliant, framing ATM, maximum bandwidth 622 Mbps, users/PON 32. Renamed to BPON
BPON Broadband PONITU G.983 compliant, framing ATM, maximum bandwidth 622 Mbps downstream and 155Mbps upstream,(latest BPON standard expanded to 1.2Gbps down, 622Mbps up) users/PON 32
EPON/GEPON Ethernet PON/Gigabit Ethernet PONIEEE 802.ah compliant, framing Ethernet, maximum bandwidth 1 Gbps up and downstream, users/PON 16
GPON Gigabit PONITU G.984 compliant, framing GFP/ATM, maximum bandwidth 2.5Gbps downstream, 1.25 Gbpsupstream, users/PON 64
WDM-PON Wavelength Division Multiplex PONProtocol independent, maximum bandwidth 1-10Gbps, users/PON 100s
Hybrid TDM/WDM-PON, SUCCESS-HPONStandford University aCCESS-Hybrid TDM/WDM PON
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Fiber-To-The-Home (Contd)
Point to Point Active Optical Network (Also called Active Optical Ethernet or AOEN)
Fiber rich network, high deployment cost
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Deployment around the World
FTTH in Japan
The number of FTTH subscribers has exceeded 10 Millions,It is poised to surpass ADSL subscribers by end of 2008 or early 2009
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Deployment around the World
KT MegaPass
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Deployment around the World
HKBN Commercial
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Deployment around the World
Verizons Fios Service in US
Verizon Fios Commercial
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Articles on FTTH in Singapore
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Singapores NextGen NBN Network
Redundantfiber path
Dark fiber
P2P fiberlink
PON
Dedicatedwavelengthlink
Redundant
fiber path
CO
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FTTH Demonstrations to Ministers and Government Officials
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How Does it All Fit In ?
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FTTHs Enabling Technologies
Part 1 :Fiber Optic Principles
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The Structure of a Optical Fiber
8-10 m
125 m
245 m
CoreLightwave transmission pathMade of Silica (Silicon Dioxide SO2) withdopant to increase refractive index
For multimode fiber, diameter is either 50 mor 62.5 m
CladdingTo keep the light in the core throughrefractive index differential
Made of Pure Silica
CoatingProtect the glassNormally made of acrylate
Note : 1 m = 1 x 10-6 m
Core
Cladding
Coating
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Mechanical properties of the optical fiber
Do you know that a single strand of fiber has a higher tensile strength thancopper or steel per unit cross-sectional area ?
Per square inch of cross-sectional area, an optical fiber can carry the weight of
about 66 grown-up elephants without breaking !
Strength(kpsi)
Strength(GPa)
OpticalFiber
Wire
Steel
AlloysWire
Copper
Alloys5000Series
AluminumCoating
100
200
300
400
500
600
700
1.38
2.07
2.76
3.45
4.14
4.82
0.69
Kelvar
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The Principle of Signal Transmission in Optical fiber
Total internal reflection
2 < cn2
n1
n2 > n1
2
n2
n1
2 = c
(1)
Light is refracted
and escapes
(2)
2 = c
Light stays atBoundaryc=critical angle
n2
n1
2(3) 2 > c
Light reflected back into coreTotal internal reflection occurs
Core
Cladding
Core
Cladding
Core
Cladding
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Refractive Index Profile of Optical Fiber
Single-mode
Multimode n
50 m
DispersionShifted
r
n
Standard Step-Indexed
(Match-cladding)
r
62.5 m
n
Depressed Cladding
Graded index
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Important Parameters of Optical Fiber
Core diameter
Mode Field Diameter
Numerical Aperture
Cut-off Wavelength
Macrobending and Microbending
Attenuation
Dispersion
Modal Dispersion
Chromatic Dispersion
Polarization Mode Dispersion (PMD) Geometrical Specifications
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Direction of light transmission
Attenuation of Fiber
The attenuation is measured in dB/km
Power is measured in dBm = 10 x Log10 (Power output in mW/1mW)
Loss is measured in dB = (Power output in dBm/Power input in dBm)
Note that 3dB loss means 50% of the power is loss
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1100 1200 1300 1400 1500 1600 Wavelength(nm)
0
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.1
Attenuation(dB/km)
Attenuation Curve of Optical Fiber (Attenuation versus Wavelength Curve)
Higher attenuation (or water peak) due to OH-Present in the fiber core
Reduced or zero water peak attenuation forG.652D and some G.655 fibers
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Dispersion is one of the unique characteristics of light wave transmissionin glass (eg. Optical fiber, glass prism). This is not seen in electrical
transmission in copper cable.Dispersion refers to broadening of light pulse (in time domain) over time ,therefore causing pulse distortion and therefore limiting the transmissionspeed
Dispersion
Dispersion limiting bit rate
1 0 1 0 1 1 0 1 0 1 ? ? ? ? ?
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Dispersion Curve for Optical Fiber
11001200 1300 1400 1500 1600
Wavelength(nm)
0
5
10
15
20
-15
-10
-5
Dispersion(ps/nm.km)
Standard
Single
mode
Fiber(
G.652)
Non-Disper
sionS
hifted
Fiber(
NDSF)
Non-ZeroDis
persio
nShift
edFib
er
(NZDSFG.6
55)
ZeroD
ispers
ionSh
iftedF
iber
(ZDSF
G.653)
Non-Zero
Disper
sionS
hifted
Fiber
(NZDSFG.6
55)Ne
gative
Disper
sion
More of the different fiber standards later
Components of Chromatic Dispersionmaterial dispersionwavelength dispersion
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Components of Chromatic Dispersion
11001200 1300 1400 1500
Wavelength(nm)
0
5
10
15
20
-15
-10
-5
Dispersion(ps/nm.km)
1600
Total chromatic dispersionMateriald
ispersion
Waveguidedispersion
Material dispersion is due to variation of index of refraction of the fiber core. Hardly modifiableunless materials is changedWaveguide dispersion is due to light traveling in core and cladding have different speeds. Changingthe portion of light in cladding and core will shift the waveguide dispersion curve to the left or right
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How long can optical fiber lasts ?
Weibull Plot the measure of strength of the fiber
2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 103
2
5
10
50
70
90
99
Tensile strength
P
robabilityoffailure(%)
Weibull Plot for 50 core high OH Optical Fiber
Increased probability offailure when tensile stressincreases
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FTTHs Enabling Technologies
Part 2 :
Building Blocks of FTTH
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Fiber-To-The-Home
Point to Multipoint Passive Optical Network (PON)
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GEPON Products ( FiberOpto )
Large Carrier Class OLTProduct Code: AUS-OLT16 14U height chassis Maximum 16 PON cards or 1024 ONUs
Medium Carrier Class OLTProduct Code: AUS-OLT04 4.5U height chassis Maximum 4 PON cards or 256 ONUs
ONU P/NAUS-ONU2A2x RJ45 ports1x 12V dc adapter port200mm x 170mm x 45mm approx.Weight 0.65kg approx.Power consumption < 10WPanel alarms and status LEDs
ONU P/NAUS-ONU3A4x RJ45 ports1x 12V dc adapter port200mm x 170mm x 45mm approx.Weight 0.65kg approx.Power consumption < 15WPanel alarms and status LEDs
ONU P/NAUS-ONU7C2A116x RJ45, 16x RJ11, 1x F-connector port1U rack mountable with 220V ac IEC socket480mm x 305mm x 43.5mm approx.Weight
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Elements of Fiber Optic Link
Optical Fiber
Transmitter Receiver
Datainput
Dataoutput
Electrical-to-Opticalconversion
Optical-to-Electricalconversion
VideoAudioRS232RS422RS485
Electrical
Interface
Data
Encoder/
modulator
Light
Emitter
AmplitudeModulation (AM)FrequencyModulation (FM)Digital Modulation
LEDLaser Diode (LD)
UserDataInput
VideoAudioRS232RS422RS485
Electrical
Interface
Data
Decoder/
Demodulator
PIN DiodeAvalanchPhotodiode (APD)MaterialsSilicon (Si)
Indium GalliumArsenide(InGaAs)Germanium (Ge)
AmplitudeModulation (AM)FrequencyModulation (FM)Digital Modulation
UserDataOutputOptical
InputOpticalOutput
Light
Detector
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Optical Network Systems Components Overview
(1) Optical Transceiver (Transmitter/Receiver)
(2) Amplifiers (SOA,EDFA etc.)(3) Dispersion Compensation module (DCM)(4) WDM Multiplexer/Demultiplexer consists of WDM device, Filters(5) Connectors(6) Patch cords and pigtails
(7) Cable and fibers(8) Racks and shelves(9) Joint closures(10)Fiber Splicing and testing
Tx
Tx
Tx
Tx
Rx
Rx
Rx
Rx
WDM WDMEDFADCM
EDFA
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Optical Transceiver
Transmitter and Receiver Transceivers, emits light signals across theoptical fiber and detects the signal at the receiving end of the optical link.
Main components of the Transmitter :
(1) Modulator(2) Light source(3) Collimator/Isolator
SFP (Mini-GBIC) transceiver WDM GBIC Transceiver
SFP: Small Form Factor Pluggable XFP : 10G SFPSFF : Small Form FactorGBIC: Gigabit Interface Converter
WDM SFF Transceiver
XFP Transceiver
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Collimator
Other Components of Laser Source
Device to focus the output diverging laser beam from a LD intoparallel beam for long distance transmission through optical fiber
Laser Source
Collimator
Optical Fiber
Isolator
An optical isolatoris an optical component which allows the transmission oflight in only one direction. They are typically used to prevent unwanted feedbackinto an optical oscillator such as a laser cavity, causing the laser to be unstable.
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Optical Detectors/Receivers
Light detectors perform the opposite function of light emitters they convertoptical signals back into electrical impulses 2 main types :
PIN diode (PD)
Avalanche Photodiode (APD)
PIN Photodiode
slower response time
high linearity lower cost ($1~$500)
Avalanche Photodiode (APD)
Higher gain expensive ($100~$2000) Require high voltage supply
O
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Optical Filters
Optical filters are important devices which can select specific wavelengths of light to pass
through and can be used in WDM application to demultiplex signals
Different types of filters :
Thin film filter
Mach-Zehnder Interferometer filter
Arrayed Waveguide Grating AWG
Acoustic-Optical Tunable Filter
Fabry-Perot Cavity Filter
Fiber Bragg Grating (FBG)
Waveguide grating
couple
rcoupler
Oth O ti l D i
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Optical Amplifiers
Semi-conductor Optical Amplifier (SOA)
Erbium Dope Fiber Amplifier (EDFA)
Raman Amplifier
Dispersion Compensation Modules
Optical Couplers and Splitters
Opto-mechanical Switches
Circulator
Optical Switches/Fiber Selector
Optical Cross-Connect
Optical Add-Drop Multiplexer
Other Optical Devices
Optical Amplifier
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Optical Amplifier
Transmitter
Receiver
Pre-Amplifier
Inline Amplifier
Post-Amplifier
To amplify optical signal as it traverse down the fiber It does not clean up the signal, the noise is amplified as well as the signal Optical amplifier only does 1-R (re-amplify)
A full 3-R amplifier does Re-amplify, Re-time, Re-Shape.A complete 3-R amplifier requires Optical-Electrical-Optical OEO conversion which isexpensive
E bi D d Fib A lifi (EDFA)
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Erbium Doped Fiber Amplifier (EDFA)
Pump laser (980 nm)
Erbiumdoped fiber (10s meter)
Output amplified signal
Input signal
Pump laser can be forward, reverse and bidirectional
980 nm pump laser is used to inject energy into erbium-doped fiber with energy level toamplify signal at 1550nm Output power is high, therefore used widely in longhaul applications normally operates in 1550 nm and 1625 nm windows, the DWDM region. 1310 nm EDFA is
not common but available
Raman Amplification
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Used in ultra longhaul application, in combination with EDFA instead of using erbium-doped fiber, it uses the transmission fiber itself for theamplifcation
EDFA RxTx
RamanPump
Hybrid Raman-EDFA
SignalPower
Distance
SignalbeforeRamanamplification
SignalafterRamanpump
Raman Amplification
Advantages are higher OSNRand flatter gain profile
Disadvantages are higherpump power requirement andcausing nonlinearity
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passive device in which port 1 couples to port 2 and port 2 couples to port 3. Noother selection of ports conducts light. Light will not even travel in the reversedirections, port 2 to port 1 and port 3 to port 2 It works on the principle of polarization (Faraday Rotator).
Couplers
Simplest optical devices. It is passive and it combines and splits lights Bidirectional It can be made wavelength-dependent and wavelength-independent, with different orsame split ratios
The terms coupler and splitter sometimes used interchangeably
2 or more outputs2 or more inputs ..
..
3-portcirculator
1 2
3
Circulator
Other Optical Devices
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Other Optical Devices
Optical Add-Drop MultiplexerTo add and drop wavelengths in optical domains
Opto-mechanical Switches
Miniature mechanical device to switch optical path,e.g. 3-D MEMS switches
Fiber SelectorDevice to select output path of light from a single input path and vice versa
Optical Cross-Connect (OXC)Cross-connect device to switch light path in
optical domain
MEMS : Micro Electro-Mechanical Systems
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Optical fiber cable
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Optical fiber cable
The role of the cable is to protect the fiber mechanically against externalstress and pressure, ingress of moisture and water, excessive bending andkinks
Fiber (250 m)
Protective Buffer tube (with water-resistant gel)
Outer protective jacket
Strength and water blocking layer (Aramid yarn)
Central strength member(Steel or GRP)
Water-resistant fillingcompound
Buffer : made up of Polypropylene(PP), Polyamide or PolyesterOuter Jacket : Polyethelene (PE)for outdoor and PVC for indoorcableGRP : Galvanized Reinforced
Plastic
New Generation FTTH Cable
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FTTH Aerial Drop Cable
Bend Insensitive fiber
ITU-T G.657A/B Fiber
Bending loss(dB/km)
Bending radius (mm)
0.0001
0.001
0.01
0.1
0 2.5 5 7.5 10 12.5 15 17.5 20
StandardG.652D
G.657A
G.657B
Low Friction Indoor Cable
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Small diameter low friction indoorcable adopted by NTT
Source :Fujikura
Pushing cable into narrow limitedavailable spaces in hidden conduits
Optical Cable Manufacturing Process
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p g
A Typical Fiber Cable Manufacturing Line
Patch cord, Pigtails and Cable Assemblies
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, g
For cross-connect and patching at the termination racks andequipments
Fan-out cord
Patch cord
Pigtails
Types of Optical Connectors
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SC connector FC connector ST connector
SC duplexconnector
LC connector
FDDI connectorLC duplexconnector
MT-RJ connector
ESCON connector
Single fiber :
Multi-fiber :
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Outdoor Fiber Installation Hardware
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Building entrance
(cable vault)
Buried enclosure(splice trays)
Pedestal enclosure(or streetside cabinet)
Undergroundconduitmanhole enclosure
(splice trays)
Direct buriedcable
Aerialenclosure(splice trays)
FiberOpticcable
Indoor Fiber Installation Hardware
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Joint Closures
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Used to connect and protect the joints of 2 or more cables
In-Line Closure
Dome Closure
Termination Racks and Optical Distribution Frame
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Termination Racks and Shelves
Normally located in the Exchanges or Central Offices (CO), these racks areused to house the termination shelves for optical fiber cables. These shelvesare used for cross-connect patching or connection to transmitting devices at the
COs.
A typical termination rack with shelvescontaining optical distribution frames,
patch panels, splicing housing, activetransmission equipments
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Optical Distribution Shelf
Optical Distribution Box
Optical Patch Panel
Optical Wall Outlet
Other Innovations
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Protective Union Adaptor
Factory-Preterminated DropClosure/Fiber Distribution Point
Source : Corning
Source : FiberOpto Asia
Other Innovations (Contd)
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Fiber Identifier
Source : Fujikura
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Tea Break
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FTTHs Enabling Technologies
Part 3 :
Deployment Technologies
Building the Fiber Optics Network
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Methods of jointing fiber cables
1. Fusion Splicing
2. Mechanical splicing
FTTH Deployment in MDUs
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Snapshots of FTTH deployment in Singapore
Mechanical Splicing
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Fiber ends mechanically mated, with index matching gel in between the mated
surfaces
Advantages : Quicker, cheaper, no power requirement
Disadvantages : End user skeptical about the long term reliability (will gel dry up ?
), loss is higher than fusion splicing, cannot know the loss performance during
splicing
Getting popular in access network, especially in FTTH applications in Japan
Average Splice Loss : 0.15 dB
Mechanical Splicing
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Principle of Mechanical Splicing
Cross-section viewConstruction
Index matching gel
V-groove
V-groove
wedge
Compression
parts
U-shape sleeve
Compression
parts
fiber
fiber
Termination of fiber cable
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(1) Connector epoxy assembly and polishing
(2) Field-installation connectors
(3) Splice-On connector
(4) Splicing with pigtails
Connector endface machine polishing
Field-Installable Connector
With Toolkit
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Build-in Wedge. Toolkit unnecessary
Before assemblyAfter assembly
With Toolkit
Fiber stub Mechanicalsplice with
index
matching gel
Inserted fiber
Factory polish
Air blown fiber
Deployment Techniques for Optical Fiber Network
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Air-blown fiber
Air-blown fiber
Air-Blown Cable (Outdoor and Indoor)
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Blowing machine
Fiber optic cable
Cable duct
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Horizontal-tunneling
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Or simply just bury the cables..
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Testing and CommissioningFTTH Network
Fiber Testing and Maintenance
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VFL
Power Meter and Light Source
Optical Time Domain Reflectometer (OTDR)
Back Reflection Meter
Scope
How to interpret an OTDR Trace
Fresnel Fresnel reflection at fiber
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Fresnel
reflection
Loss due to
connector-pairs
or splicing joint
Fiber
imperfection
end
noise
Fiber attenuation
Fresnel reflection:Reflection when light enters
a medium which has
different index of refraction
km
OpticalPowerLevel
Pulse width versus dynamic range
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km
OpticalPowerLevel
Broad pulsewidth
(100ns)Large event deadzone
Low noise
Medium pulsewidth
(50ns)
Small pulsewidth
(3ns)Short event deadzone
Noisy trace
Connector-pair
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distance
Power
marginReceiver sensitivity
Tx Rx
Connector pair
or mechanical spliceFusion splice
Screen-Shot of OTDR for Reflectance Measurement
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Back Reflection Meter (Optical Continuous Wave Reflectometer OCWR)
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Light source Power meter
Light source
Termination
point
Connector pair (splice)
under test
2x1
coupler
Power meter
Compliant to FOTP-107 (EIA recommendation)
50:50 split
Reflected power
Pin (dBm) (assume -5.2dBm)
Preft(dBm)
Assume -54 dBmReflectance = Pin (dBm) Preft (dBm)
= -5.2 (-54) = 48.8 dB
Visual Fault Locator
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Visual light source injected into fiber link and locate the fault
Detectable fault includes micro/macro-bending, high loss, fiber breaks
Fault location
Power Meter and Light Source
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Power Meter measure received signal power
Light source launch optical in modulated and unmodulated wave into fiber-
under-test
The most straight-forward way to test the fiber loss
Testing Network Attenuation using Power Meter and Light Source
Test Jumper 1Step 1 :
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Light source Power
meter
Pref(dBm)
Light source Power
meter
Test
Jumper 1
Pref2 (dBm)
Step 2 :
TestJumper 2
Assume Pref2 =
-10.8 dBm
Light source Power
meter
Test
Jumper 1
Step 3 :Test
Jumper 2
Fiber cable under
test
Ptotal (dBm), assume = -15.2 dBm
Tested cable loss =
Pref2-Ptotal =-10.8 dBm (-15.2 dBm) = 4.4 dB
Assume Pref1 =-10.4 dBm
Make sure Pref1-Pref2 < 0.5 dB
Optical Fiber Scope
Abl t f i l i ti d i ti f th t d f f
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Able to perform visual inspection and examination of the connector end face forirregularities, i.e. scratches, dirt etc.
Magnification can be up to 400x
Fiber-To-The-X (X = Building, Curb, Node, Premises, Home)
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Variations of FTTx
Passive Splitter
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OLT
ONU
ONU
FTTH
FTTB
FTTC
FTTN
Passive Splitter
Optical Fiber
Optical Fiber
Optical Fiber
Optical Fiber
Copper Cable
Copper Cable
ONU
ONU
Voice
network
Data
Network
Video
server
Satellite
station
FTTH : Fiber-to-the-Home
FTTB : Fiber-to-the-Building
FTTC : Fiber-to-the-Curb
FTTN : Fiber-to-the-Node
Fiber-To-The-Home
Point to Multipoint Passive Optical Network (PON)
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Advantages of PON : No active equipments in the field increased network reliability, lowered operation cost
Sharing of OLT by multiple subscribers lower cost per subscriber
Scalability, unlimited bandwidth to each subscriber
Variations of PON systems
APON ATM PON
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APON ATM PONITU G.983 compliant, framing ATM, maximum bandwidth 622 Mbps, users/PON 32. Renamed to BPON
BPON Broadband PONITU G.983 compliant, framing ATM, maximum bandwidth 622 Mbps downstream and 155Mbps upstream,
(latest BPON standard expanded to 1.2Gbps down, 622Mbps up) users/PON 32
EPON/GEPON Ethernet PON/Gigabit Ethernet PONIEEE 802.ah compliant, framing Ethernet, maximum bandwidth 1 Gbps up and downstream, users/PON 16
GPON Gigabit PONITU G.984 compliant, framing GFP/ATM, maximum bandwidth 2.5Gbps downstream, 1.25 Gbpsupstream, users/PON 64
WDM-PON Wavelength Division Multiplex PONProtocol independent, maximum bandwidth 1-10Gbps, users/PON 100s
Hybrid TDM/WDM-PON, SUCCESS-HPONStandford University aCCESS-Hybrid TDM/WDM PON
Fiber-To-The-Home (Contd)
Point to Point Active Optical Network (Also called Active Optical Ethernet or AOEN)
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Point to Point Active Optical Network (Also called Active Optical Ethernet or AOEN)
Fiber rich network, high deployment cost
Point To Point FTTH (Ethernet in the First Mile)
OLT @ exchange
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TX/RX
TX/RX
TX/RX
TX/RX
10Km
1490 nm
Downstream
1
100/1000 Base BX10-D
10Km10KmRange
1310 nm1310 nmWavelength
UpstreamTransmission
direction
12Number offibers
100/1000 Base BX10-U100/1000 Base LX-10
1490 nm
1310 nm
OLT @ exchangeSubscriber
Ethernet
10/100 bT
Ethernet
10/100 bT
PON Basic Time Division Multiplexing (TDM)
ONTs filters out its own data based onMAC/VPI/VCI/ID from downstream
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1
N
OLT
ONT
ONT
1490 nm
1310 nm(lower cost
optics)
1550 nm
(Video)
MAC/VPI/VCI/ID from downstream
TDM. Downstream security maintained
by encryption
Continuous TDM broadcast
1 N
1 NTDMA assigned burst
1 N
1 N
Continuous TDM broadcast with
Dynamic Bandwidth Allocation (DBA)
Downstream
Upstream Video
.
.
.
.
Video Overlay
EPON Downstream Traffic
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EPON Upstream Traffic
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ITU T G 984
GPON
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ITU-T G.984
Gigabit PON , or GPON
Downstream TDM 2488 Mbps, 8KHz frame
Upstream
TDMA 1244 Mbps, 8 KHz frame
Standards Summary
ITU-T G.984
GPON
ITU-T G.983
BPON
IEEE 802.3ah
EPON (GE-PON)
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Out of band (Fixed OH)Out of band (Fixed OH)In-band Ethernet messagesPON Control
~2300 Mbps~ 480 Mbps600 to 900 MbpsRevenue BW
GEMATMEthernetPON MAC
FSAN, ITU-T
Standard
VoIP, GEM
CES (PWE3), GEM
Up to 128
~ 95%
Scramble
1244 Mbps
2488 Mbps
FSAN, ITU-TIndividual carrier not among
carriers
Interoperability
StandardOut of scopeOAM&P
VoATM, VoIPVoIPVoice
CES (AAL1)CES (PWE3)TDM
Up to 64Up to 32Split
~ 80%~50 to 72%Efficiency
Scramble8B/10BLine coding
155 Mbps1.25 GbpsUpstream
622 Mbps1.25 GbpsDownstream
NTTs FTTH Technologies (GEPON)
Subscriber based path control
Provide application-independen access line
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Provide application independen access line
Per-user VLAN not service-based VLAN
Source : NTT
Subscriber based QoS control
NTTs FTTH Technologies (GEPON) (Contd)
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Guarantee minimum bandwidth, limited maxium bandwidth for each
subscriber
User can use the allocated bandwidth for any application services
Realized by VLAB-based QoS control function
Source : NTT
Types of FTTH Passive Splitters
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Fused Bi-conical Tapered (FBT) splitters
fabricated by fusing two fiber cores. Normally
for small split ratio
Planar Lightwave Circuit (PLC) Splitters
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Waveguide circuit etched onto silicon substrate, much like IC chips
Advantages are compact size and largersplit ratio of up to 1x128 splits
Splitter modules
Directly mountablet li t
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onto splice tray or
ODF
Mountable onto optical housings or shelves and on racks
Splitting Ratio Minimum Losses per port
Splitting Ratio versus Minimum Loss
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1 x 2 3 dB
1 x 4 6 dB
1 x 8 9 dB
1 x 16 12 dB
1 x 32 15 dB
1 x 64 18 dB
1 x 128 21 dB
HDB
Risers (x5)
10 units/floor 1 2 3 4 5 10
2-f cable for each living unit (LU)
Wall plate installed
in each LU
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12 storey
Exchange
2nd floor
upward
occupied
FDT in riser
one for every floor
or every 3 floors
MDF room
Mid-span cable access at every FDT
Riser cable
Cable joint
closure
Equipment racks
And termination
panels
MH
Splitter
Mounted
in rack
Optical Budget Planning
Allowable maximum total transmission loss = Lmax
Lmax >= Total link loss
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max
Lmax = PT PR M
PT = Transmitter Power level
PR = Receiver sensitivityM = System Margin
distance
Power
marginReceiver sensitivity
Tx Rx
Total link loss (dB) =
Fiber Loss x L + N x Connector loss + N x Splicing loss + Loss
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Fiber Loss x L + Nc x Connector loss + Ns x Splicing loss + LossTR
Fiber Loss = fiber loss in dB/km
L = length of optical link (km)
Nc = number of connectors
Connector loss = connector-pair insertion loss (dB)
Ns = number of splice location
Splicing loss = splicing loss (dB)
LossTR = coupling loss in transmitter and receiver
PON testing methodology
Test equipments to be used
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Back Reflection Meter (or Optical Continuous-wave Reflectometer OCWR)
Visual Fault Locator (VFL)
Live Fiber Detector (LFD), used to detect live fibers
OTDR
PON wavelength-isolating power meter that should be capable of
measuring the burst optical power of the ATM or Ethernet traffic upstream
from the ONT
PON testing methodology
(1) During installation
distribution
D ONU
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splitter
Each cabled segment link loss measurement, e.g. A-B, C-D, E-F etc.
End A of feeder fiber and each splitter output port, e.g between A-D, A-E etc.
Loss uniformity at each splitter output ports are checked
A
feeder
B
C
E
D
F
ONU
OLT
PON testing methodology
distribution
D ONU
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splitter
OTDR measurement from each splitter output end : D , F etc
OTDR measurement from end A is only done if the splitter outputs are
connected to different distribution fiber lengths, else we will see multiple traces
overlap each other and not able to detect (we will demonstrate during hands-
on session
A
feeder
B
C
E
D
F
ONU
OLT
(2) During Service Activation
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Test power output from OLT to ensure sufficient power output is delivered to the
ONT. This is done only during initial activation since it is disruptive.
Use wavelength-isolating PON power meter to be connected as pass-through
device.
splitter
ONU
(3) Trouble-Shooting
Aff t d ONT P ibl P bl L ti
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Affected ONTs Possible Problem Locations
All ONTs or several ONTs (the In the exchange
Most distant one) Along the feeder
At the splitter input location (patch panel,
connectorOne ONT At the last drop
Along the drop cable or distribution cable
Faulty splitter output port
splitter
ONU
OLT
Feeder Distribution Drop
ONUconnector
Patch panel Passive
Splitter (1x4)
connector
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ONU
OLT
Fusion splicingMechanical
splicing
Pin
PoutReceiver sensivity
-28dBm
Launch power
+4dBm
Total link budget = +4 (-28)
= +32 dB
Testing Through Passive Splitter
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Multiple Fresnel Reflections due to multiple splitter branches
Testing Through Passive Splitter How To Locate Fault
OTDR
ONU
Event occurs at
branch no. 4
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SplitterOLT
Remote Fiber Test System (RFTS)
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Source : SEC
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Future Trends
Next steps in PON standardards
March 2006: IEEE met and agreed to explore options for a 10 Gbit/s PON
standard
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standard
Option 1: 10 Gbit/s down + 1 Gbit/s up
(estimated throughput of 9 Gbit/s down / 700 Mbit/s up)
Option 2: 10 Gbit/s down + 10 Gbit/s up
(estimated throughput of 9 Gbit/s down / 6 Gbit/s up)
Standardised commercial product by end of decade
FSAN is also exploring next gen standards
Either 10 Gbit/s version of GPON (TDM based)
Or Wavelength Division Multiplexing PON
WDM PON (Wavelength Division Multiplexing PON)
T3/E3
ATMStandards? Work in progress
NGN FSAN activity
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Optical
Network O/O
11 22
3131 3232
11 ..3232
FR
SAN
GbE
E/B/GPON
OLT
TDM (2G)Packet (3G)
Transport
WDM
Service
GPON, EPON, SDH/SONET, GbE, ESCON, etc
Voice, Internet, IPTV, SAN, etc..
WDM PON Approaches
ONT
WDM11 3232
11 22Changes to OSP changing splitter to WDM
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OLT
ONT
ONT
11 ..3232
Colorless ONTs
OLT
ONT
ONT
ONT
Splitter11 ..3232
11 ..3232
3131 3232
Colored ONTs with built-in filters
and selected wavelength lasers
Colorless ONTs (i.e. wavelength
locking technology)
OR
No Changes to OSP
11 ..3232
FTTH-Wireless Hybrid
A Optical-plus-wireless technology to areas where cable laying is eitherexpensive or difficult
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Example : NTTs WIPAS (Wireless IP Access System)
Source : NTT
Long Reach PON
Reach of traditional PON = 10 20 km
Distance limited by Passive nature of the PON, and power loss through
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passive splitter
To increase distance reach or increase splitting ratio beyond 64, to 128 or
higher, need some form of power amplification Solutions :
PON amplifier
Able to amplify optical signal bi-directionally at 3 FTTH wavelengths
Optical Switching
Optical Switches that switch or route
Network links at physical optical layer
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Technology for the future
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Recommended