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Summary ofFrench Grammar
1. THE ALPHABET
a a j ji s esse
b b k ka t t
c c l elle u u
d d m emme v v
e e n enne w double v
f effe o o x iks
g g p p y i grec
h ache q ku z zde
i i r erre
2. THE NUMBERS
0 zro 11 onze 30 trente
1 un 12 douze 40 quarante
2 deux 13 treize 50 cinquante
3 trois 14 quatorze 60 soixante
4 quatre 15 quinze 70 soixante-dix
5 cinq 16 seize 80 quatre-vingts
6 six 17 dix-sept 81 quatre-vingt-un
7 sept 18 dix-huit 90 quatre-vingt-dix
8 huit 19 dix-neuf 100 cent
9 neuf 20 vingt 101 cent un
10 dix 21 vingt et un 1,000 mille
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3. THE APOSTROPHE
Certain one-syllable words ending in a vowel drop, or elide, thevowel when they come before words beginning with a vowelsound.
This dropping of the vowel, or elision, is marked by an apostro-phe. Common cases are:
3.1 The a ofla:je laime I like her (or it)
lheure the hourlamande the almond
3.2 The vowel e in one-syllable words (le, je, se, me, que, etc.):largent the money
jhabite I live
jai I have
3.3 The vowel i in si (if), when it comes before il (he) orils(they):
sil vous plat please (lit., if it pleases you)
3.4 Moi and toi when they come before en are written m and t:Donnez men. Give me some of it (of them).
3.5 A few words like:
aujourdhui today
entracte interlude
4. THE DEFINITE ARTICLE
4.1 The forms of the definite article (the) are:
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Singular Plural
Masculine le les
Feminine la les
le garon the boy
la fille the girl
les garons the boys
les filles the girls
Le and la become l before words beginning with a vowel sound.This contraction takes place before most words beginning with h(this h is called mute h). There are a few words where this con-traction does not occur (this h is called aspirate h).lami the friend
le hros the hero
lheure the hour
la hache the ax
4.2 The definite article is used:
a. before a noun used in a general sense, before titles, days of theweek, parts of the body, etc.:lavion the airplane
le dimanche Sunday, Sundays
le Comte . . . Count . . .
Jaime les livres. I like books.
Le fer est utile. Iron is useful.
Lavarice est un vice. Avarice is a vice.
Je vais me laver les mains. Im going to wash my hands.
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b. with names of languages, unless preceded by en:Le franais est difficile. French is difficult.
Elle raconte lhistoire en franais. She tells the story in French.
Note: The article is usually omitted with the name of a languageused immediately after the verb parler.Elle parle franais. She speaks French.
4.3 Unlike English, the definite articles must be repeated beforeeach noun they modify:les portes et les fentres the doors and windows
5. THE INDEFINITE ARTICLE
5.1 The forms of the indefinite article (a/an) are:
Singular Plural
Masculine un des
Feminine une des
un homme a manune femme a woman
des hommes men; some men; a few men
des femmes women; some women; a few women
As you can see, des is often used to mean someora few.
5.2 The indefinite article is used:
a. with an adjective:Cest un bon mdecin. He is a good doctor.
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b. + les = aux:Il parle aux garons. Hes talking to the boys.
8. GENDER
All nouns in French, even those that refer to objects, are eithermasculine or feminine. The gender of each noun must be learnedwith the noun.
Nouns referring to males are masculine, and nouns referring tofemales are feminine.
le pre fatherla mre mother
le roi king
la reine queen
There are exceptions. Here are a few: la sentinelle (sentinel), evenif male, and le professeur (teacher) if female or male.
However, you will not often be able to figure out the gender ofthe noun based on its sex, such as when the noun is an inanimateobject or an abstract concept. Nevertheless, there are some gen-
eral rules that will help you to know the gender of a noun in suchcases.
8.1 The following classes of nouns are generally masculine:
a. Nouns ending in a consonant:le parc park
le tarif rate, tariff
le pont bridge
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Exceptions: Nouns ending in -ion and -son are generally feminine.laction action
la raison reason
la conversation conversation
b. Nouns ending in any vowel except mute e:le pari bet, wager
le menu menu
le vlo bicycle
Exceptions: Nouns ending inage.c. Nouns ending in -ment, -age and -ge (note that -age and -geend in mute e):le mnage household
le document document
le mange riding school
lusage usage
d. Names of days, months, seasons, metals, colors, trees, shrubs:le jeudi Thursday
(le) septembre Septemberle printemps spring
lor gold
le plomb lead
le bleu blue
le chne oak
lolivier olive tree
le gent broom (a shrub)
e. The names of parts of speech when used as nouns:le nom noun
le participe participlele verbe verb
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f. Metric weights and measures.le mtre meter
le kilogramme kilogram
le litre liter
Note the contrast with a non-metric measure: la livre (pound).
g. The names of the cardinal points.le nord north
le sud south
lest east
louest west
8.2 The following classes of nouns are generally feminine:
a. Nouns ending in -te, -son, -ion:la dtente dtente
la conversation conversation
la raison reason
Exceptions:le camion truck
le million million
lavion airplane
b. Names of qualities or states of being ending in: -nce, -esse,-eur, -ude:la distance distance
la gentillesse niceness
la largeur width
la douceur sweetness
la gratitude gratitude
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9.2 Nouns ending in -s, -x, -z do not change:le fils the son les fils the sonsla voix the voice les voix the voicesle nez the nose les nez the noses
9.3 Nouns ending in -au or-eu add -x:le chapeau the hat les chapeaux the hatsleau water les eaux watersle jeu the game les jeux the games
9.4 Nouns ending in -al and -ail form the plural with -aux:lhpital the hospital les hpitaux the hospitalsle travail work les travaux works
9.5 Some irregular plurals:le ciel the sky les cieux the heavenslil the eye les yeux the eyesMadame Madam, Mrs., Mesdames Madams
Ms.
Mademoiselle Miss Mesdemoiselles MissesMonsieur Sir, Mr. Messieurs Sirs
le bonhomme the fellow les bonshommes the fellows
10. ADJECTIVES
10.1 Adjectives agree with the nouns they modify in gender andnumber; that is, they are masculine if the noun is masculine,plural if the noun is plural, etc.:Marie et sa sur sont grandes. Marie and her sister are tall.
Pierre est grand. Pierre is tall.
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10.2 The following adjectives have two forms for the masculinesingular:
Masculine Feminine
Before a consonant Before a vowelor mute h
beau bel belle beautiful, handsome
nouveau nouvel nouvelle new
vieux vieil vieille old
un beau livre a beautiful book
un bel arbre a beautiful tree
une belle femme a beautiful woman
10.3 The feminine of adjectives is normally formed by adding -eto the masculine singular:un petit garon a little boy
une petite fille a little girl
a. If the masculine singular already ends in -e, the adjective hasthe same form in the feminine:un jeune homme a young man
une jeune femme a young woman
b. Adjectives ending in -er in the masculine singular change the eto and then add -e:
Masculine Feminine
tranger trangre foreign
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c. Most adjectives ending in -eux in the masculine singularchange this ending to -euse:
Masculine Feminine
heureux heureuse happy
srieux srieuse serious
d. Some adjectives double the final consonant of the masculine
singular form and add -e:
Masculine Feminine
bon bonne good
ancien ancienne former, ancient
gentil gentillenice
gros grossefat
e. Adjectives ending in -eau in the masculine singular change the-au to -lle:
Masculine Feminine
beau belle beautiful
nouveau nouvelle new
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f. There are also a number of irregular feminines:
Masculine Feminine
actif active active
blanc blanche white
doux douce sweet, gentle, soft
faux fausse false
long longue long
vieux vieille old
10.4 The plural of adjectives is regularly formed by adding -s tothe singular:
Singular Plural
Masculine un petit garon a little boy deux petits garons two little boys
Feminine une petite fille a little girl deux petites filles two little girls
a. But if the the adjective ends in -s or-x in the masculine singu-lar, the masculine plural stays the same:
un mauvais garon a bad boy
deux mauvais garons two bad boys
b. Adjectives ending in -au add -x:un nouveau livre a new bookdes nouveaux livres new books
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c. Adjectives ending in -al change to -aux:un homme loyal a loyal mandes hommes loyaux loyal men
10.5 An adjective that modifies nouns of different gender is inthe masculine plural:Marie et Jean sont petits. Marie and Jean are little.
11. POSITION OF ADJECTIVES
11.1 Adjectives usually follow the noun:
un livre franais a French bookun homme intressant an interesting man
une ide excellente an excellent idea
11.2 There are some common adjectives, however, that usuallyprecede the nouns they modify. These are often known as theBAGS adjectives because they are the adjectives that deal withBeauty, Age, Good (and Bad), and Size.
beau beautiful joli pretty
bon good long long
court short mauvais bad
gentil nice, pleasant nouveau new
gros big, fat petit small, little
jeune young vieux old
11.3 The following common adjectives differ in meaning depend-ing on whether they come before or after the noun:
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Before the Noun After the Noun
ancien former ancient
grand great tall
brave worthy brave
cher dear (beloved) expensive
pauvre poor (wretched) poor (impoverished)
propre own clean
mme same himself, herself, itself, very
12. COMPARISON OF ADJECTIVES
12.1 Most adjectives form the comparative with plus (more) andmoins (less), using que where English uses than. To express as . . .as, use aussi and que.
difficile difficult
plus difficile (que) more difficult (than)
moins difficile (que) less difficult (than)
aussi difficile (que) as difficult (as)
Note that the adjective still has to agree with the noun it is mod-ifying.
Jeanne est plus grande que Robert. Jeanne is taller than Robert.
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12.2 To express the superlative of something, use le (la, les) +plus + adjective to express superiority (the most, -est) and le (la,les) + moins + adjective to express inferiority (the least).
la plus belle the most beautiful la moins belle the least beautiful
le plus joli the prettiest le moins joli the least pretty
12.3 Certain common adjectives have irregular forms in compar-ison:
bon good mauvais bad
meilleur better plus mauvais, pire worse
le meilleur the best le plus mauvais, le pire the worst
13. POSSESSIVE ADJECTIVES
13.1. Possessive adjectives agree in gender and number with thething possessed:
Before Singular Nouns Before Plural
Nouns
Masculine Feminine Masculineand Feminine
mon ma mes my
ton ta tes your (fam.)
son sa ses his, her, its
notre notre nos our
votre votre vos yourleur leur leurs their
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mon chien my dog
sa mre his (or her) mother
ma robe my dress
votre livre your book
leurs crayons their pencils
13.2 Notice that these adjectives agree in gender not with the pos-sessor as in English, but with the noun they modify. For example,son could mean his, her, orits.Jean parle son pre. Jean is talking to his father.
Marie parle son pre. Marie is talking to her father.
13.3 Possessiveadjectivesarerepeatedbeforeeachnounthey modify:mon pre et ma mre my father and mother
leurs livres et leurs stylos their books and pens
13.4 Before a feminine word beginning with a vowel or mute h,the forms mon, ton, and son are used instead ofma, ta, and sa.son histoire his/her story, his/her history
son cole his/her school
13.5 In speaking of parts of the body, the definite article is usuallyused instead of the possessive adjective (except where it might beambiguous):Elle lve la main. She raises her hand.
14. DEMONSTRATIVE ADJECTIVES
14.1 The demonstrative adjective in French stands for both thisand that (plural these and those). Demonstrative adjectives agreewith the nouns they modify in gender and number:
a. Masculine singular: ce orcet
ce: before a consonantcet: before a vowel or mute h
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ce livre this (that) book
cet arbre this (that) tree
cet homme this (that) man
b. Feminine singular: cettecette femme this (that) woman
c. Plural: cesces hommes these (those) men
ces femmes these (those) women
14.2 Demonstrative adjectives must be repeated before each noun:cet homme et cette femme this man and this woman
14.3 When it is necessary to distinguish between this and that, -ciand -l are added to the noun.Donnez-moi ce livre-ci. Give me this book.
Voulez-vous cette robe-l? Do you want that dress (over there)?
Jaime ce livre-ci mais je I like this book but I dont like that book.naime pas ce livre-l.
15. DEMONSTRATIVE PRONOUNS
A demonstrative pronoun replaces a demonstrative adjective andits noun. Like demonstrative adjectives, they agree in gender andnumber with the nouns they are replacing.
Masculine singular celui this one, that one, the one
Feminine singular celle this one, that one, the one
Masculine plural ceux these, those, the ones
Feminine plural cellesthese, those, the ones
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As with demonstrative adjectives, -ci and -l can be added to thepronoun to make a distinction between the two nouns.Prfrez-vous celui-ci ou celui-l? Do you prefer this one or that one?
Jaime celui-ci. I like this one.
Donne-moi celle de ton frre. Give me your brothers. (calculator[la calculatrice],for example).
Ceux qui sont sur cette tagre Those that are on this shelf are onsont en solde. sale.
16. Y AND EN
Y and en are two important adverbial pronouns in French.
16.1 Y
a. Y is a pronoun meaning therewhich always refers to things orplaces.
It usually replaces + noun but may also replace other preposi-tions such as dans (in), sur (on), orchez (at) + noun.
It can be used to replace a location when the location has already
been referenced and in English it commonly also means toit/them, in it/them, on it/them. Sometimes the equivalent is not ex-pressed in English.
It is placed before the verb.Elle va Paris au printemps. Shes going to Paris in the spring.
Elle y va. Shes going there.
b. Y also forms part of the very common and useful expression ily a, which means there is orthere are:Il y a un train 10 heures. There is a train at 10 a.m.
Il y a trois chats. There are three cats.
Il ny a pas de chats. There are no cats.
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16.2 En
En is a pronoun that generally means some. It is used to replacethe partitive article (orde) + a noun. For more on partitives, seesection 24.
When en replaces a quantity, the quantity expression remains.Also note that in an inversion, en comes before the verb.Nous buvons du th. We drink tea.
Nous en buvons. We drink some.
Je mange beaucoup de fromage. I eat a lot of cheese.
Jen mange beaucoup. I eat a lot of it.Je voudrais une livre et demie I would like a pound and a half ofde champignons. mushrooms
Jen voudrais une livre et demie. I would like a pound and a half.
Vous en voulez un kilo. You want a kilo.
En voulez-vous un kilo? Do you want a kilo?
17. PERSONAL PRONOUNS
The forms of the pronouns depend on how they are used in asentence:
17.1 Subject pronouns:
je/j I
tu you (infml.)
il he, it
elle she, it
on we, one, people, you, they
nous we
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vous you
ils they
elles they
Je suis heureuse. I am happy.
Nous allons au cinma. Were going to the movie theater.
a. Vous and tu
Vous is the pronoun normally used in talking to several people;the plural form ofyou. It is also used in talking to someone youdont know very well or someone who is older than you (vous ismore polite or formal and shows respect).
Tu is the familiar form that is used only when addressing peopleyou know very well (a member of ones family or a close friend;also a child, pet, etc.).
b. Il, elle, ils, and elles are used as pronouns referring to thingsas well as to persons. They agree with the nouns they refer to ingender and number:
O est le livre? Wheres the book?Il est sur la table. Its on the table.
O est la lettre? Wheres the letter?
Elle est sur la table. Its on the table.
O sont les livres et les lettres? Where are the books and letters?
Ils sont sur la table. Theyre on the table.
Notice that ils is used when referring to multiple nouns of differ-ent genders (les livres [m.] et les lettres [f.]). This applies to peo-ple as well as to things. For example, if you are talking about agroup of three girls and one boy, you would use ils.
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Les trois filles et le garon, The three girls and the boy,ils regardent la tlvision. theyre watching television.
17.2 Direct object pronouns
The direct object pronoun takes the place of the direct object ina sentence. Direct object pronouns must agree in gender andnumber with the noun they replace. They come before the verb.
me/m me
te/t you (infml.)
le/l him, it
la/l her, it
nous us
vous you
les them
Je te comprends. I understand you (infml.).
Jaime la robe. I like the dress.Je laime. I like it.
17.3 Indirect object pronouns
An indirect object is the person to whom or for whom an actionis done. It is linked to the verb by the preposition and receivesthe action of the verb indirectly. It comes before the verb. Indi-rect object pronouns look similar to the direct object pronounsexcept in the third persons singular and plural. The word to is al-ways included in the definition.
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me/m to me
te/t to you (infml.)
lui to him, to her
nous to us
vous to you
leur to them
Je parle ma fille. I speak to my daughter.Je lui parle. I speak to her.
17.4 Disjunctive (stressed) pronouns
These pronouns are emphatic and call attention to a person or towhat that person is doing or saying.
They are used: to emphasize a subject pronoun, after preposi-tions, in comparisons, aftercest orce sont, in response to ques-tions (when used alone), and in certain expressions, such as Moinon plus (Neither do/am I, Me neither) and Moi aussi (Me too, Sodo/am I).
moi I, me
toi you (infml.)
soi himself, herself, oneself, itself
lui he, him
elle she, her
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nous we, us
vous you
eux they, them (m.)
elles they, them (f.)
Moi, jai six ans! Im six! (lit., Me, Im six!)
Je viens avec toi. Im coming with you.
Elle est plus intelligente que toi. She is smarter than you.
Cest toi sur la photo? Its you in the picture?-Qui est l? -Moi. -Whos there? -Me.
17.5 Reflexive pronounsIn a reflexive verb, the person or thing does the action to himself,herself or itself. In other words, the one who does the action alsoreceives it. For example: I dress myself. Reflexive pronouns nor-mally precede the verb to turn that verb into a reflexive one.
me myself
te yourself (infml.)se himself, herself, itself, oneself
nous ourselves
vous yourself, yourselves
se themselves
Je lave la voiture. I wash the car.
Je me lave. I wash myself, I get washed.
Jappelle Paul. Im calling Paul.
Je mappelle Paul. My name is Paul. (I am called Paul.)
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Note that many reflexive verbs in French are not reflexive in En-glish.
Reflexive pronouns in the affirmative imperative follow the verband are connected to it with a hyphen. After the verb, toi is usedinstead ofte.Tu tamuses. You are having fun.
Amuse-toi bien! Have fun!
18. POSITION OF PRONOUNS
Apart from disjunctive pronouns (see 17.4 above), personal pro-nouns, as well as y and en, generally precede the verb except inaffirmative commands and requests. Pronouns do precede theverb in negative commands and requests.
18.1 When there are multiple pronouns before a verb, they areplaced in the following order:
me lete la lui y en verbsubjectse l leurpronoun
nous lesvous
Il me le donne. He gives it to me.
Il le lui donne. He gives it to him (to her, to it).
Je ly ai vu. I saw him (her, it) there.
Je leur en parlerai. Ill speak to them about it.
Il y en a trois. There are three of them.
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18.2 In affirmative commands and requests (positive imperative),pronouns are placed after the verb and connected by hyphens.The direct object pronoun precedes the indirect:
me (moi)positive te (toi)imperative le luiform of verb la nous y en
les vousleur
Donnez-le-lui. Give it to him.Donnez-leur-en. Give them some.
Allez-vous-en. Go away./Get out of here.
Donnez-moi le livre. Give me the book.
Donnez-le-moi. Give it to me.
Montrez-moi des pommes. Show me apples.
Montrez-men. Show me some.
crivez-lui la lettre. Write him the letter.
crivez-la-lui. Write it to him.
Note that when moi ortoi are used with en, they become m andt and precede en.Va ten. Go away./Get out of here.
18.3 The pronoun objects precede voici and voil:O est le livre? Wheres the book?
Le voici. Here it is.
Les voil. There they are.
19. RELATIVE PRONOUNS
Relative pronouns link the dependent part of a sentence to themain clause. For example, in the sentence, This is the book that I
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read, thatis the relative pronoun that connects the main clause(This is the book) with the dependent clause (that I read).
Although we sometimes omit the relative pronoun in English(Youre eating the dessert [that] I made), it must be used in French.
Relative pronouns can be the subject or direct object of the verb,or the object of a preposition, in the dependent clause.
19.1. As the subject of a verb (can be used for both persons andthings):
qui who, which, that
Lhomme qui est l . . . The man who is there . . .
Voici la dent qui me fait mal. Heres the tooth that hurts me.
19.2. As the object of a verb (can be used for both persons andthings):
que/qu whom, which, that
Lhomme que tu vois . . . The man whom you see . . .
Voici la dent que le dentiste Heres the tooth that the dentist isva marracher. going to pull out.
19.3 As the object of a preposition:
a. For a person
qui whom
Cest la femme pour qui je Shes the woman for whom I work.travaille.
La dame qui vous parlez The woman to whom you arespeaking
sappelle Sophie. is named Sophie.
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b. For a thing
lequel (m. sg.)laquelle (f. sg.) whichlesquels (m. pl.)lesquelles (f. pl.)
Voici la maison dans laquelle Here is the house in which we live.nous habitons.
As you can see, the relative pronoun lequeland its forms agree ingender and number with the nouns to which they refer.
19.4 Sometimes the word o (where) is used as a relative pronoun.It can be used with both places and time.Connaisez-vous lendroit Do you know the place where he lives?o il habite?
Le jour o je suis partie The day (that, when) I left foren vacances . . . vacation . . .
19.5 The relative pronoun dont can take on two meanings:
a. dont (whose)
Dont can take on the possessive meaning ofwhose.Cest le mari dont la femme Thats the husband whose wife is anest actrice. actress.
b. dont (of whom, of which)
Dont is used with verbs or expressions that use the prepositionde, such as parler de (to talk about), avoir besoin de (to need), sesouvenir de (to remember), etc.
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Jai besoin du stylo./Voici le I need the pen./Heres the pen I needstylo dont jai besoin. (lit., of which I have need).
Les enfants dont je parle The children of whom I am talkingsont mes enfants. are my children.
20. INDEFINITE RELATIVE PRONOUNS
ce quice que what
Ce qui and ce que are only used for things (not people) that donot have a prior reference in the sentence. Ce qui is used as thesubject of the dependent clause and ce que is used as the directobject of the dependent clause.
Je vois ce qui est sur la table. I see what is on the table.
Je comprends ce que tu dis. I understand what you are saying./I understand that which you are
saying.
21. INDEFINITE PRONOUNS
Indefinite pronouns refer to no one or nothing in particular.Some indefinite pronouns in French include:
quelque chose something
quelquun someone
chacun each (one)
un/une autre another
plusieurs several
on one, people, they, you
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ne . . . rien nothing
ne . . . personne no one
nimporte quoi/qui/o anything/anyone/anywhere
Quelquun ta tlphon. Somebody called you.
Chacun ses gots. To each his own.
Pendant lt, on peut nager. During the summer, you can swim/one can swim/people can swim.
Il fait nimporte quoi pour He does anything to make money.
gagner de largent.
22. NOUNS USED AS INDIRECT OBJECTS
A noun used as an indirect object is always preceded by thepreposition :Je donne un livre la jeune fille. Im giving the girl a book.
23. REPETITION OF PREPOSITIONS
The prepositions and de must be repeated before each of their
objects:Je parle au deput et son Im speaking to the deputy and hissecrtaire. secretary.
Voici les cahiers de Jean et Here are Jeans and Mariesceux de Marie. notebooks.
24. THE PARTITIVE
24.1 When a noun is used in such a way as to express or imply anunspecified quantity, it is preceded by the partitive article. Thepartitive very often translates the English someorany. In French,du, de l, de la, and des are the partitive articles.
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The partitive is formed in the following way:
Masculine singular de + le = du
Feminine singular de + la = de la
Masculine and feminine de + l = de lsingular
Masculine and feminine plural de + les = des
Jai de largent. I have some money.Il a des amis. He has some friends.
In many cases, however, the partitive article is used where wedont use someorany in English:A-t-il des amis ici? Does he have friends here?
24.2 De (ord) is used, instead of the partitive article, when:
a. an expression of quantity is used:Jai beaucoup dargent. I have a lot of money.
Combien de livres avez-vous? How many books do you have?
a cote plus/moins de dix euros. That costs more/less than ten euros.
Exceptions: bien (much, many) and la plupart (most, the majority):bien des hommes many men
la plupart des hommes most men
b. the noun is preceded by an adjective:Jai achet de belles cravates. I bought some nice ties.
24.3 The negative of the partitive is pas de/d + noun.Il na pas damis. He has no friends.
Mon ami na pas dargent. My friend hasnt any money.
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25. N EGATION
25.1 A sentence is made negative by placing ne before the verband pas after it:Je sais. I know.
Je ne sais pas. I dont know.
Je ne lai pas vu. I havent seen it.
When placed before a vowel or mute h, ne becomes n.
Also note that multiple object pronouns are placed before the
verb in negative sentences (and negative commands), followingthe same order as discussed in 18.1:Vous le leur donnez. You give it to them.
Vous ne le leur donnez pas. You dont give it to them.
Ne le leur donnez pas. Dont give it to them.
25.2 Other negative expressions include:
ne . . . gure hardly
ne . . . point not (at all) (literary)
ne . . . rien nothing
ne . . . nul, nulle no one, no
ne . . . jamais never
ne . . . personne nobody
ne . . . plus no longer
ne . . . ni . . . ni neither . . . nor
ne . . . que only
ne . . . aucun, aucune no one, none
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Il ne travaille jamais le vendredi. He never works on Fridays.
Je ne mange rien le matin. I eat nothing in the morning.
Il ny a ni chauffage ni eau chaude. There is neither heat nor hot water.
25.3 Although both oui and si meanyes, si is used to contradict anegative statement:Vous buvez du vin? You drink wine?
Oui. Yes.
Vous ne buvez pas de vin? You dont drink wine?
Si. Yes, I do.
26. QUESTIONS
In spoken French, questions are often formed simply by raisingyour voice to indicate that the sentence is a question. There is nochange in sentence form.Vous tes libre? Are you free?/Youre free?
There are several other ways to ask a question in French:
26.1 Questions with pronoun subjects:
There are two ways of asking a question with a pronoun subject:
a. Place the pronoun after the verb:Parlez-vous franais? Do you speak French?
b. Place est-ce que (is it that) before the sentence:Est-ce que je parle trop vite? Am I talking too fast?
Est-ce que vous parlez franais? Do you speak French?
26.2 Questions with noun subjects:
When a question begins with a noun, the pronoun is repeatedafter the verb. The letter t is inserted between the subject pro-
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noun and the verb in the 3rd person singular form when the verbends with ane and after the verb a (has).Votre frre parle-t-il franais? Does your brother speak
French?
Votre sur a-t-elle quitt la maison? Has your sister left the house?
26.3 Questions introduced by interrogative words:
The common interrogative words are:
combien how many/how muchquand when
comment how
o where
pourquoi why
que what
qui who/whom
a. In questions which begin with an interrogative word, the orderis usually interrogative word + verb + pronoun subject:Comment allez-vous payer? How are you going to pay?
Que dsirez-vous? What would you like?
b. However, in everyday, informal speech, French speakers willoften simply place the question word at the end of the sentenceand raise their voice to indicate that it is a question.Vous allez o? Where are you going?
c. A question word can also be used with est-ce que:Comment est-ce que vous allez payer? How are you going to pay?
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27. A DVERBS
Adverbs are usually placed after verbs in the present and othersimple tenses. In the pass compos and other compoundtenses, adverbs of quality (bien), quantity (beaucoup), and fre-quency (toujours) are placed between the auxiliary verb and thepast participle. For more on verbs, see sections 2834.Il marche lentement. He walks slowly.On a bien mang dans ce restaurant. We ate well in this restaurant.
27.1 Most adverbs are formed from the adjectives by adding
-ment to the feminine form. If the adjective ends in e in the mas-culine form, just add -ment to the adjective.
froid cold froidement coldly
certain certain certainement certainly
naturel natural naturellement naturally
facile easy facilement easily
27.2 Adjectives that end in -ent and -ant add -emment or -am-ment to form the adverbs.
intelligent intelligent intelligemment intelligently
constant constant constamment constantly
27.3 However, there are many adverbs which must be learnedseparately. See 27.58 for some lists of common adverbs.
vite quickly mal badly
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27.4 Adverbs are compared like adjectives (see section 12):
loin far plus loin farther le plus loin the farthest
bien well mieux better le mieux the best
mal badly pire worse le pire the worst
27.5 Some common adverbs of place include:
ici here
l there
ct at the side
de ct aside
devant before, in front of
derrire behind
dessus on top
dessous underneath
dedans inside
dehors outside
partout everywhere
nulle part nowhere
loin far
prs near
o where
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y there
ailleurs elsewhere
l-haut up there
l-bas over there
27.6 Some common adverbs of time:
aujourdhui today
demain tomorrow
hier yesterday
avant-hier the day before yesterday
aprs-demain the day after tomorrow
maintenant now
alors then
avant before
autrefois once, formerly
tt early
bientt soon
tard late
souvent often
ne . . . jamais never
toujours always, ever
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longtemps long, for a long time
encore still, yet
ne . . . plus no longer, no more
nouveau again
27.7 Adverbs of manner:
bien well
mal ill, badly
ainsi thus, so
de mme similarly
autrement otherwise
ensemble together
fort much, very
volontiers willingly
surtout above all, especially
exprs on purpose, expressly
27.8 Adverbs of quantity or degree:
beaucoup much, many
assez enough
ne . . . gure not much, scarcely
peu little
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plus more
ne . . . plus no more
moins less
encore more
bien much, many
trop too, too much, too many
tellement so much, so many
28. AUXILIARY OR HELPING VERBS
In French, the auxiliary verbs are avoir (to have) and tre (to be), al-though they are both also used as main verbs. Auxiliary verbs areused with other verbs to help express tenses or moods of verbs.Elle est americaine. She is American.
Elle est alle chez le mdecin. She went to the doctors.
Nous avons le livre. We have the book.
Nous avons lu le livre. We read the book.
Avoir and tre are conjugated in the present indicative as follows:
avoir tre
je/j ai suis
tu as es
il/elle/on a est
nous avons sommes
vous avez tes
ils/elles ont sont
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29. THE INFINITI VE
French verbs are divided into three groups depending on theirending in the infinitive form or the form they appear in the dic-tionary. The infinitive is expressed in English with to: to do, to be,to have, to want, etc.
Group Verb Ending: Example:
First Conjugation (I) -er parler (to speak)
Second Conjugation (II) -ir finir (to finish)Third Conjugation (III) -re vendre (to sell)
30. PARTICIPLES
30.1 The present participle:
The present participle indicates an action closely related to theaction of the main verb of the sentence.
a. It is formed by adding -ant to the stem of the verb at the firstperson plural.
nous finissons finissant finishing
nous allons allant going
nous buvons buvant drinking
Some verbs have irregular present participles, such as tre (tant)and avoir (ayant).
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b. The present participle can be used as an adjective or verb.When used as an adjective, it must agree with the noun it is mod-ifying.
However, the present participle is most commonly used with en.In this sense, it describes two actions taking place simultaneouslyor how something is done.une histoire intressante an interesting story
Sachant cela, je ne fume plus. Knowing this, I dont smokeanymore.
Il dne en regardant la tlvision. He is having dinner while watching
the television.Cest en apprenant ces verbes Its by memorizing these verbs thatpar cur que vous les saurez. youll know them.
30.2 The past participle:
a. The past participle of regular verbs is formed the following ways:
Infinitive Past Participle
I parler parl-
II finir fin-i
III vendre vend-u
b. However, many past participles are irregular and have to bememorized. For example:
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Infinitive Past Participle
avoir (to have) eu
tre (to be) t
savoir (to know) su
faire (to do) fait
pouvoir (can, to be able) pu
vouloir (to want) voulu
c. Agreement (in gender and number):
When a verb is conjugated with avoir, there is usually no agree-ment:Jai couru. I ran.
Ils ont vendu la maison. They sold the house.
However, if a direct object pronoun precedes the verb, the pastparticiple must agree in gender and number with direct object
pronoun:La pice que jai vue hier The play I saw yesterday was bad.tait mauvaise.
Avez-vous vu le livre quil Have you seen the book he bought?a achet?
Avez-vous donn la chemise Did you give the shirt to Charles? Charles?
Non, je lai donne Claire. No, I gave it to Claire.
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When using tre to conjugate verbs, such as with reflexive (selaver) and intransitive verbs expressing movement (aller, venir),the past participle agrees with the subject:Marie est arrive hier. Marie arrived yesterday.
Jean et Pierre se sont levs. Jean and Pierre got up.
Ils sont arrivs. They arrived.
Nous sommes rentrs trs tard. We came back very late.
Elle sest lave. She washed herself.
31. THE IN DICATIVE
Note that the following points describe regular conjugations.There, however, are a number of verbs with irregular present (andother) tense conjugations. For more information on irregularverbs, please see the verb charts at the end of this summary.
31.1 Present tense (prsent)
For regular verbs, the present tense is formed by taking the -er,-ir, or-re off the infinitive and adding the following endings:
-er verbs -ir verbs -re verbs
-e -is -s
-es -is -s
-e -it - (no ending added)
-ons -issons -ons
-ez -issez -ez
-ent -issent -ent
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parler (to speak) finir (to finish) vendre (to sell)
parle finis vends
parles finis vends
parle finit vend
parlons finissons vendons
parlez finissez vendez
parlent finissent vendent
This tense has several English translations:je parle I speak, I am speaking, I do speak
ils finissent they finish, they are finishing, they do finish
31.2 The imperfect tense (imparfait) is formed by dropping the-ons of the present nous form and adding -ais, -ais, -ait, -ions,-iez, -aient.
The imperfect expresses a continued or habitual action in thepast. It also indicates an action that was happening when some-
thing else happened:Je me levais sept heures. I used to get up at seven oclock.
Il dormait quand Jean est entr. He was sleeping when Jean entered.
Il parlait souvent de cela. He often spoke about that.
31.3 The future tense (futur simple) is formed by adding the end-ings -ai, -as, -a, -ons, -ez, -ont to the full infinitive (or the irregu-lar future stem) of the verb. It indicates a future action:Je me lverai tt. Ill get up early.
Il arrivera demain. Hell arrive tomorrow.
Je le vendrai demain. Ill sell it tomorrow.
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31.4 The simple past tense (pass simple), or past definite, is usedonly in formal written French. It expresses an action begun andended in the past. It is formed by adding to the root the endings-ai, -as, -a, -mes, -tes, -rent for -er verbs; the endings -is,-is, -it, -mes, -tes, -irent for-ir verbs; and for all other verbs ei-ther these last or-us, -us, -ut, -mes, -tes, -urent.Le roi fut tu. The king was killed.
Les soldats entrrent dans la ville. The soldiers entered the city.
31.5 The past tense (pass compos) is formed by adding the pastparticiple to the present indicative ofavoir ortre. Most verbs
use avoir to form the pass compos. Intransitive verbs that ex-press movement and reflexive verbs use tre.
Some common intransitive verbs that use tre include:
aller (to go) partir (to leave) rester (to stay)
venir (to come) sortir (to go out) retourner (to go back)
monter (to go up) natre (to be born) revenir (to come back)
descendre (to go down) mourir (to die) tomber (to fall)
arriver (to arrive) entrer (to enter)
The pass compos is used to indicate a past action which hasbeen completed.Je me suis lev tt. I got up early.
Il ne ma rien dit. He didnt tell me anything.
Jai fini mon travail. I finished my work/I havefinished my work.
Lavez-vous vu? Have you seen him?/Did you seehim?
Ils sont arrivs. They arrived.
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31.6 The pluperfect or past perfect tense (plus-que-parfait) isformed by adding the past participle to the imperfect ofavoir ortre. It translates the English past perfect, and it refers to an ac-tion that happened before another point of reference in the past.Il lavait fait. He had done it.
Lorsque je suis revenu, il tait parti. When I came back, he had gone.
31.7 The past anterior tense (pass antrieur) is formed byadding the past participle to the simple past ofavoir ortre. It isused for an event that happened just before another event. It isused mostly in literary style.
Ds quil eut dn, il sortit. As soon as he had eaten, he wentout.
Quand il eut fini, il se leva. When he had finished, he got up.
31.8 The future perfect tense (futur antrieur) is formed byadding the past participle to the future ofavoir ortre. It trans-lates the English future perfect and indicates an action that willhappen before another point of reference in the future:Il aura bientt fini. He will soon have finished.
Sometimes it indicates probability:
Il le lui aura sans doute dit. No doubt he must have told him.Il aura t malade. He probably was sick.
Je me serai tromp. I must have been mistaken.
32. THE CONDITIONAL
The conditional is used to express hypothetical states or actions.Sometimes it expresses probability or conjecture.
32.1 The conditional is formed by adding the endings -ais, -ais,-ait, -ions, -iez, -aient to the infinitive. It translates the Englishwouldorshould:
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Je le prendrais si jtais votre I would take it if I were you.place.
Je ne ferais jamais une chose I would never do such a thing.pareille.
Verbs that are irregular in the future tense have the same irregularstems in the conditional, such as aller (ir-) ortre (ser-).
32.2 The conditional perfect is formed by adding the past partici-ple to the conditional ofavoir ortre. It translates the Englishwould have:
Si javais su, je ny serais If I had known, I would neverjamais all. have gone there.
Si javais eu assez dargent, If I had had the money,je laurais achet. I would have bought it.
33. THE IMPERATIVE
The imperative (limpratif) is used to give a command or a di-rective and to make requests.
For information on reflexive verbs and the use of pronouns in theimperative, see 17.5 and 18.2.
33.1 The imperative of most verbs is formed like the tu, nous andvous forms of the present indicative tense (without the correspond-ing subject pronouns). In the verbs of the first conjugation (-erverbs), however, the second person singular (tu) loses the final s:
donner (to give) finir (to finish) vendre (to sell)
Donne. (infml.) Give. Finis. (infml.) Finish. Vends. (infml.) Sell.
Donnez. Give. Finissez. Finish. Vendez. Sell.
Donnons. Lets give. Finissons. Lets finish. Vendons. Lets sell.
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Traversons le pont. Lets cross the bridge.
Choisissez un chapeau. Choose a hat.
Attends une minute. Wait a minute.
33.2 Imperatives of tre and avoir:
tre (to be) avoir (to have)
Sois. ( infml.) Be. Aie. ( infml.) Have.
Soyez. Be. Ayez. Have.
Soyons. Lets be. Ayons. Lets have.
Sois lheure. Be on time.
Ayons plus de patience. Lets be more patient.
For other verbs that have irregular imperative forms, see the verbcharts at the end of this summary.
33.3 The negative form of the imperative:
The negative form of the imperative is formed in the same way asin the present indicative by placing ne before the verb and pasafter.Ne dansez pas! Dont dance!
Ne parle pas! Dont speak!
34. VERBS FOLLOWED BY THE INFINITIVE
34.1 Many verbs can be followed by the infinitive without a pre-ceding preposition:Je vais parler Jean. I am going to talk to Jean.
Jaime parler franais. I like to speak French.
Je ne sais pas danser. I dont know how to dance.Il faut acheter des clous. We have to buy nails.
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34.2 There are a good amount of verbs, however, that require thepreposition before the infinitive:Japprends parler franais. I am learning to speak French.
Je laiderai le faire. Ill help him do it.
Il commence sinquiter. He is starting to get worried.
34.3 Some verbs must be followed by de plus the infinitive:Il leur a demand de fermer la porte. He asked them to shut the door.
Elle a dcid de faire un voyage. She decided to take a trip.
35. THE SUBJUNCTIVE
The indicative makes a simple statement; the subjunctive indicatesa certain attitude or mood toward the statementuncertainty, de-sire, emotion, etc. The subjunctive is used in subordinate clauseswhen the statement is unreal, doubtful, indefinite, subject to somecondition, or is affected by will or emotion.
The verbs in the subjunctive are generally used in a dependentclause introduced by the word que/qu (that). When the indepen-dent part of the sentence contains any of the above emotions,uncertainties or other subjunctive conditions, the verb in the de-
pendent clause is in the subjunctive.
OnlytwosubjunctivetensesareusedineverydayFrench:thepresentandpast. The imperfectandpluperfect mostlyappear in literature.
35.1 Present Subjunctive:
a. Drop the -ent of the third person plural present indicative andadd -e, -es, -e, -ions, -iez, -ent. For irregular stems in the presentsubjunctive, see the verb charts following the summary.
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parler (to speak) finir (to finish) vendre (to sell)
je parle je finisse je vende
tu parles tu finisses tu vendes
il parle il finisse il vende
nous parlions nous finissions nous vendions
vous parliez vous finissiez vous vendiez
ils parlent ils finissent ils vendent
Je veux que tu viennes avec moi. I want you to come with me.
b. The irregular verbs avoir and tre:
avoir (to have) tre (to be)
jaie je sois
tu aies tu sois
il ait il soitnous ayons nous soyons
vous ayez vous soyez
ils aient ils soient
35.2 Imperfect Subjunctive:
As noted above, the imperfect and the pluperfect subjunctive arenot used today in conversational French. They do, however, ap-pear in literature.
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To form the imperfect subjunctive, drop the ending of the firstperson singular of the past definite (simple past) and add -sse,-sses, -t, -ssions, -ssiez, -ssent, putting a circumflex () over thelast vowel of the third person singular:
donner (to give) finir (to finish) vendre (to sell)
je donnasse je finisse je vendisse
tu donnasses tu finisses tu vendisses
il donnt il fint il vendtnous donnassions nous finissions nous vendissions
vous donnassiez vous finissiez vous vendissiez
ils donnassent ils finissent ils vendissent
35.3 Past Subjunctive:
The past subjunctive is used when the action in the subordinateclause has taken place before the action in the main clause.
Add the past participle to the present subjunctive ofavoir (ortre):
avoir (+ donner [to give]) tre (+ aller [to go])
jaie donn je sois all
tu aies donn tu sois all
etc. etc.
Il est dommage quil nait pas Its a shame he didnt get more votes.
obtenu plus de voix.
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35.4 Pluperfect Subjunctive (see note in 35.2 on the imper-fect and pluperfect subjunctive):
Add the past participle to the imperfect subjunctive ofavoir (ortre):
avoir (+ donner) tre (+ aller)
jeusse donn je fusse all
etc. etc.
35.5 Infinitive vs. subjunctive
In order for the subjunctive to be used, the subjects of the inde-pendent or main clause and the dependent or subordinate clausemust be different. If they are the same, the infinitive is used.
Subjunctive Je veux que tu sois l. I want you to be there.
Infinitive Je veux tre l. I want to be there.
35.6 Uses of the subjunctive:
a. After verbs of command, request, permission, etc.:Je tiens ce que vous y alliez. I insist on your going there.
b. After expressions of approval and disapproval, necessity, etc.:Il nest que juste que vous le lui Its only fair that you tell him that.disiez.
Il faut que vous fassiez cela. You have to do that.
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c. After verbs of emotion (desire, regret, fear, joy, etc.):Je voudrais bien que vous Id like you to come with us.veniez avec nous.
Je regrette que vous ne Im sorry you cant come.puissiez pas venir.
d. After expressions of doubt, uncertainty, denial:Je doute que jy aille. I doubt that Ill go there.
Il est possible quil ne Its possible that he may not be able topuisse pas venir. come.
e. In relative clauses after expression like il faut:Il me faut quelquun qui I need someone to do that.fasse cela.
f. In adverbial clauses after certain conjunctions denoting pur-pose, time, concessions, etc.:Je viendrai moins quil Ill come unless it rains.ne pleuve.
Asseyez-vous en attendant Sit down until its ready.que ce soit prt.
g. In utterances expressing a wish or command:Quils sen aillent! Let them go away!
Dieu vous bnisse! God bless you!
Vive la France! Long live France!
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36. FORMS OF THE REGULAR VERBS
A. CLASSES I, II, III
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Pres.&Past
Present
Present
Past(pass
Past
Imperfect
Infin
itive
Participles
Indicativ
e
Subjunctive*
compos)
Subjunctive
Indicative
-erending
parlant
parl+e
parl+e
jai+parl
quejaie+parl
parl+ais
parler
parl
es
es
tuas
quetuaies
ais
(tosp
eak)
e
e
ila
quilait
ait
ons
ions
nousavons
quenousayons
ions
ez
iez
vousavez
quevousayez
iez
ent
ent
ilsont
quilsaient
aient
-irending
finissant
fin+is
finiss+e
jai+fini
quejaie+fini
finiss+ais
finir
fini
is
es
tuas
quetuaies
ais
(tofinish)
it
e
ila
quilait
ait
issons
ions
nousavons
quenousayons
ions
issez
iez
vousavez
quevousayez
iez
issent
ent
ilsont
quilsaient
aient
-reen
ding
vendant
vend+s
vend+e
jai+vendu
quejaie+vendu
vend+ais
vendr
e
vendu
s
es
tuas
quetuaies
ais
(tose
ll)
-
e
ila
quilait
ait
ons
ions
nousavons
quenousayons
ions
ez
iez
vousavez
quevousayez
iez
ent
ent
ilsont
quilsaient
aient
*Like
thepastsubjunctive,
thepresentsubjunctiveverbisgenerallyprecededbyqueorqu+theappropriatepronoun,asinIlfautquejeparte
andJeveuxquilquittelamaison.
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Futu
re
C
onditional
Past
Perfect
Future
Perfe
ct
Conditional
P
erfect
Imperative
javais+parl
parler+ai
jaura
i+parl
parler+ais
jaurais+parl
tuavais
as
tuauras
ais
tuaurais
parle
ilava
it
a
ilaura
ait
il
aurait
nous
avions
ons
nous
aurons
ions
n
ousaurions
parlons
vous
aviez
ez
vousaurez
iez
vousauriez
ilsavaient
ont
ilsauront
aient
il
sauraient
parlez
javais+fini
finir+ai
jaura
i+fini
finir+ais
jaurais+fini
tuavais
as
tuauras
ais
tuaurais
finis
ilava
it
a
ilaura
ait
il
aurait
nous
avions
ons
nous
aurons
ions
n
ousaurions
finissons
vous
aviez
ez
vousaurez
iez
vousauriez
finissez
ilsavaient
ont
ilsauront
aient
il
sauraient
javais+vendu
vendr+ai
jaura
i+vendu
vendr+ais
jaurais+vendu
tuavais
as
tuauras
ais
tuaurais
vends
ilava
it
a
ilaura
ait
il
aurait
nous
avions
ons
nous
aurons
ions
n
ousaurions
vendons
vous
aviez
ez
vousaurez
iez
vousauriez
vendez
ilsavaient
ont
ilsauront
aient
il
sauraient
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Futu
re
C
onditional
Past
Perfect
Future
Perfe
ct
Conditional
P
erfect
Imperative
javais+plac
placer+ai
jaura
i+plac
placer+ais
jaurais+plac
tuavais
as
tuauras
ais
tu
aurais
place
ilavait
a
ilaura
ait
il
aurait
nous
avions
ons
nous
aurons
ions
n
ousaurions
plaons
vousaviez
ez
vousaurez
iez
vousauriez
placez
ilsavaient
ont
ilsauront
aient
ilsauraient
javais+mang
manger+ai
jaura
i+mang
manger+ais
jaurais+mang
tuavais
as
tuauras
ais
tu
aurais
mange
ilavait
a
ilaura
ait
il
aurait
nous
avions
ons
nous
aurons
ions
n
ousaurions
mangeons
vousaviez
ez
vousaurez
iez
vousauriez
mangez
ilsavaient
ont
ilsauront
aient
ilsauraient
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C. VERBS ENDING IN -ER WITH CHANGES IN THE STEM
Pres.&Past
Present
Present
Past(pass
Past
Imperfect
Infinitive
Participles
Indicative
Subjunctive
compos)
Subjunctive
Indicative
acheter
1
achetant
achte
achte
jai+achet
quejaie+achet
achet+ais
(tobuy)
achet
achtes
achtes
tuas
quetuaies
ais
achte
achtes
ila
quilait
ait
achetons
achetions
nousavons
quenousayons
ions
achetez
achetiez
vousavez
quevousayez
iez
achtent
achtent
ilsont
quilsaient
aient
appeler
2
appelant
appelle
appelle
jai+appel
quejaie+appel
appel+ais
(tocall)
appel
appelles
appelles
tuas
quetuaies
ais
appelle
appelle
ila
quilait
ait
appelons
appelions
nousavons
quenousayons
ions
appelez
appeliez
vousavez
quevousayez
iez
appellent
appellent
ilsont
quilsaient
aient
payer
3
payant
paie
paie
jai+pay
quejaie+pay
pay+ais
(topay)
pay
paies
paies
tuas
quetuaies
ais
paie
paie
ila
quilait
ait
payons
payions
nousavons
quenousayons
ions
payez
payiez
vousavez
quevousayez
iez
paient
paient
ilsont
quilsaient
aient
prfrer
4
prfrant
prfre**
prfre
jai+prfr
quetuaies
prfr+ais
(toprefe
r)
prfr
prfres
prfres
tuas
quetuaies
ais
prfre
prfre
ila
quilait
ait
prfrons
prfrions
nousavons
quenousayons
ions
prfrez
prfriez
vousavez
quevousayez
iez
prfrent
prfrent
ilsont
quilsaient
aient
1Verbslikeacheter:mener,amener,emmener,se
promener,lever,selever,lever
2Ve
rbslikeappeler:serappeler,jeter
3Verbslikepayer:essayer,employer,ennuyer,essuyer,nettoyer(Seenotebelow.)
4Verbslikeprfrer:esprer,r
pter,c
lbrer,co
nsidrer,suggrer,protger
Verbsendingin-ayermayuseioryinthepresent
(exceptfornousandvousforms),
thefuture,a
ndtheconditional,asinpayer,essayer.
Verbsendingin-oyer,-uyerchangeytoi(asinessuyer,ennuyer,employer,nettoyer).T
hesech
angesareindicatedbytheuseofitalics.
**N
otethechangefrom
tointheje,tu,i
l/elle/on,andilsformsofverbslikeprffer.
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Futu
re
C
onditional
Past
Perfect
Future
Perfe
ct
Conditional
P
erfect
Imperative
javais+achet
achter+ai
jaura
i+achet
achter+ais
jaurais+achet
tuavais
as
tuauras
ais
tuaurais
achte
ilava
it
a
ilaura
ait
il
aurait
nous
avions
ons
nous
aurons
ions
n
ousaurions
achetons
vous
aviez
ez
vousaurez
iez
vousauriez
achetez
ilsavaient
ont
ilsauront
aient
il
sauraient
javais+appel
appeller+ai
jaura
i+appel
appeller+ais
jaurais+appel
tuavais
as
tuauras
ais
tuaurais
appelle
ilava
it
a
ilaura
ait
il
aurait
nous
avions
ons
nous
aurons
ions
n
ousaurions
appelons
vous
aviez
ez
vousaurez
iez
vousauriez
appelez
ilsavaient
ont
ilsauront
aient
il
sauraient
javais+pay
paier/payer+ai
jaura
i+pay
paier/payer+ais
jaurais+pay
tuavais
as
tuauras
ais
tuaurais
paie
ilava
it
a
ilaura
ait
il
aurait
nous
avions
ons
nous
aurons
ions
n
ousaurions
payons
vous
aviez
ez
vousaurez
iez
vousauriez
payez
ilsavaient
ont
ilsauront
aient
il
sauraient
javais+prfr
prfrer+ai
jaura
i+prfr
prfr+ais
jaurais+prfr
tuavais
as
tuauras
ais
tuaurais
prfre
ilava
it
a
ilaura
ait
il
aurait
nous
avions
ons
nous
aurons
ions
n
ousaurions
prfrons
vous
aviez
ez
vousaurez
iez
vousauriez
prfrez
ilsavaient
ont
ilsauront
aient
il
sauraient
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D. VERBS ENDING IN -OIR
Pres.&Past
Present
Present
Past(pass
Past
Imperfect
Infinitive
Participles
Indicative
Subjunctive
compos)
Subjunctive
Indicative
recevoir1
recevant
reois
reoive
jai+reu
quejaie+reu
recev+ais
(torece
ive)
reu
reois
reoives
tuas
quetuaies
ais
reoit
reoive
ila
quilait
ait
recevons
recevions
nousavons
quenousayons
ions
recevez
receviez
vousavez
quevousayez
iez
reoivent
reoivent
ilsont
quilsaient
aient
1
Verbsli
kerecevoir:devoir(dois,doive,d).
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Futu
re
C
onditional
Past
Perfect
Future
Perfe
ct
Conditional
P
erfect
Imperative
javais+reu
recevr+ai
jaura
i+reu
recevr+ais
jaurais+reu
tuavais
as
tuauras
ais
tu
aurais
reois
ilavait
a
ilaura
ait
il
aurait
nous
avions
ons
nous
aurons
ions
n
ousaurions
recevons
vous
aviez
ez
vousaurez
iez
vousauriez
recevez
ilsavaient
ont
ilsauront
aient
il
sauraient
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E. VERBS ENDING IN -NDRE
Pres.&Past
Present
Present
Past(pass
P
ast
Imperfect
Infinitiv
e
Participles
Indicative
Subjunctive
compos)
S
ubjunctive
Indicative
craindre1
craignant
crains
craigne
jai+craint
q
uejaie+craint
craign+ais
(tofear)
craint
crains
craignes
tuas
q
uetuaies
ais
craint
craigne
ila
q
uilait
ait
craignons
craignions
nousavons
q
uenousayons
ions
craignez
craigniez
vousavez
q
uevousayez
iez
craignent
craignent
ilsont
q
uilsaient
aient
teindre2
teignant
teins
teigne
jai+teint
q
uejaie+teint
teign+ais
(toexting
uish)
teint
teins
teignes
tuas
q
uetuaies
ais
teint
teigne
ila
q
uilait
ait
teignons
teignions
nousavons
q
uenousayons
ions
teignez
teigniez
vousavez
q
uevousayez
iez
teignent
teignent
ilsont
q
uilsaient
aient
1Verbslike
craindre:plaindre(topity).Thereflexiveform,seplaindre,meanstocomplain,andinthecompoundtensesisconjugatedwithtre.
2Verbslike
teindre:peindre(topaint);
teindre(todye).
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Futu
re
C
onditional
Past
Perfect
Future
Perfe
ct
Conditional
P
erfect
Imperative
javais+craint
craindr+ai
jaura
i+craint
craindr+ais
jaurais+craint
tuavais
as
tuauras
ais
tuaurais
crains
ilava
it
a
ilaura
ait
il
aurait
nous
avions
ons
nous
aurons
ions
n
ousaurions
craignons
vous
aviez
ez
vousaurez
iez
vousauriez
craignez
ilsavaient
ont
ilsauront
aient
il
sauraient
javais+teint
teindr+ai
jaura
i+teint
teindr+ais
jaurais+teint
tuavais
as
tuauras
ais
tuaurais
teint
ilava
it
a
ilaura
ait
il
aurait
nous
avions
ons
nous
aurons
ions
n
ousaurions
teignons
vous
aviez
ez
vousaurez
iez
vousauriez
teignez
ilsavaient
ont
ilsauront
aient
il
sauraient
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F. COMPOUND TENSES OF VERBS CONJUGATED WITHTRE
Past(p
ass
Past
Past
Future
Conditional
compos)
subjunctive
Perfect
Perfect
Perfect
jesuisa
ll(e)
quejesoisall(e)
jtaisall(e)
jeseraiall(e
)
jeseraisall(e)
tuesall(e)
quetusoisall(e)
tutaisall(e)
tuserasall(e)
tuseraisall(e)
ilestall
quilsoitall
iltaitall
ilseraall
ilseraitall
elleest
alle
quellesoitalle
elletaitalle
elleseraalle
elleseraitalle
nousso
mmesall(e)s
quenoussoyonsall(e)s
noustionsall(e)s
nousserons
all(e)s
nousserionsall(e)s
voustesall(e)(s)
quevoussoyezall(e)(s)
voustiezall(e)(s)
vousserezall(e)(s)
vousseriezall(e)(s)
ilssont
alls
quilssoientalls
ilstaientalls
ilsserontalls
ilsseraientalls
ellessontalles
quellessoientalles
ellestaientalles
ellesseronta
lles
ellesseraientalles
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G. COMPOUND TENSES OF REFLEXIVE VERBS (ALLREFLEXIVE VERBS ARE CONJUGATED WITH TRE)
Past(p
ass
Past
Past
Future
Conditional
compo
s)
subjunctive
Perfect
Perfect
Perfect
jemesu
islev(e)
quejemesoislev(e)
jemtaislev(e)
jemeserailev(e)
jemeseraislev(e)
tutesle
v(e)
quetutesoislev(e)
tuttaislev(e)
tuteseraslev
(e)
tuteseraislev(e)
ilsestle
v
quilsesoitlev
ilstaitlev
ilseseralev
ilseseraitlev
ellesestleve
quellesesoitleve
ellestaitleve
elleseseraleve
elleseseraitleve
nousno
ussommes
quenousnoussoyons
nousnoustions
nousnousse
rons
nousnousserions
lev(e
)s
lev(e)s
lev(e)s
lev(e)s
lev(e)s
vousvoustes
quevousvoussoyez
vousvoustiez
vousvousserez
vousvousseriez
lev(e
)(s)
lev(e)(s)
lev(e)(s)
lev(e)(s)
lev(e)(s)
ilssesontlevs
quilssesoientlevs
ilsstaientlevs
ilsseserontlevs
ilsseseraientlevs
ellessesontleves
quellessesoientleves
ellesstaientleves
ellesseseron
tleves
ellesseseraientleves
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H. INFREQUENTLY USED AND LITERARY TENSES(CLASSES I, II, III)
PastDefinite
1
PastAn
terior2
ImperfectSubjunctive
3
parlai
finis
perdis
eusparl
eusfini
eusperdu
parlass
e
finisse
perdisse
parlas
finis
perdis
eusparl
eusfini
eusperdu
parlass
es
finisses
perdisses
parla
finit
perdit
eutparl
eutfini
eutperdu
parlt
fint
perdt
parlmes
finmes
perdmes
emesparl
emesfini
emesperdu
parlass
ions
finissions
perdissions
parltes
fintes
perdtes
etesparl
etesfini
etesperdu
parlass
iez
finissiez
perdissiez
parlren
t
finirent
perdirent
eurentparl
eurentfini
eurentperdu
parlass
ent
finissent
perdissent
1Usedin
formalnarrativeonly.
Ininformalconve
rsationandwriting,usethepasttense(ja
iparl,etc.).
2Usedin
literarystyleonly,afterquand,
lorsque,
aprsque,anddsqueforaneventthathappenedjustbeforeanother
event.E
xample:Aprsquileutdn,ilsortit.(A
ssoonashehadeaten,hewentout.)
3ThatIspoke,thatImightspeak,etc.
Thistenseis
infrequentlyfoundinordinaryconversa
tion,
butisusedfairlyoftenin
literaryworks.
Alloth
erregularverbsuseeither-er,-ir,or-reendings,dependingontheconjugation
towhichtheybelong.
Thepast
definite
formsofirregularverbsmustbememoriz
ed.
8/7/2019 French Grammar Summary
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Pas
tPerfectSubjunctive
4
quejeusseparl
quejeussefini
quejeusseperdu
quetueussesparl
quetueussesfini
quetueussesperdu
quiletparl
quiletperdu
quiletfini
quenouseussionsparl
quenouseussionsfini
quenouseussionsperdu
quevouseussiezparl
quevouseussiezfini
quevouseussiezperdu
quilseussentparl
quilseussentfini
quilseussentperdu
4ThatIhadspoken,t
hatImighthavespoken,e
tc.
Apredominantlyliterarytense.
8/7/2019 French Grammar Summary
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Pres.&Past
Present
Present
Imperfect
Infinitive
Participles
Indicative
Subjun
ctive
Indicative
Future
Conditional
Imperative
acqurir
acqurant
acquiers
acquir
e
acqur+ais
acquerr+ai
acqu
err+ais
avoir
acquis
acquiers
acquir
es
ais
as
ais
acquiers
(toacquire)
acquiert
acquir
e
ait
a
ait
acqurons
acquri
ons
ions
ons
ions
acqurons
acqurez
acquri
ez
iez
ez
iez
acqurez
acquirent
acquir
ent
aient
ont
aient
aller
allant
vais
aille
all+ais
ir+ai
ir+ais
tre
all(e)(s)
vas
ailles
ais
as
ais
va
(togo)
va
aille
ait
a
ait
allons
allions
ions
ons
ions
allons
allez
alliez
iez
ez
iez
allez
vont
aillent
aient
ont
aient
(s)asseo
ir
asseyant
assieds
asseye
assey+ais
asseyer+ai
assey
er+ais
tre
assis(e)(s)
assieds
asseyes
ais
oras
orais
assieds-toi
(tosit
assied
asseye
ait
assira
assirait
[down])
asseyons
asseyions
ions
orons
orio
ns
asseyons-nous
asseyez
asseyiez
iez
assoirez
assoi
riez
asseyez-vous
asseyent
asseyen
t
aient
ont
aient
37. FREQUENTLY USED IRREGULAR VERBS
The correct auxiliary verb is indicated in italics below each verb.For compound tenses, use the appropriate form of the auxiliaryverb + past participle.
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Pres.&Past
Present
Present
Imperfect
Infinitive
Participles
Indicative
Subjunctive
Indicative
Future
Conditional
Imperative
avoir
ayant
ai
aie
av+ais
aur+ai
aur+ais
avoir
eu
as
aies
ais
as
ais
aie
(tohave)
a
ait
ait
a
ait
avons
ayons
ions
ons
ions
ayons
avez
ayez
iez
ez
iez
ayez
ont
aient
aient
ont
aient
battre
battant
bats
batte
batt+ais
battr+ai
battr+ais
avoir
battu
bats
battes
ais
as
ais
bats
(tobeat)
bat
batte
ait
a
ait
battons
battions
ions
ons
ions
battons
battez
battiez
iez
ez
iez
battez
battent
battent
aient
ont
aient
Thereisavariantformo
ftheconjugation
ofsasseoirbasedonthepresentparticipleas
soyantandfirstpersonsingularassois,
butitisratherarchaicandisrarelyused.
The
rearealsotwovariantformsforthefuturestem
:assir-andassoir-.
Assir-istheform
mostfrequentlyused.
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Pres.&Past
Present
Present
Imperfect
Infinitive
Participles
Indicative
Subjunctive
Indicative
Future
Conditional
Imperative
boire
buvant
bois
boive
buv+ais
boir+ai
boir+ais
avoir
bu
bois
boives
ais
as
ais
bois
(todrink)
boit
boive
ait
a
ait
buvons
buvions
ions
ons
ions
buvons
buvez
buviez
iez
ez
iez
buvez
boivent
boivent
aient
ont
aient
conclure
concluant
conclus
conclue
conclu+ais
conclur+ai
conclur+ais
avoir
conclu
conclus
conclues
ais
as
ais
conclus
(toconclude)
conclut
conclue
ait
a
ait
concluons
concluions
ions
ons
ions
concluons
concluez
concluiez
iez
ez
iez
concluez
concluent
concluent
aient
ont
aient
conduire
conduisant
conduis
conduise
conduis+aisconduir+ai
conduir+ais
avoir
conduit
conduis
conduises
ais
as
ais
conduis
(todrive,
conduit
conduise
ait
a
ait
tolead)
conduison
s
conduisions
ions
ons
ions
conduisons
conduisez
conduisiez
iez
ez
iez
conduisez
conduisent
conduisent
aient
ont
aient
connatre
connaissant
connais
connaisse
connaiss+aisconnatr
+aiconnatr+ais
avoir
connu
connais
connaisses
ais
as
ais
connais
(toknow)
connat
connaisse
ait
a
ait
connaisson
s
connaissions
ions
ons
ions
connaissons
connaissez
connaissiez
iez
ez
iez
connaissez
connaissen
t
connaissent
aient
ont
aient
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Pres.&Past
Present
Present
Imperfect
Infinitive
Participles
Indicative
Subjunctive
Indicative
Future
Conditional
Imperative
courir
courant
cours
coure
cour+ais
courr+ai
courr+ais
avoir
couru
cours
coures
ais
as
ais
cours
(torun)
court
coure
ait
a
ait
courons
courions
ions
ons
ions
courons
courez
couriez
iez
ez
iez
courez
courent
courent
aient
ont
aient
croire
croyant
crois
croie
croy+ais
croir+ai
croir+ais
avoir
cru
crois
croies
ais
as
ais
crois
(tobelieve)
croit
croie
ait
a
ait
croyons
croyions
ions
ons
ions
croyons
croyez
croyiez
iez
ez
iez
croyez
croient
croient
aient
ont
aient
cueillir
cueillant
cueille
cueille
cueill+ais
cueiller+
ai
cueiller+ais
avoir
cueilli
cueilles
cueilles
ais
as
ais
cueille
(togather,
cueille
cueille
ait
a
ait
topick)
cueillons
cueillions
ions
ons
ions
cueillons
cueillez
cueilliez
iez
ez
iez
cueillez
cueillent
cueillent
aient
ont
aient
devoir
devant
dois
doive
dev+ais
devr+ai
devr+ais
avoir
d
dois
doives
ais
as
ais
notused
(toowe,
doit
doive
ait
a
ait
ought)
devons
devions
ions
ons
ions
devez
deviez
iez
ez
iez
doivent
doivent
aient
ont
aient
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Pres.&Past
Present
Present
Imperfect
Infinitive
Participles
Indicative
Subjunctive
Indicative
Future
Conditional
Imperative
dire
disant
dis
dise
dis+ais
dir+ai
dir+ais
avoir
dit
dis
dises
ais
as
ais
dis
(tosay,
dit
dise
ait
a
ait
totell)
disons
disions
ions
ons
ions
disons
dites
disiez
iez
ez
iez
dites
disent
disent
aient
ont
aient
dormir
dormant
dors
dorme
dorm+
ais
dormir+
ai
dormir+ais
avoir
dormi
dors
dormes
ais
as
ais
dors
(tosleep)
dort
dorme
ait
a
ait
dormons
dormions
ions
ons
ions
dormons
dormez
dormiez
iez
ez
iez
dormez
dorment
dorment
aient
ont
aient
crire
crivant
cris
crive
criv+ais
crir+ai
crir+ais
avoir
crit
cris
crives
ais
as
ais
cris
(towrite)
crit
crive
ait
a
ait
crivons
crivions
ions
ons
ions
crivons
crivez
criviez
iez
ez
iez
crivezs
crivent
crivent
aient
ont
aient
envoyer
envoyant
envoie
envoie
envoy+ais
enverr+a
i
enverr+ais
avoir
envoy
envoies
envoies
ais
as
ais
envoie
(tosend)
envoie
envoie
ait
a
ait
envoyons
envoyions
ions
ons
ions
envoyons
envoyez
envoyiez
iez
ez
iez
envoyez
envoient
envoient
aient
ont
aient
8/7/2019 French Grammar Summary
74/81
Pres.&Past
Present
Present
Imperfect
Infinitive
Participles
Indicative
Subjunctive
Indicative
Future
Conditional
Imperative
tre
tant
suis
sois
t+ais
ser+ai
ser+ais
avoir
t
es
sois
ais
as
ais
sois
(tobe)
est
soit
ait
a
ait
sommes
soyons
ions
ons
ions
soyons
tes
soyez
iez
ez
iez
soyez
sont
soient
aient
ont
aient
faillir
faillant
notused
notused
notused
faillir+ai
faillir+ais
notused
avoir
failli
as
ais
(tofail)
a
ait
ons
ions
ez
iez
ont
aient
faire
faisant
fais
fasse
fais+ais
fer+ai
fer+ais
avoir
fait
fais
fasses
ais
as
ais
fais
(todo,
fait
fasse
ait
a
ait
tomake)
faisons
fassions
ions
ons
ions
faisons
faites
fassiez
iez
ez
iez
faites
font
fassent
aient
ont
aient
falloir
nopres.part.
ilfaut
ilfaille
ilfallait
ilfaudra
ilfaudrait
notused
avoir
fallu
(tobe
necessary,
must[used
onlywithil])
UsedinsuchexpressionsasIlafaillitomber(Henearlyfell[lit.,hefailedtofall]).
8/7/2019 French Grammar Summary
75/81
Pres.&Past
Present
Present
Imperfect
Infinitive
Participles
Indicative
Subjunctive
Indicative
Future
Conditional
Imperative
fuir
fuyant
fuis
fuie
fuy+ais
fuir+ai
fuir+ais
avoir
fui
fuis
fuies
ais
as
ais
fuis
(toflee)
fuit
fuie
ait
a
ait
fuyons
fuyions
ions
ons
ions
fuyons
fuyez
fuyiez
iez
ez
iez
fuyez
fuient
fuient
aient
ont
aient
har
hassant
hais
hasse
hass+ais
har+ai
har+ais
avoir
ha
hais
hasses
ais
as
ais
has
(tohate)
hait
hasse
ait
a
ait
hassons
hassions
ions
ons
ions
hassons
hassez
hassiez
iez
ez
iez
hassez
hassent
hassent
aient
ont
aient
lire
lisant
lis
lise
lis+ais
lir+ai
lir+ais
avoir
lu
lis
lises
ais
as
ais
lis
(toread)
lit
lise
ait
a
ait
lisons
lisions
ions
ons
ions
lisons
lisez
lisiez
iez
ez
iez
lisez
lisent
lisent
aient
ont
aient
mettre
mettant
mets
mette
mett+ais
mettr+ai
mettr+ais
avoir
mis
mets
mettes
ais
as
ais
mets
(toput,
met
mette
ait
a
ait
toplace)
mettons
mettions
ions
ons
ions
mettons
mettez
mettiez
iez
ez
iez
mettez
mettent
mettent
aient
ont
aient
8/7/2019 French Grammar Summary
76/81
Pres.&Past
Present
Present
Imperfect
Infinitive
Participles
Indicative
Subjunctive
Indicative
Future
Conditional
Imperative
mourir
mourant
meurs
meure
mour+ais
mourr+a
i
mourr+ais
tre
mort(e)(s)
meurs
meures
ais
as
ais
meurs
meurt
meure
ait
a
ait
mourons
mourions
ions
ons
ions
mourons
mourez
mouriez
iez
ez
iez
mourez
meurent
meurent
aient
ont
aient
mouvoir
mouvant
meus
meuve
mouv+ais
mouvr+ai
mouvr+ais
avoir
m
meus
meuves
ais
as
ais
meus
(tomove)
meut
meuve
ait
a
ait
mouvons
mouvions
ions
ons
ions
mouvons
mouvez
mouviez
iez
ez
iez
mouvez
meuvent
meuvent
aient
ont
aient
natre
naissant
nais
naisse
naiss+ais
natr+ai
natr+ais
tre
n(e)(s)
nais
naisses
ais
as
ais
nais
(tobeborn)
nat
naisse
ait
a
ait
naissons
naissions
ions
ons
ions
naissons
naissez
naissiez
iez
ez
iez
naissez
naissent
naissent
aient
ont
aient
ouvrir
ouvrant
ouvre
ouvre
ouvr+ais
ouvrir+a
i
ouvrir+ais
avoir
ouvert
ouvres
ouvres
ais
as
ais
ouvre
(toopen)
ouvre
ouvre
ait
a
ait
ouvrons
ouvrions
ions
ons
ions
ouvrons
ouvrez
ouvriez
iez
ez
iez
ouvrez
ouvrent
ouvrent
aient
ont
aient
Mouvoirisseldomu
sedexceptincompoundslikemouvoir(tomove[emotionally]).
8/7/2019 French Grammar Summary
77/81
Pres.&Past
Present
Present
Imperfect
Infinitive
Participles
Indicative
Subjunctive
Indicative
Future
Conditional
Imperative
partir
partant
pars
parte
part+ais
partir+ai
partir+ais
tre
parti(e)(s)
pars
partes
ais
as
ais
pars
(toleave,
part
parte
ait
a
ait
todepart)
partons
partions
ions
ons
ions
partons
partez
partiez
iez
ez
iez
partez
partent
partent
aient
ont
aient
plaire
plaisant
plais
plaise
plais+ais
plair+ai
plair+ais
avoir
plu
plais
plaises
ais
as
ais
plais
(toplease,
plat
pl
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