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Foreign Policy Foreign Policy
1991-Today 1991-Today
After the fall of the Soviet Union After the fall of the Soviet Union
No common enemy for democratic No common enemy for democratic world governments to focus on. world governments to focus on.
No focus for American foreign policyNo focus for American foreign policy Soviet nuclear weapons spread to Soviet nuclear weapons spread to
many unknown placesmany unknown places Since the Cold War targets of Since the Cold War targets of
American foreign policy have been American foreign policy have been sporadic and inconsistent. sporadic and inconsistent.
Main Foreign Policy Issues Main Foreign Policy Issues
1. National Security1. National Security: : protection of a protection of a nation’s borders nation’s borders and territories and territories against invasionagainst invasion
Military defenseMilitary defense Security of Security of
international international economic interestseconomic interests
Main Foreign Policy IssuesMain Foreign Policy Issues
2. 2. International SecurityInternational Security:: creation of world stabilitycreation of world stability
Facilitated through: Facilitated through: AlliancesAlliances Bilateral treatyBilateral treaty: :
international agreement international agreement signed by two nations. signed by two nations.
Multilateral treatiesMultilateral treaties: : international international agreements signed by agreements signed by many nationsmany nations
Main Foreign Policy IssuesMain Foreign Policy Issues
3. 3. Securing Democracy:Securing Democracy: The U.S. is safer if moreThe U.S. is safer if more
countries arecountries are
democracies. democracies. Officials are more Officials are more
accountable if they accountable if they are elected are elected
Democracies have Democracies have free-markets which free-markets which help to increase world help to increase world trade trade
Main Foreign Policy IssuesMain Foreign Policy Issues
4. 4. Foreign AidForeign Aid: T: To establish o establish friendly relations and help friendly relations and help nations emerge as eventual nations emerge as eventual economic partners. economic partners.
Humanitarian aidHumanitarian aid: used to : used to increase the standard of increase the standard of living. living.
Development AssistanceDevelopment Assistance: : used to develop a nations used to develop a nations economic base and economic base and infrastructure. infrastructure.
Security Security Assistance: used Assistance: used to strengthen the armed to strengthen the armed forces of friendly forces of friendly governments. governments.
Main Foreign Policy IssuesMain Foreign Policy Issues
5.5. The Global The Global EnvironmentEnvironment: solutions : solutions to problems such as, to problems such as, Ozone depletion, Acid Ozone depletion, Acid Rain, Global Warming, Rain, Global Warming, Storing Nuclear Waste, Storing Nuclear Waste,
Environmental Treaties: Environmental Treaties: Earth SummitEarth Summit Kyoto ProtocolKyoto Protocol
Main Foreign Policy IssuesMain Foreign Policy Issues
6. Weapons Non-Proliferation: 6. Weapons Non-Proliferation: stop the build up of armsstop the build up of arms
Today’s concerns are over Today’s concerns are over nuclear, chemical and nuclear, chemical and biological weaponsbiological weapons
Those who have them, Those who have them, have powerhave power
Those who don’t, want Those who don’t, want them them
Nuclear Non-proliferation: Nuclear Non-proliferation: Trying to stop new Trying to stop new countries from creating countries from creating nuclear weapons so the nuclear weapons so the world is safer. world is safer.
Main Foreign Policy IssuesMain Foreign Policy Issues
7. 7. International TradeInternational Trade: used to protect : used to protect and support a nation’s economy or and support a nation’s economy or relationship with others.relationship with others.
Usually promote free tradeUsually promote free trade US is currently in a trade deficit:US is currently in a trade deficit: Import Import
more then we export.more then we export. Protection MeasuresProtection Measures: : try to restrict trade try to restrict trade
to protect American jobs.to protect American jobs.
Trade ToolsTrade Tools
Tools: Tools: Tariffs: taxes on imports that increase price of Tariffs: taxes on imports that increase price of
foreign goodsforeign goods Quotas: limits amount of specific importQuotas: limits amount of specific import Subsidies: government economic support for Subsidies: government economic support for
certain industries (farming!) certain industries (farming!) Anti-dumping rules: prohibit nations from selling Anti-dumping rules: prohibit nations from selling
below real-market valuebelow real-market value Embargoes: bans on trade used to change a Embargoes: bans on trade used to change a
nation’s behavior (Cuba)nation’s behavior (Cuba) Agreements: used between friendly countries to Agreements: used between friendly countries to
reduce trade barriers reduce trade barriers
Trade BlocsTrade Blocs
NAFTA – NAFTA – North North American Free Trade American Free Trade Agreement Agreement
European Union European Union CAFTA - CAFTA - Central Central
American Free Trade American Free Trade Agreement. This is in Agreement. This is in process and has not process and has not been completedbeen completed
Tools to achieve goals Tools to achieve goals Diplomacy – meetings with other heads of Diplomacy – meetings with other heads of
state to reach an agreementstate to reach an agreement Aid: give or deny aid to coerce a country to Aid: give or deny aid to coerce a country to
follow certain rules. follow certain rules. Sanctions: withdrawal or denial of benefits to Sanctions: withdrawal or denial of benefits to
force a country to comply. force a country to comply. • can include trade restrictions, denial of arms, can include trade restrictions, denial of arms,
loans and economic aidloans and economic aid• Ex. Sanction imposed on North KoreaEx. Sanction imposed on North Korea
Military Force: use of armed troops to achieve Military Force: use of armed troops to achieve a certain foreign policy goala certain foreign policy goal• Can be full declaration of war to Can be full declaration of war to
police/peacekeeping forces.police/peacekeeping forces.• Can be used as intimidation (building up forces Can be used as intimidation (building up forces
on the coast.) on the coast.)
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